| 单词 | trial |
| 释义 | trial (once / 81 pages) n When you run a series of tests on something, it's called a trial. If you invent a computer game and want to run it through a trial before releasing it, you might hire a bunch of teenagers to play it. A trial is also a court hearing to legally determine the result of a particular case. If your cousin is arrested for stealing her neighbor's dog, she may be put on trial. This term can also be used more generically, especially to talk about something being tried in the court of public opinion. The fate of music education is on trial in many school districts facing budget cuts. WORD FAMILYtrial: mistrial, pretrial, trials+/mistrial: mistrials/retrial: retrials/retry: retrial, retried, retries, retrying/tried: triedest, untried/trier: triers/try: retry, trial, tried, trier, tries, trying/trying: tryinger, tryingest, tryingly USAGE EXAMPLESHer no-show brought criticism from lawmakers, who serve as prosecutors during the presidential impeachment trial. Seattle Times(Jan 02, 2017) While these data are preliminary, a larger clinical trial isS currently underway. Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016) “It’s ludicrous and arbitrary,” according to Devinsky, who says getting government approval for his epilepsy trial required dozens of hours of extra work. Washington Post(Dec 29, 2016) 1n the act of testing something in the experimental trials the amount of carbon was measured separately he called each flip of the coin a new trial Syn|Hypo|Hyper run, test assay a quantitative or qualitative test of a substance (especially an ore or a drug) to determine its components; frequently used to test for the presence or concentration of infectious agents or antibodies etc. clinical test, clinical triala rigorously controlled test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on human subjects; in the United States it is conducted under the direction of the FDA before being made available for general clinical use double blinda test procedure in which the identity of those receiving the intervention is concealed from both the administrators and the subjects until after the test is completed; designed to reduce or eliminate bias in the results preclinical phase, preclinical test, preclinical triala laboratory test of a new drug or a new invasive medical device on animal subjects; conducted to gather evidence justifying a clinical trial audition, tryouta test of the suitability of a performer field triala test of young hunting dogs to determine their skill in pointing and retrieving fitting, try-on, trying onputting clothes on to see whether they fit MOT, MOT test, Ministry of Transportation testa compulsory annual test of older motor vehicles for safety and exhaust fumes pilot program, pilot projectactivity planned as a test or trial Snellen testa test of visual acuity using a Snellen chart ELISA, enzyme-linked-immunosorbent serologic assayan assay that relies on an enzymatic conversion reaction and is used to detect the presence of specific substances (such as enzymes or viruses or antibodies or bacteria) immunohistochemistryan assay that shows specific antigens in tissues by the use of markers that are either fluorescent dyes or enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase) phase I, phase I clinical triala clinical trial on a few persons to determine the safety of a new drug or invasive medical device; for drugs, dosage or toxicity limits should be obtained phase II, phase II clinical triala clinical trial on more persons than in phase I; intended to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment for the condition it is intended to treat; possible side effects are monitored phase III, phase III clinical triala large clinical trial of a treatment or drug that in phase I and phase II has been shown to be efficacious with tolerable side effects; after successful conclusion of these clinical trials it will receive formal approval from the FDA phase IV, phase IV clinical trialsometimes the FDA approves a drug for general use but requires the manufacturer to continue to monitor its effects; during this phase the drug may be tried on slightly different patient populations than those studied in earlier trials screen testa filmed audition of an actor or actress diagnostic assay, diagnostic testan assay conducted for diagnostic purposes bio-assay, bioassayappraisal of the biological activity of a substance by testing its effect on an organism and comparing the result with some agreed standard attempt, effort, endeavor, endeavour, try earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something 2n trying something to find out about it a sample for ten days free trial a trial of progesterone failed to relieve the pain Syn|Hypo|Hyper test, trial run, tryout field test, field trial a test of the performance of some new product under the conditions in which it will be used alpha test(computer science) a first test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by the developer beta test(computer science) a second test of an experimental product (such as computer software) carried out by an outside organization road testa test to insure that a vehicle is roadworthy trial balloona test of public opinion test drivetest of the roadworthiness of a vehicle one is considering buying experiment, experimentation the testing of an idea 3n the act of undergoing testing candidates must compete in a trial of skill Syn|Hyper test attempt, effort, endeavor, endeavour, try earnest and conscientious activity intended to do or accomplish something 4n (law) the determination of a person's innocence or guilt by due process of law he had a fair trial and the jury found him guilty most of these complaints are settled before they go to trial Hypo|Hyper court-martial a trial that is conducted by a military court ordeal, trial by ordeala primitive method of determining a person's guilt or innocence by subjecting the accused person to dangerous or painful tests believed to be under divine control; escape was usually taken as a sign of innocence Scopes triala highly publicized trial in 1925 when John Thomas Scopes violated a Tennessee state law by teaching evolution in high school; Scopes was prosecuted by William Jennings Bryan and defended by Clarence Darrow; Scopes was convicted but the verdict was later reversed show triala trial held for show; the guilt of the accused person has been decided in advance mistriala trial that is invalid or inconclusive retriala new trial in which issues already litigated and to which the court has already rendered a verdict or decision are reexamined by the same court; occurs when the initial trial is found to have been improper or unfair due to procedural errors legal proceeding, proceeding, proceedings (law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invoked 5n (sports) a preliminary competition to determine qualifications the trials for the semifinals began yesterday Hyper competition, contest an occasion on which a winner is selected from among two or more contestants 6n an annoying or frustrating or catastrophic event his mother-in-law's visits were a great trial for him Syn|Hypo|Hyper tribulation, visitation fire a severe trial affliction a cause of great suffering and distress |
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