| 单词 | biological process |
| 释义 | biological process (once / 93805 pages) n WORD FAMILY biological process: biological processes USAGE EXAMPLESBut all kinds of other biological processes change as well, including some that affect sports performance. Washington Post(Dec 20, 2016) We identified the statistically significant gene ontology biological process terms, molecular function terms and zebrafish phenotype descriptions of the genes that are associated with CNEs. Nature(Dec 13, 2016) Scientists have improved "the most important biological process on the planet" - photosynthesis. BBC(Nov 17, 2016) n a process occurring in living organisms Syn|Hypo|Hyper organic process adaptation, adaption, adjustment the process of adapting to something (such as environmental conditions) agglutinationa clumping of bacteria or red cells when held together by antibodies (agglutinins) ageing, aging, senescencethe organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age anovulationthe absence of ovulation due to immaturity or post-maturity or pregnancy or oral contraceptive pills or dysfunction of the ovary antisepsis, asepsisthe process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms absorption, assimilationthe process of absorbing nutrients into the body after digestion autoregulation(physiology) processes that maintain a generally constant physiological state in a cell or organism bacteriostasisinhibition of the growth of bacteria bloom, bloomingthe organic process of bearing flowers activity, bodily function, bodily process, body processan organic process that takes place in the body carbon cyclethe organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again catabolism, destructive metabolism, dissimilation, katabolismbreakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy cell division, cellular divisionthe process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells crossing over, crossoverthe interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis defoliationthe loss of foliage deossificationthe loss of the mineral content of bone tissue digestionthe organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body eburnationa change that occurs in degenerative joint disease in which bone is converted into a dense smooth substance resembling ivory ecchymosisthe escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the skin effacementshortening of the uterine cervix and thinning of its walls as it is dilated during labor erythropoiesisthe process of producing red blood cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow eutrophicationexcessive nutrients in a lake or other body of water, usually caused by runoff of nutrients (animal waste, fertilizers, sewage) from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life; the decomposition of the plants depletes the supply of oxygen, leading to the death of animal life evolution, organic evolution, phylogenesis, phylogeny(biology) the sequence of events involved in the evolutionary development of a species or taxonomic group of organisms expression(genetics) the process of expressing a gene extravasationthe process of exuding or passing out of a vessel into surrounding tissues; said of blood or lymph or urine gastrulationthe process in which a gastrula develops from a blastula by the inward migration of cells glycogenesisthe formation in animals of glycogen from glucose development, growing, growth, maturation, ontogenesis, ontogeny(biology) the process of an individual organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level haematogenesis, haematopoiesis, haemogenesis, haemopoiesis, hematogenesis, hematopoiesis, hemogenesis, hemopoiesis, sanguificationthe formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow) hereditythe biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next humificationthe process of the formation of humus from plant remains epistasis, hypostasisthe suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene implantation, nidation(embryology) the organic process whereby a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus of placental mammals inhibition(physiology) the process whereby nerves can retard or prevent the functioning of an organ or part infolding, introversion, intussusception, invaginationthe folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface involutionreduction in size of an organ or part (as in the return of the uterus to normal size after childbirth) cytokinesisorganic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells karyokinesisorganic process consisting of the division of the nucleus of a cell during mitosis or meiosis keratinisation, keratinizationorganic process by which keratin is deposited in cells and the cells become horny (as in nails and hair) Krebs citric acid cycle, Krebs cycle, citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cyclein all plants and animals: a series of enzymatic reactions in mitochondria involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl compounds to produce high-energy phosphate compounds that are the source of cellular energy lymphopoiesisthe formation of lymphocytes in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and thymus and spleen lysogenisation, lysogenizationthe process by which a bacterium acquires a phage that becomes integrated into its genome maturation, maturement, ripeningcoming to full development; becoming mature metabolic process, metabolismthe organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life metabolism, metamorphosisthe marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals nitrogen cyclethe circulation of nitrogen; nitrates from the soil are absorbed by plants which are eaten by animals that die and decay returning the nitrogen back to the soil nitrogen fixationthe assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by soil bacteria and its release for plant use on the death of the bacteria nondevelopmentfailure of normal development to occur nutrition(physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance organificationthe process of organ formation ossificationthe developmental process of bone formation ovulationthe expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle) oxidative phosphorylationan enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes ATP from ADP birth, birthing, giving birth, parturitionthe process of giving birth pathologic process, pathological processan organic process occurring as a consequence of disease perennationthe process of living through a number of years (as a perennial plant) preservationa process that saves organic substances from decay