英语词汇“rough”的英英意思、用法、释义、翻译、读音、例句、短语、词组-英语词典

单词	rough
释义	rough I. \ˈrəf\ adjective (-er/-est) Etymology: Middle English, from Old English rūh; akin to Old High German rūh rough, hairy, Latin runcare to weed, ruga wrinkle, Greek orychein, oryssein to dig, orygē act of digging, Sanskrit rūksa rough, Old Norse rögg tuft, shagginess — more at rug 1. a. : marked by inequalities (as rises and falls, ridges, protuberances, projections, breaks, or seams) on the surface : not smooth or plain : coarse < a rough board > < rough stone > < a tunic of rough serge — G.B.Shaw > < a rough roadway made of cinders and slag — Louis Bromfield > b. : covered with hair, fleece, or bristles : shaggy, unshorn < rough satyrs danced — John Milton > < a rough hog > < rough sheep > < a face rough with two days' beard > c. (1) : having a broken, uneven, or bumpy surface < rough hilly country > (2) : difficult to travel over or penetrate : wild < rough country … covered with dense jungle > 2. a. : marked by turbulence or storminess : tempestuous < the rough waters of the channel > < rough winds > < rough weather > < a rough voyage > < airsickness brought about by flight through rough air — H.G.Armstrong > b. (1) : characterized by harshness or violence : unduly or offensively forceful < a rough breed of men > < rough usage > < used rough, abusive language to the umpire > < a very rough society where men … violated the rights of others with impunity — W.P.Webb > (2) : marked by struggle or difficulty : trying < a rough day > < a rough assignment > < things are rough all over — Hamilton Basso > < she had a bit of rough going — Fashion Digest > 3. a. : coarse, rugged, or unpolished in character or appearance : unrefined: as (1) : lacking smoothness of outline or form < a rough landscape > (2) : harsh or rasping to the ear < a radio emitting only rough sounds > (3) : harsh or sharp to the taste < rough whiskey > < a rough red wine > (4) : poor in quality < rough food > < rough clothes > (5) : crude in style or expression < rough rhymes > (6) : indelicate < a rough anecdote for such an audience > b. (1) : marked by a lack of civility, refinement, or grace : uncouth, primitive < rough farm workers > < rough hospitality > (2) : crudely amiable : bluff < the rough kindness of … people — Harold Griffin > 4. a. : marked by crudeness or lack of finish : unpolished < rough leather > < rough rice > < a rough performance > < sheets of rough … plate glass — Ellis Humphreys > b. : prepared or executed hastily, tentatively, or imperfectly : makeshift, approximate < a rough draft > < a rough estimate > < rough data > < rough justice > < a rough idea of how a machine operates > < a rough wigwam fashioned of fir boughs — F.V.W.Mason > c. : qualified for only the cruder or simpler operations of a trade < a rough carpenter > d. : demanding mainly physical force rather than intellect < rough work > 5. a. : pronounced with aspiration < a rough vowel > b. of a stop consonant in ancient Greek : voiceless, aspirated, and fortis — compare medial 2b 6. : relatively poor — used especially of a poker hand (as in lowball); compare smooth 7. : forming rough colonies usually made up of organisms that form chains or filaments and tend to marked decrease in capsule formation and virulence — used of dissociated strains of bacteria; compare mucoid Synonyms: uneven, rugged, harsh, scabrous: rough is a general term wide in its use. In its first meaning rough simply indicates noticeable inequality of surface perceptible to touch < a rough edge > < a rough stone > From this the word has spread to indicate lack of regularity, modulation, and polish, with most but not all of its suggestions unpleasant < the rough blow of sheer force — J.R.Green > < the people of Teutonic speech had their rough verse — H.O.Taylor > < rough and graceless would be such a greeting — R.W.Emerson > uneven in its first uses simply indicated lack of evenness < an uneven road > < an uneven floor > In later senses it often indicates lack of uniformity or consistency of treatment < the book as a whole is an uneven achievement; for its writing ranges from the human and impassioned to the dully academic — David Hall > In its first use in reference to land surfaces rugged applies to land made very irregular and difficult by a series of irregularities, of hills and gullies, mountains and gorges < with much labor and puffing we drew ourselves up the rugged declivity — John Burroughs > Used in relation to style of composition, it stresses lack of smoothness and easy fluency < the most rugged-seeming of prose dialogue, the kind of dialogue that people sometimes praise as “simply a page torn from life” — C.E.Montague > In other uses it may suggest robust strength and endurance < I am not of a rugged constitution, and it irked me to be so feeble — C.B.Nordhoff & J.N.Hall > < the rugged countenance of the stoic Julia Shane — Louis Bromfield > < Litchfield was as