英语词汇“spiritual leader”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

WORD FAMILY

spiritual leader: spiritual leaders

USAGE EXAMPLES

A federal board surprised South Dakota by renaming the state’s tallest peak after Lakota spiritual leader Black Elk, who died in 1950.

Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016)

But she says women can’t be spiritual leaders in that society.

Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016)

“He is our future leader and spiritual leader. … It’s just a matter of time. His vision is our policy.”

Seattle Times(Dec 06, 2016)

n a leader in religious or sacred affairs

Exp|Hypo|Hyper

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance (1869-1948)

Aaron

(Old Testament) elder brother of Moses and first high priest of the Israelites; created the golden calf

Thomas a Kempis

German ecclesiastic (1380-1471)

Pope Alexander VI

Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503)

Saint Ambrose

(Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397)

Henry Ward Beecher

United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887)

Prospero Lambertini

pope who was a patron of the arts and who denounced the cruelty to the indigenous peoples of South America (1675-1758)

Giacomo della Chiesa

pope who founded the Vatican service for prisoners of war during World War I (1854-1922)

Bishop Berkeley

Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753)

Benedetto Caetani

pope who declared that Catholic princes are subject to the pope in temporal as well as in theological matters (1235-1303)

Saint Bruno

(Roman Catholic Church) a French cleric (born in Germany) who founded the Carthusian order in 1084 (1032-1101)

John Bunyan

English preacher and author of an allegorical novel, Pilgrim's Progress (1628-1688)

Guy of Burgundy

pope who in 1122 forced the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to sign a concordat that recognized the right of the church to choose its own leadership (died in 1124)

Alfonso Borgia

Italian pope whose nepotism put the Borgia family in power in Italy (1378-1458)

Guibert of Ravenna

Italian antipope from 1080 to 1100 who was installed as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who consistently opposed efforts at papal reform (died in 1100)

Giulio de' Medici

Italian pope from 1523 to 1534 who broke with Henry VIII of England after Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn (1478-1534)

Giovanni Francesco Albani

Italian pope from 1700 to 1721 who condemned Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility

Lorenzo Ganganelli

Italian pope from 1769 to 1774 who lost whatever support remained of Catholic Europe, causing the church to fall into the hands of secular princes (1705-1774)

Domingo de Guzman

(Roman Catholic Church) Spanish priest who founded an order whose members became known as Dominicans or Black Friars (circa 1170-1221)

John Donne

English clergyman and metaphysical poet celebrated as a preacher (1572-1631)

Eusebius of Caesarea

Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340)

Ezra

a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem

William Franklin Graham

United States evangelical preacher famous as a mass evangelist (born in 1918)

Gregory the Great

(Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604)

Gregory VII

the Italian pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Roman Catholic Church and the supremacy of the church over the state (1020-1085)

Angelo Correr

the Italian pope from 1406 to 1415 who worked to end the Great Schism and who retired to make it possible (1327-1417)

Ugo Buoncompagni

the pope who sponsored the introduction of the modern calendar (1572-1585)

Bartolomeo Alberto Capillari

Italian pope from 1831 to 1846; conservative in politics and theology; worked to propagate Catholicism in England and the United States (1765-1846)

Hillel

Palestinian rabbi and interpreter of Judaic law

Saint Ignatius

bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110)

William Ralph Inge

English prelate noted for his pessimistic sermons and articles (1860-1954)

Lotario di Segni

Italian pope from 1198 to 1216 who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216)

Giovanni Battista Cibo

Italian pope from 1484 to 1492 who was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness (1432-1492)

Benedetto Odescalchi

Italian pope from 1676 to 1689 whose papacy was marked by the struggle with Louis XIV of France over papal authority over French Catholics; known for saintliness and canonized in 1956 (1611-1689)

Antonio Pignatelli

Italian pope from 1691 to 1700 who abolished nepotism within the church hierarchy and was universally loved for his charity and piety

Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros

prelate who was the confessor of Isabella I and who was later appointed Grand Inquisitor (1436-1517)

Saint John the Apostle

(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally said to be the author of the 4th Gospel and three epistles and the book of Revelation

Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli

Italian pope from 1958 to 1963 who convoked the Second Vatican Council (1881-1963)

St. John Chrysostom

(Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407)

Albino Luciano

the first Pope to assume a double name; he reigned for only 34 days (1912-1978)

Karol Wojtyla

the first Pope born in Poland; the first Pope not born in Italy in 450 years (1920-2005)

John Keble

English clergyman who (with John Henry Newman and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement (1792-1866)

Martin Luther King Jr.