quellung, quellung reactionthe swelling of the capsule surrounding a microorganism after reaction with an antibody; the basis of certain tests for identifying microorganisms quickeningthe process of showing signs of life regeneration(biology) growth anew of lost tissue or destroyed parts or organs regulation(embryology) the ability of an early embryo to continue normal development after its structure has been somehow damaged or altered replication(genetics) the process whereby DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division reproductionthe process of generating offspring reabsorption, resorptionthe organic process in which the substance of some differentiated structure that has been produced by the body undergoes lysis and assimilation ageing, aging, ripeningacquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time secernment, secretionthe organic process of synthesizing and releasing some substance segregation(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes shedding, sloughingthe process whereby something is shed summation(physiology) the process whereby multiple stimuli can produce a response (in a muscle or nerve or other part) that one stimulus alone does not produce symphysisa growing together of parts or structures synapsisthe side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis synezesis, synizesisthe contraction of chromatin towards one side of the nucleus during the prophase of meiosis transcription(genetics) the organic process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA; the process whereby a base sequence of messenger RNA is synthesized on a template of complementary DNA transduction(genetics) the process of transfering genetic material from one cell to another by a plasmid or bacteriophage translation(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm folding, protein foldingthe process whereby a protein molecule assumes its intricate three-dimensional shape translocation(genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts translocationthe transport of dissolved material within a plant transpirationthe emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants tumefactionthe process of tumefying; the organic process whereby tissue becomes swollen by the accumulation of fluid within it ulcerationthe process of ulcer formation; the process of becoming ulcerated vascularisation, vascularizationthe organic process whereby body tissue becomes vascular and develops capillaries blistering, vesication, vesiculationthe formation of vesicles in or beneath the skin fixation, fixing(histology) the preservation and hardening of a tissue sample to retain as nearly as possible the same relations they had in the living body embalmmentpreservation (of a dead body) by treating with balsams and drugs and other chemicals control(physiology) regulation or maintenance of a function or action or reflex etc cellular respiration, internal respiration, respirationthe metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs breathing, external respiration, respiration, ventilationthe bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation respirationa single complete act of breathing in and out breaththe process of taking in and expelling air during breathing consumption, ingestion, intake, uptakethe process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating) sex, sex activity, sexual activity, sexual practiceactivities associated with sexual intercourse inseminationthe introduction of semen into the genital tract of a female sleepingthe suspension of consciousness and decrease in metabolic rate reaction, responsea bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent crying, tears, weepingthe process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds) culture(biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar) ablactationthe cessation of lactation abscissionshedding of flowers and leaves and fruit following formation of scar tissue in a plant acclimation, acclimatisation, acclimatizationadaptation to a new climate (a new temperature or altitude or environment) agenesia, agenesisimperfect development; nondevelopment of a part amelogenesisthe developmental process of forming tooth enamel amitosisthe direct method of cell division characterized by simple division of the nucleus without formation of chromosomes anabolism, constructive metabolismthe synthesis in living organisms of more complex substances (e.g., living tissue) from simpler ones together with the storage of energy anamorphism, anamorphosisthe evolution of one type of organism from another by a long series of gradual changes anastalsismuscular action of the alimentary tract in a direction opposite to peristalsis angiogenesisthe formation of new blood vessels anthropogenesis, anthropogenythe evolution or genesis of the human race apposition(biology) growth in the thickness of a cell wall by the deposit of successive layers of material agamogenesis, asexual reproductionreproduction without the fusion of gametes auxesisgrowth from increase in cell size without cell division basal metabolismthe amount of energy required to maintain the body of an individual in a resting state anthesis, blossoming, efflorescence, florescence, flowering, inflorescencethe time and process of budding and unfolding of blossoms brooding, incubationsitting on eggs so as to hatch them by the warmth of the body calvinggiving birth to a calf catabiosisnormal aging of cells caenogenesis, cainogenesis, cenogenesis, kainogenesis, kenogenesisintroduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species (such as the addition of the placenta in mammalian evolution) accouchement, childbearing, childbirth, vaginal birththe parturition process in human beings; having a baby; the process of giving birth to a child cleavage, segmentation(embryology) the repeated division of a fertilised ovum cohesion(botany) the process in some plants of parts growing together that are usually separate (such as petals) cultivationthe process of fostering the growth of something cytogenesis, cytogenythe origin and development and variation of cells dedifferentiationthe loss of specialization in form or function discharge, emission, expellingany of several bodily processes by which substances go out of the body domesticationadaptation to intimate association with human beings emergent evolutionthe appearance of entirely new properties at certain critical stages in the course of evolution expectorationthe process of coughing up and spitting out farrow, farrowingthe production of a litter of pigs fat metabolisma metabolic process that breaks down ingested