Thus, while mutational robustness and evolvability are antagonistic at the genotypic level, they are synergistic at the phenotypic level.

Fortunately, there are a handful of other prospective, longitudinal studies of ageing-related health that can provide phenotypic data with which to compare genotypic findings.

This was possible because the dynamics of both individual organisms and their communities are governed by phenotypic, not genotypic, interactions with environmental selection forces.