United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)

Leo the Great

Italian pope from 440 to 461 who extended the authority of the papacy to the west and persuaded Attila not to attack Rome (440-461)

Leo III

Italian pope from 795 to 816 who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816)

Bruno of Toul

German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054)

Giovanni de'Medici

son of Lorenzo de'Medici and pope from 1513 to 1521 who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521)

Giovanni Vincenzo Pecci

Italian pope from 1878 to 1903 who was interested in the advancement of learning and who opened the Vatican secret archives to all scholars

Saint Luke

(New Testament) the Apostle closely associated with St. Paul and traditionally assumed to be the author of the third Gospel

Saint Mark

Apostle and companion of Saint Peter; assumed to be the author of the second Gospel

St. Martin

French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397)

Oddone Colonna

Italian pope from 1417 to 1431 whose election as pope ended the Great Schism (1368-1431)

Saint Matthew the Apostle

(New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally considered to be the author of the first Gospel

Aimee Semple McPherson

United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944)

Dwight Lyman Moody

United States evangelist (1837-1899)

Tomasso Parentucelli

Italian pope from 1447 to 1455 who founded the Vatican library (1397-1455)

Nestorius

Syrian who was a Christian bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople in the early fifth century; one of the major heresies concerning the doctrine of the hypostasis of Christ was named after him (died in 451)

John Henry Newman

English prelate and theologian who (with John Keble and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement; Newman later turned to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal (1801-1890)

Saint Nicholas

a bishop in Asia Minor who is associated with Santa Claus (4th century)

Alessandro Farnese

Italian pope from 1534 to 1549 who excommunicated Henry VIII of England in 1538 and initiated the Council of Trent in 1545; was active in the Counter Reformation and promoted the Society of Jesus for this purpose (1468-1549)

Giovanni Battista Montini

Italian pope from 1963 to 1978 who eased restrictions on fasting and on interfaith marriages (1897-1978)

Photius

Patriarch of Constantinople and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church; was condemned by the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 869 but was reinstated by a later pope

Enea Silvio Piccolomini

Italian pope from 1458 to 1464 who is remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to lead a crusade against the Turks (1405-1464)

Antonio Ghislieri

Italian pope from 1566 to 1572 who led the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; he excommunicated Elizabeth I (1504-1572)

Giovanni Angelo Braschi

Italian pope from 1775 to 1799 who served during the French Revolution; Napoleon attacked the Papal States and in 1797 Pius VI was taken to France where he died (1717-1799)

Luigi Barnaba Gregorio Chiaramonti

Italian pope from 1800 to 1823 who was humiliated by Napoleon and taken prisoner in 1809; he concluded a concordat with Napoleon and crowned him emperor of France; he returned to Rome in 1814 (1740-1823)

Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti

Italian pope from 1846 to 1878 who in 1854 declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto

pope who condemned religious modernism; he was canonized in 1954 because of his interest in the poor (1835-1914)

Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti

pope who signed a treaty with Mussolini recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state (1857-1939)

Eugenio Pacelli

pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958)

Armand Jean du Plessis

French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642)

Oral Roberts

United States evangelist (born 1918)

Francesco della Rovere

Italian pope from 1471 to 1484 who consented to the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and built the Sistine Chapel (1414-1484)

William Ashley Sunday

United States evangelist (1862-1935)

Sylvester II

French pope from 999 to 1003 who was noted for his great learning (945-1003)

Desmond Tutu

South African prelate and leader of the antiapartheid struggle (born in 1931)

Bishop Ulfilas

a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-382)

Otho of Lagery

French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099)