fats into fatty acids and glycerol and then into simpler compounds that can be used by cells of the body feminisation, feminizationthe process of becoming feminized; the development of female characteristics (loss of facial hair or breast enlargement) in a male because of hormonal disorders or castration festering, maturation, suppuration(medicine) the formation of morbific matter in an abscess or a vesicle and the discharge of pus foliation, leafing(botany) the process of forming leaves fructificationthe bearing of fruit galactosisthe secretion of milk gametogenesisthe development and maturation of sex cells through meiosis gastric digestionthe process of breaking down proteins by the action of the gastric juice in the stomach germination, sproutingthe process whereby seeds or spores sprout and begin to grow glycolysisa metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and releases energy for the body in the form of ATP habitthe general form or mode of growth (especially of a plant or crystal) hatch, hatchingthe production of young from an egg healingthe natural process by which the body repairs itself haemagglutination, hemagglutinationagglutination of red blood cells hemimetabolism, hemimetaboly, hemimetamorphosisincomplete or partial metamorphosis in insects heterometabolism, heterometabolydevelopment of insects with incomplete metamorphosis in which no pupal stage precedes maturity holometabolism, holometabolycomplete metamorphosis in insects hypersecretionexcessive secretion hypostasisthe accumulation of blood in an organ infection(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease infructescencethe fruiting stage of the inflorescence intussusception(biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell wall isoagglutinationagglutination of an agglutinogen of one individual by a serum from another individual of the same species juvenescencethe process of growing into a youth lachrymation, lacrimation, tearing, wateringshedding tears lactationthe production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands egg laying, layingthe production of eggs (especially in birds) life cyclethe course of developmental changes in an organism from fertilized zygote to maturity when another zygote can be produced macroevolutionevolution on a large scale extending over geologic era and resulting in the formation of new taxonomic groups malabsorptionabnormal absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract masculinisation, masculinization, virilisation, virilizationthe abnormal development of male sexual characteristics in a female (usually as the result of hormone therapies or adrenal malfunction) meiosis, miosis, reduction division(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms; the nucleus divides into four nuclei each containing half the chromosome number (leading to gametes in animals and spores in plants) mellowingthe process of becoming mellow metastasisthe spreading of a disease (especially cancer) to another part of the body microevolutionevolution resulting from small specific genetic changes that can lead to a new subspecies mitosiscell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes ecdysis, molt, molting, moult, moultingperiodic shedding of the cuticle in arthropods or the outer skin in reptiles morphallaxisregeneration on a reduced scale of a body part; observed especially in invertebrates such as certain lobsters morphogenesisdifferentiation and growth of the structure of an organism (or a part of an organism) myelinisation, myelinizationthe development of a myelin sheath around a nerve fiber neoplasiathe pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor neurogenesisthe development of nerve tissues opsonisation, opsonizationprocess whereby opsonins make an invading microorganism more susceptible to phagocytosis overactivityexcessive activity palingenesis, recapitulationemergence during embryonic development of various characters or structures that appeared during the evolutionary history of the strain or species pathogenesisthe origination and development of a disease peristalsis, vermiculationthe process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along diaphoresis, hidrosis, perspiration, sudation, sweatingthe process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid phagocytosisprocess in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection pinocytosisprocess by which certain cells can engulf and incorporate droplets of fluid placentationthe formation of the placenta in the uterus plastinationa process involving fixation and dehydration and forced impregnation and hardening of biological tissues; water and lipids are replaced by curable polymers (silicone or epoxy or polyester) that are subsequently hardened proliferationgrowth by the rapid multiplication of parts psilosisfalling out of hair psychogenesisa general term for the origin and development of almost any aspect of the mind psychogenesisthe development in the life of an individual of some disorder that is caused by psychological rather than physiological factors psychomotor developmentprogressive acquisition of skills involving both mental and motor activities psychosexual development(psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage infrigidation, refrigerationthe process of cooling or freezing (e.g., food) for preservative purposes rootingthe process of putting forth roots and beginning to grow salivationthe secretion of saliva amphimixis, sexual reproductionreproduction involving the union or fusion of a male and a female gamete differentiation, specialisation, specialization(biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function speciationthe evolution of a biological species suppressionthe failure to develop some part or organ tanningprocess in which skin pigmentation darkens as a result of exposure to ultraviolet light dentition, odontiasis, teethingthe eruption through the gums of baby teeth teratogenesisthe development of defects in an embryo transpirationthe process of giving off or exhaling water vapor through the skin or mucous membranes vegetationthe process of growth in plants childbed, confinement, labor, labour, lying-in, parturiency, travailconcluding state of pregnancy; from the onset of contractions to the birth of a child blood extravasationthe leakage of blood from a vessel into tissues surrounding it; can occur in injuries or burns or allergic reactions uroceleextravasation of urine into the scrotal sac physical process, process a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states |
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