rugged in its faith as the hills it nestled among — V.L.Parrington > Orig. meaning unpleasant to the touch because of irregularity, harsh has come to indicate that which is strongly unpleasant to any sense < the cognac was harsh — Winifred Bambrick > < that cold unfeeling prison, with the harsh noise of the large key and the fetters — Anthony Trollope > It is never complimentary. In other senses it applies to either that which may make one physically uncomfortable or that which may offend feelings of kindliness or justice < the genial influence of summer commonly prevails over the harsh austerity of winter — J.G.Frazer > < could not recall a harsh word that had been uttered by Amelia. She had been all sweetness and kindness — W.M.Thackeray > scabrous orig. simply indicated presence of raised protuberances, points, or dots and had no value judgments or implications < the scabrous leaf of the slippery elm > Possibly through an imagined relation with scabby, the word now has often the connotation of encrusted and may suggest the squalid or vile < tiny, scabrous stone cottages with squealing pigs on the first floor — Time > < collects the scandals of the day; on these he is … a connoisseur who is consulted upon scabrous discoveries — Osbert Sitwell > Synonym: see in addition rude. II. noun (-s) Etymology: Middle English ruhe, rouch, from ruhe, rough, adjective 1. a. : ground that is uneven and covered with high grass, brush, and stones < an acre of rough covered with … sumac — Gardeners' Chronicle > specifically : such ground bordering the fairway of a golf course and providing a poor lie for a golf ball < the stretch of rough for the next 15 … feet from the fairway is allowed to grow four or five inches high — R.T.Jones > — compare fairway 3 b. (1) : vegetative cover which has been undisturbed by fire or clearing (2) : the accumulation of underbrush, herbaceous growth, and litter characteristic of such cover 2. : the harsh or disagreeable side or aspect of something : severe treatment < learn to take the rough with the smooth > 3. a. : refuse material from mineral workings b. roughs plural : coarse poor sands from tin dressing 4. : something in a crude, unfinished, or preliminary state: as a. : an uncut gem stone < the huge piece of rough was cut to a superb gem of 128 carats — Jewelers' Circular-Keystone > b. : broad outline : general terms — often used with in < the question … has been discussed in rough — Manchester Guardian Weekly > c. : a hasty preliminary drawing or layout made by an artist or designer < has both roughs and finished work to show as samples — Illustrator > d. : rough proof e. : the state of tanned leather before it has been finished — compare crust 6 5. : a coarse uncivil person; especially : one who is disorderly or violent : rowdy, tough < a gang of these roughs broke in — Alan Paton > 6. : a spike or calk inserted in a horseshoe to prevent the horse from slipping 7. : the side of a tennis racket on which the binding strings form loops around the regular lengthwise strings at the top and at the throat end of the racket • - in the rough III. adverb (often -er/-est) Etymology: rough (I) : roughly < ride rough > < the wood is rough shaped — C.L.Walker > IV. verb (-ed/-ing/-s) *transitive verb* 1. a. : to make rough : roughen < rough the edges of glass > < satin garments are very easily roughed — C.B.Randall b.1901 > — often used with up < a stiff breeze roughing up the sea > b. : ruffle < a bird roughing his feathers > 2. a. : to use physical force upon : manhandle, beat < not accustomed to being roughed about — Angus Mowat > — usually used with up < was roughed up and pushed into the street — Springfield (Massachusetts) Daily News > b. : to subject (an opponent) to unnecessary and intentional violence in a sport (as football, soccer, or ice hockey) < deliberately roughed the … goalkeeper — Newsweek > 3. a. : to calk or otherwise roughen (a horse's shoes) to prevent slipping — compare calk b. chiefly Australia : to break or train (a horse); especially : to partially break (a horse) that is later to be trained for some special use (as military service) — now usually used with off 4. a. : to shape, make, or dress (something) in a rough or preliminary way < rough the pieces of wood to approximately the size desired > — often used with down, off, out < rough down coarse iron > < rough off timber > < rough out lenses > < rough out disks and housings in the quantities … needed — Aero Digest > b. : to mark or indicate the outline or chief lines of — usually used with out, sometimes with in < roughed out the general structure — M.F.A.Montagu > < roughing out my preliminary ideas for this novel — Rex Ingamells > < roughing in the voice parts — Deems Taylor > *intransitive verb* : to subject a player to unnecessary violence in a sport < sent off the field by the referee for roughing > • - rough it
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