Guillaume de Grimoard

French pope from 1362 to 1370 who tried to reestablish the papacy in Rome but in 1367 returned to Avignon hoping to end the war between France and England; canonized in 1870 (1310-1370)

Bartolomeo Prignano

Italian pope from 1378 to 1389 whose contested election began the Great Schism; he alienated his political allies by his ruthless treatment of his opponents (1318-1389)

Maffeo Barberini

Italian pope from 1623 to 1644 who sanctioned the condemnation of Galileo but later freed him (1568-1644)

James Ussher

Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656)

John Wesley

English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791)

Charles Wesley

English clergyman and brother of John Wesley who wrote many hymns (1707-1788)

Roger Williams

English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism; he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663 (1603-1683)

William of Wykeham

English prelate and statesman; founded a college at Oxford and Winchester College in Winchester; served as chancellor of England and bishop of Winchester (1324-1404)

Stefan Wyszynski

Polish prelate who persuaded the Soviet to allow greater religious freedom in Poland (1901-1981)

Saint Anselm

an Italian who was a Benedictine monk; was archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109; one of the founders of scholasticism; best known for his proof of the existence of God

Saint Thomas a Becket

(Roman Catholic Church) archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170; murdered following his opposition to Henry II's attempts to control the clergy (1118-1170)

Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmine

Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621)

Cesare Borgia

Italian cardinal and military leader; model for Machiavelli's prince (1475-1507)

cantor, hazan

the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos

Catholicos

the ecclesiastical title of the leaders of the Nestorian and Armenian churches

clergyman, man of the cloth, reverend

a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church

Evangelist

(when capitalized) any of the spiritual leaders who are assumed to be authors of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

patriarch

title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem)

Bishop of Rome, Catholic Pope, Holy Father, Roman Catholic Pope, Vicar of Christ, pontiff, pope

the head of the Roman Catholic Church

non-Christian priest, priest

a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies in a non-Christian religion

rabbi

spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law

acolyte

someone who assists a priest or minister in a liturgical service; a cleric ordained in the highest of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church but not in the Anglican Church or the Eastern Orthodox Churches

amora

one of a group of rabbis (active AD 250-500) who discussed the Mishnaic law in the law schools of Palestine and Mesopotamia where they explained and applied earlier teachings and whose discussions are recorded in the Talmud; they emphasized the study of Torah and the importance of personal action and the fulfillment of the commandments

anagnost

a cleric in the minor orders of the Eastern Orthodox Church who reads the lessons aloud in the liturgy (analogous to the lector in the Roman Catholic Church)

antipope

someone who is elected pope in opposition to another person who is held to be canonically elected

archdeacon

(Anglican Church) an ecclesiastical dignitary usually ranking just below a bishop

chaplain

a clergyman ministering to some institution

churchman, cleric, divine, ecclesiastic

a clergyman or other person in religious orders

curate, minister, minister of religion, parson, pastor, rector

a person authorized to conduct religious worship

deacon

a cleric ranking just below a priest in Christian churches; one of the Holy Orders

domine, dominee, dominie, dominus

a clergyman; especially a settled minister or parson

doorkeeper, ostiarius, ostiary

the lowest of the minor Holy Orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed by the Roman Catholic Church

Druid

a pre-Christian priest among the Celts of ancient Gaul and Britain and Ireland

flamen

a priest who served a particular deity in ancient Rome

hoodoo

a practitioner of voodoo

lama

a Tibetan or Mongolian priest of Lamaism

lector, reader

someone who reads the lessons in a church service; someone ordained in a minor order of the Roman Catholic Church

magus

a member of the Zoroastrian priesthood of the ancient Persians

officiant

a clergyman who officiates at a religious ceremony or service

ordinand

a person being ordained

ordinary

a clergyman appointed to prepare condemned prisoners for death

postulator

(Roman Catholic Church) someone who proposes or pleads for a candidate for beatification or canonization

preacher, preacher man, sermoniser, sermonizer

someone whose occupation is preaching the gospel

priest

a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites; one of the Holy Orders

