| 单词 | mutualism |
| 释义 | mutualism (once / 319441 pages) n When two parties depend on one another — whether in a biological, social, or financial relationship — and both benefit from the alliance, that's mutualism. If you're a student who helps others and in return earns credits for a class, that's one example. The Latin mūtuus, meaning "reciprocal," gave the basis for the 15th Century Middle French word mutuel. In 1849, French Socialist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon coined the word mutualism to describe his financial theories. The new word was later applied to biological systems of interdependence. Sometimes mutualism is confused with symbiosis, but they are not the same, in part because in mutualism both parties gain from the relationship, while only one side has to benefit to be classified as symbiosis. WORD FAMILYmutualism: mutualist+/mutual: mutualism, mutuality, mutually, mutualness/mutuality: mutualities USAGE EXAMPLESAnd yet, as Spottiswoode writes, “whether this reflects a similarly specialized communication system to that mediating the honeyguide-human mutualism in Mozambique remains unknown.” The New Yorker(Jul 27, 2016) The outcome of these counterbalancing effects fluctuates between parasitism and mutualism each season, depending on the intensity of predation pressure. Science Magazine(Mar 20, 2014) Still, they seem to be taking advantage of the sloth-moth-algae mutualism without sharing any of the risk. New York Times(Jan 27, 2014) n the relation between two different species of organisms that are interdependent; each gains benefits from the other Syn|Hypo|Hyper symbiosis trophobiosis a symbiotic relation in which one organism protects the other in return for some kind of food product interdependence, interdependency, mutuality a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities (objects or individuals or groups) |
| 随便看 |
|
英语词典包含147318条英英释义在线翻译词条，基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法，是英语学习的有利工具。