shepherd

a clergyman who watches over a group of people

priest-doctor, shaman

in societies practicing shamanism: one acting as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds; practices sorcery for healing or divination

subdeacon

a clergyman an order below deacon; one of the Holy Orders in the unreformed western Christian church and the eastern Catholic Churches but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church

vicar

(Church of England) a clergyman appointed to act as priest of a parish

vicar

(Episcopal Church) a clergyman in charge of a chapel

votary

a priest or priestess (or consecrated worshipper) in a non-Christian religion or cult

leader

a person who rules or guides or inspires others

单词	spiritual leader
释义	spiritual leader (once / 13462 pages) n WORD FAMILY spiritual leader: spiritual leaders USAGE EXAMPLES A federal board surprised South Dakota by renaming the state’s tallest peak after Lakota spiritual leader Black Elk, who died in 1950. Washington Times(Dec 24, 2016) But she says women can’t be spiritual leaders in that society. Washington Times(Dec 23, 2016) “He is our future leader and spiritual leader. … It’s just a matter of time. His vision is our policy.” Seattle Times(Dec 06, 2016) n a leader in religious or sacred affairs Exp\|Hypo\|Hyper Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi political and spiritual leader during India's struggle with Great Britain for home rule; an advocate of passive resistance (1869-1948) Aaron (Old Testament) elder brother of Moses and first high priest of the Israelites; created the golden calf Thomas a Kempis German ecclesiastic (1380-1471) Pope Alexander VI Pope and father of Cesare Borgia and Lucrezia Borgia (1431-1503) Saint Ambrose (Roman Catholic Church) Roman priest who became bishop of Milan; the first Church Father born and raised in the Christian faith; composer of hymns; imposed orthodoxy on the early Christian church and built up its secular power; a saint and Doctor of the Church (340?-397) Henry Ward Beecher United States clergyman who was a leader for the abolition of slavery (1813-1887) Prospero Lambertini pope who was a patron of the arts and who denounced the cruelty to the indigenous peoples of South America (1675-1758) Giacomo della Chiesa pope who founded the Vatican service for prisoners of war during World War I (1854-1922) Bishop Berkeley Irish philosopher and Anglican bishop who opposed the materialism of Thomas Hobbes (1685-1753) Benedetto Caetani pope who declared that Catholic princes are subject to the pope in temporal as well as in theological matters (1235-1303) Saint Bruno (Roman Catholic Church) a French cleric (born in Germany) who founded the Carthusian order in 1084 (1032-1101) John Bunyan English preacher and author of an allegorical novel, Pilgrim's Progress (1628-1688) Guy of Burgundy pope who in 1122 forced the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to sign a concordat that recognized the right of the church to choose its own leadership (died in 1124) Alfonso Borgia Italian pope whose nepotism put the Borgia family in power in Italy (1378-1458) Guibert of Ravenna Italian antipope from 1080 to 1100 who was installed as pope by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who consistently opposed efforts at papal reform (died in 1100) Giulio de' Medici Italian pope from 1523 to 1534 who broke with Henry VIII of England after Henry VIII divorced Catherine of Aragon and married Anne Boleyn (1478-1534) Giovanni Francesco Albani Italian pope from 1700 to 1721 who condemned Jansenist ideas on papal infallibility Lorenzo Ganganelli Italian pope from 1769 to 1774 who lost whatever support remained of Catholic Europe, causing the church to fall into the hands of secular princes (1705-1774) Domingo de Guzman (Roman Catholic Church) Spanish priest who founded an order whose members became known as Dominicans or Black Friars (circa 1170-1221) John Donne English clergyman and metaphysical poet celebrated as a preacher (1572-1631) Eusebius of Caesarea Christian bishop of Caesarea in Palestine; a church historian and a leading early Christian exegete (circa 270-340) Ezra a Jewish priest and scribe sent by the Persian king to restore Jewish law and worship in Jerusalem William Franklin Graham United States evangelical preacher famous as a mass evangelist (born in 1918) Gregory the Great (Roman Catholic Church) an Italian pope distinguished for his spiritual and temporal leadership; a saint and Doctor of the Church (540?-604) Gregory VII the Italian pope who fought to establish the supremacy of the pope over the Roman Catholic Church and the supremacy of the church over the state (1020-1085) Angelo Correr the Italian pope from 1406 to 1415 who worked to end the Great Schism and who retired to make it possible (1327-1417) Ugo Buoncompagni the pope who sponsored the introduction of the modern calendar (1572-1585) Bartolomeo Alberto Capillari Italian pope from 1831 to 1846; conservative in politics and theology; worked to propagate Catholicism in England and the United States (1765-1846) Hillel Palestinian rabbi and interpreter of Judaic law Saint Ignatius bishop of Antioch who was martyred under the Roman Emperor Trajan (died 110) William Ralph Inge English prelate noted for his pessimistic sermons and articles (1860-1954) Lotario di Segni Italian pope from 1198 to 1216 who instituted the Fourth Crusade and under whom papal intervention in European politics reached its height (1161-1216) Giovanni Battista Cibo Italian pope from 1484 to 1492 who was known as a nepotist and was attacked by Savonarola for his worldliness (1432-1492) Benedetto Odescalchi Italian pope from 1676 to 1689 whose papacy was marked by the struggle with Louis XIV of France over papal authority over French Catholics; known for saintliness and canonized in 1956 (1611-1689) Antonio Pignatelli Italian pope from 1691 to 1700 who abolished nepotism within the church hierarchy and was universally loved for his charity and piety Francisco Jimenez de Cisneros prelate who was the confessor of Isabella I and who was later appointed Grand Inquisitor (1436-1517) Saint John the Apostle (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally said to be the author of the 4th Gospel and three epistles and the book of Revelation Angelo Guiseppe Roncalli Italian pope from 1958 to 1963 who convoked the Second Vatican Council (1881-1963) St. John Chrysostom (Roman Catholic Church) a Church Father who was a great preacher and bishop of Constantinople; a saint and Doctor of the Church (347-407) Albino Luciano the first Pope to assume a double name; he reigned for only 34 days (1912-1978) Karol Wojtyla the first Pope born in Poland; the first Pope not born in Italy in 450 years (1920-2005) John Keble English clergyman who (with John Henry Newman and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement (1792-1866) Martin Luther King Jr. United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968) Leo the Great Italian pope from 440 to 461 who extended the authority of the papacy to the west and persuaded Attila not to attack Rome (440-461) Leo III Italian pope from 795 to 816 who in 800 crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans (750-816) Bruno of Toul German pope from 1049 to 1054 whose papacy was the beginning of papal reforms in the 11th century (1002-1054) Giovanni de'Medici son of Lorenzo de'Medici and pope from 1513 to 1521 who excommunicated Martin Luther and who in 1521 bestowed on Henry VIII the title of Defender of the Faith (1475-1521) Giovanni Vincenzo Pecci Italian pope from 1878 to 1903 who was interested in the advancement of learning and who opened the Vatican secret archives to all scholars Saint Luke (New Testament) the Apostle closely associated with St. Paul and traditionally assumed to be the author of the third Gospel Saint Mark Apostle and companion of Saint Peter; assumed to be the author of the second Gospel St. Martin French bishop who is a patron saint of France (died in 397) Oddone Colonna Italian pope from 1417 to 1431 whose election as pope ended the Great Schism (1368-1431) Saint Matthew the Apostle (New Testament) disciple of Jesus; traditionally considered to be the author of the first Gospel Aimee Semple McPherson United States evangelist (born in Canada) noted for her extravagant religious services (1890-1944) Dwight Lyman Moody United States evangelist (1837-1899) Tomasso Parentucelli Italian pope from 1447 to 1455 who founded the Vatican library (1397-1455) Nestorius Syrian who was a Christian bishop and Patriarch of Constantinople in the early fifth century; one of the major heresies concerning the doctrine of the hypostasis of Christ was named after him (died in 451) John Henry Newman English prelate and theologian who (with John Keble and Edward Pusey) founded the Oxford movement; Newman later turned to Roman Catholicism and became a cardinal (1801-1890) Saint Nicholas a bishop in Asia Minor who is associated with Santa Claus (4th century) Alessandro Farnese Italian pope from 1534 to 1549 who excommunicated Henry VIII of England in 1538 and initiated the Council of Trent in 1545; was active in the Counter Reformation and promoted the Society of Jesus for this purpose (1468-1549) Giovanni Battista Montini Italian pope from 1963 to 1978 who eased restrictions on fasting and on interfaith marriages (1897-1978) Photius Patriarch of Constantinople and saint of the Greek Orthodox Church; was condemned by the Fourth Council of Constantinople in 869 but was reinstated by a later pope Enea Silvio Piccolomini Italian pope from 1458 to 1464 who is remembered for his unsuccessful attempt to lead a crusade against the Turks (1405-1464) Antonio Ghislieri Italian pope from 1566 to 1572 who led the reformation of the Roman Catholic Church; he excommunicated Elizabeth I (1504-1572) Giovanni Angelo Braschi Italian pope from 1775 to 1799 who served during the French Revolution; Napoleon attacked the Papal States and in 1797 Pius VI was taken to France where he died (1717-1799) Luigi Barnaba Gregorio Chiaramonti Italian pope from 1800 to 1823 who was humiliated by Napoleon and taken prisoner in 1809; he concluded a concordat with Napoleon and crowned him emperor of France; he returned to Rome in 1814 (1740-1823) Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti Italian pope from 1846 to 1878 who in 1854 declared the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto pope who condemned religious modernism; he was canonized in 1954 because of his interest in the poor (1835-1914) Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti pope who signed a treaty with Mussolini recognizing the Vatican City as an independent state (1857-1939) Eugenio Pacelli pope who maintained neutrality during World War II and was later criticized for not aiding the Jews who were persecuted by Hitler (1876-1958) Armand Jean du Plessis French prelate and statesman; principal minister to Louis XIII (1585-1642) Oral Roberts United States evangelist (born 1918) Francesco della Rovere Italian pope from 1471 to 1484 who consented to the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition and built the Sistine Chapel (1414-1484) William Ashley Sunday United States evangelist (1862-1935) Sylvester II French pope from 999 to 1003 who was noted for his great learning (945-1003) Desmond Tutu South African prelate and leader of the antiapartheid struggle (born in 1931) Bishop Ulfilas a Christian believed to be of Cappadocian descent who became bishop of the Visigoths in 341 and translated the Bible from Greek into Gothic; traditionally held to have invented the Gothic alphabet (311-382) Otho of Lagery French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade (1042-1099) Guillaume de Grimoard French pope from 1362 to 1370 who tried to reestablish the papacy in Rome but in 1367 returned to Avignon hoping to end the war between France and England; canonized in 1870 (1310-1370) Bartolomeo Prignano Italian pope from 1378 to 1389 whose contested election began the Great Schism; he alienated his political allies by his ruthless treatment of his opponents (1318-1389) Maffeo Barberini Italian pope from 1623 to 1644 who sanctioned the condemnation of Galileo but later freed him (1568-1644) James Ussher Irish prelate who deduced from the Bible that Creation occurred in the year 4004 BC (1581-1656) John Wesley English clergyman and founder of Methodism (1703-1791) Charles Wesley English clergyman and brother of John Wesley who wrote many hymns (1707-1788) Roger Williams English clergyman and colonist who was expelled from Massachusetts for criticizing Puritanism; he founded Providence in 1636 and obtained a royal charter for Rhode Island in 1663 (1603-1683) William of Wykeham English prelate and statesman; founded a college at Oxford and Winchester College in Winchester; served as chancellor of England and bishop of Winchester (1324-1404) Stefan Wyszynski Polish prelate who persuaded the Soviet to allow greater religious freedom in Poland (1901-1981) Saint Anselm an Italian who was a Benedictine monk; was archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109; one of the founders of scholasticism; best known for his proof of the existence of God Saint Thomas a Becket (Roman Catholic Church) archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 to 1170; murdered following his opposition to Henry II's attempts to control the clergy (1118-1170) Roberto Francesco Romolo Bellarmine Italian cardinal and theologian (1542-1621) Cesare Borgia Italian cardinal and military leader; model for Machiavelli's prince (1475-1507) cantor, hazan the official of a synagogue who conducts the liturgical part of the service and sings or chants the prayers intended to be performed as solos Catholicos the ecclesiastical title of the leaders of the Nestorian and Armenian churches clergyman, man of the cloth, reverend a member of the clergy and a spiritual leader of the Christian Church Evangelist (when capitalized) any of the spiritual leaders who are assumed to be authors of the Gospels in the New Testament: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John patriarch title for the heads of the Eastern Orthodox Churches (in Istanbul and Alexandria and Moscow and Jerusalem) Bishop of Rome, Catholic Pope, Holy Father, Roman Catholic Pope, Vicar of Christ, pontiff, pope the head of the Roman Catholic Church non-Christian priest, priest a person who performs religious duties and ceremonies in a non-Christian religion rabbi spiritual leader of a Jewish congregation; qualified to expound and apply Jewish law acolyte someone who assists a priest or minister in a liturgical service; a cleric ordained in the highest of the minor orders in the Roman Catholic Church but not in the Anglican Church or the Eastern Orthodox Churches amora one of a group of rabbis (active AD 250-500) who discussed the Mishnaic law in the law schools of Palestine and Mesopotamia where they explained and applied earlier teachings and whose discussions are recorded in the Talmud; they emphasized the study of Torah and the importance of personal action and the fulfillment of the commandments anagnost a cleric in the minor orders of the Eastern Orthodox Church who reads the lessons aloud in the liturgy (analogous to the lector in the Roman Catholic Church) antipope someone who is elected pope in opposition to another person who is held to be canonically elected archdeacon (Anglican Church) an ecclesiastical dignitary usually ranking just below a bishop chaplain a clergyman ministering to some institution churchman, cleric, divine, ecclesiastic a clergyman or other person in religious orders curate, minister, minister of religion, parson, pastor, rector a person authorized to conduct religious worship deacon a cleric ranking just below a priest in Christian churches; one of the Holy Orders domine, dominee, dominie, dominus a clergyman; especially a settled minister or parson doorkeeper, ostiarius, ostiary the lowest of the minor Holy Orders in the unreformed Western Church but now suppressed by the Roman Catholic Church Druid a pre-Christian priest among the Celts of ancient Gaul and Britain and Ireland flamen a priest who served a particular deity in ancient Rome hoodoo a practitioner of voodoo lama a Tibetan or Mongolian priest of Lamaism lector, reader someone who reads the lessons in a church service; someone ordained in a minor order of the Roman Catholic Church magus a member of the Zoroastrian priesthood of the ancient Persians officiant a clergyman who officiates at a religious ceremony or service ordinand a person being ordained ordinary a clergyman appointed to prepare condemned prisoners for death postulator (Roman Catholic Church) someone who proposes or pleads for a candidate for beatification or canonization preacher, preacher man, sermoniser, sermonizer someone whose occupation is preaching the gospel priest a clergyman in Christian churches who has the authority to perform or administer various religious rites; one of the Holy Orders shepherd a clergyman who watches over a group of people priest-doctor, shaman in societies practicing shamanism: one acting as a medium between the visible and spirit worlds; practices sorcery for healing or divination subdeacon a clergyman an order below deacon; one of the Holy Orders in the unreformed western Christian church and the eastern Catholic Churches but now suppressed in the Roman Catholic Church vicar (Church of England) a clergyman appointed to act as priest of a parish vicar (Episcopal Church) a clergyman in charge of a chapel votary a priest or priestess (or consecrated worshipper) in a non-Christian religion or cult leader a person who rules or guides or inspires others
随便看	cashbox cashcard cash card cash cow cash crop cash dispenser cashed cash equivalent cashew cashew nut cashew tree cash flow cashier cashier's check cashier's cheque cash in cash in hand cash in on cash in one's chips cash machine cashmere Cashmere goat cash on delivery cash out cash price