| 释义 |
▪ I. deer|dɪə(r)|
Forms: 1 díor, déor, 2–3 deor, (2 dær), 2–4 der, (2–3 dor, 3 dier, 3–4 duer, 4 dur, 5 dure, deure), 4–6 dere, (4–7 deere, 5, 7 diere, 5– (Sc.) deir, 6–7 deare), 4– deer, (5 theer). pl. 1–9 normally same as sing.; also 2 deore, deoran, 2–3 -en; 3–4 deores, dueres, 7–9 occas. deers.
[A Comm. Teut. n.: OE. díor, déor = OS. dier, OFris. diar, dier (MDu. and Du. and LG. dier), OHG. tior (MHG. tier, Ger. tier, thier):—WG. dior, ON. *djúr (Icel. dýr, Sw. djur, Da. dyr); Goth. dius, diuz-:— OTeut. deuzom:—pre-Teut. dheuˈsom.
Generally referred to a root dhus to breathe (cf. animal from anima), and thought by some etymologists to be the neuter of an adj. used subst. Cf. dear a.2 (Not connected with Gr. θήρ wild beast.)]
†1. A beast: usually a quadruped, as distinguished from birds and fishes; but sometimes, like beast, applied to animals of lower orders. Obs.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Luke xviii. 25 Se camal þæt micla dear. a1000Boeth. Metr. xxvii. 24 Swa swa fuᵹl oððe dior. c1000ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 118/31 Fera, wild deor. Bellua, reðe deor..Unicornis, anhyrne deor. 1154O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1135 Pais he makede men & dær. c1200Ormin 1176 Shep iss..stille der. Ibid. 1312 Lamb iss soffte & stille deor. a1250Owl & Night. 1321 Al swo deth mani dor and man. c1250Gen. & Ex. 4025 Also leun is miȝtful der. 1481Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 18 The rybaud and the felle diere here I se hym comen.
(β) pl.
c1000ælfric Gen. i. 25 And he siᵹ ofer þa deor. c1175Lamb. Hom. 43 Innan þan ilke sea weren un-aneomned deor, summe feðerfotetd, summe al bute fet. Ibid. 115 Þene bið his erd ihened..on wilde deoran. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 177 Oref, and deor, and fishshes, and fugeles. Ibid. 209 Hie habbeð geres after wilde deore. Ibid. 224 Of wilde diere. c1250Gen. & Ex. 4020 On ilc brend eft twin der. Ibid. 4032 Efte he sacrede deres mor. a1310in Wright Lyric P. xiii. 44 Deores with huere derne rounes. Ibid. xiv. 45 In dounes with this dueres plawes. c1340Gaw. & Gr. Kt. 1151 Der drof in þe dale..bot heterly þay were Restayed with þe stablye.
2. a. The general name of a family (Cervidæ) of ruminant quadrupeds, distinguished by the possession of deciduous branching horns or antlers, and by the presence of spots on the young: the various genera and species being distinguished as rein-deer, moose-deer, red deer, fallow deer; the musk deer belong to a different family, Moschidæ.
A specific application of the word, which occurs in OE. only contextually, but became distinct in the ME. period, and by its close remained as the usual sense.
[c893K. ælfred Oros. i. i. (Sw.) 18 He [Ohthere] hæfde þa ᵹyt ða he þone cyningc sohte, tamra deora unbebohtra syx hund. Þa deor hi hatað hranas. ]a1131[see der fald in 4]. c1205Lay. 2586 To huntien after deoren [c 1275 after deores]. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 9047 He let [make] þe parc of Wodestoke, & der þer inne do. c1325Song on Passion 59 (O.E. Misc.) He was todrawe so dur islawe in chace. 1375Barbour Bruce vii. 497 [He] went..to purchase venysoun, For than the deir war in sesoun. c1420Anturs of Arth. (Camden) iv, Thay felle to the female dure, feyful thyk fold. 1464Mann. & Househ. Exp. 195 A payr breganderys cueryd wyth whyte deris leder. 1470–85Malory Arthur x. lxi, He chaced at the reed dere. 1538Starkey England i. iii. 98 A dere louyth a lene barren..ground. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. iii. i. 209 Like a Deere, strocken by many Princes. 1611Coryat Crudities 10 A goodly Parke..wherein there is Deere. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) III. 80 An hog, an ox, a goat, or a deer. 1855Longfellow Hiaw. iii. 169 Where the red deer herd together.
b. occasional plural deers.
c1275[see 1205in prec.]. 1674N. Cox Gentl. Recreat. ii. (1677) 58 The reasons why Harts and Deers do lose their Horns yearly. 1769Home Fatal Discov. iii, Stretch'd on the skins of deers. c1817Hogg Tales & Sk. II. 89 The place of rendezvous, to which the deers were to be driven.
†c. deer of ten: a stag of ten, i.e. one having ten points or tines on his horns; an adult stag of five years at least, and therefore ‘warrantable’ or fit to be hunted. Obs.
1631Massinger Emp. of East iv. ii, He will make you royal sport, He is a deer Of ten, at the least.
3. small deer: a phrase originally, and perhaps still by Shakespeare, used in sense 1; but now humorously associated with sense 2.
14..Sir Beues (1885) p. 74/2 (MS.C.) Ratons & myse and soche smale dere, That was hys mete that vii yere. 1605Shakes. Lear iii. iv. 144 But Mice, and Rats, and such small Deare, Haue bin Toms food, for seuen long yeare. 1883G. Allen in Colin Clout's Calender 14 Live mainly upon worms, slugs, and other hardy small deer.
transf.1857H. Reed Lect. Eng. Poets x. II. 17 The small deer that were herded together by Johnson as the most eminent of English poets.
4. a. attrib. and Comb., as deer bed, deer herd, deer-hide, deer-keeper, deer kind, deer life, deer-sinew, deer-snaring, etc.; deer-like, deer-loved adjs. [Several already in OE., as déor-fald an enclosure or cage for wild beasts in the amphitheatre, or for beasts of the chase, a deer-park, déor-edisc deer-park, déor-net net for wild animals, etc.]
1835W. Irving Tour Prairies xi, The tall grass was pressed down into numerous *‘deer beds’, where those animals had couched.
a1000Ags. Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 201 Cauea, domus in theatro, *deorfald. a1131O.E. Chron. an. 1123 Se king rad in his der fald [æt Wudestoke].
1860G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 123 Peaks..where the scattered remnants of the great *deer herds can repose in security.
1814Scott Ld. of Isles iii. xix, Goat-skins or *deer-hides o'er them cast.
1849James Woodman vii, I have got my *deer-keepers watching.
1875Lyell Princ. Geol. II. iii. xxxix. 359 Animals of the *deer kind.
1860G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 122 The shepherds..see a good deal of *deer life.
1840Mrs. Norton Dream 127 The dark, *deer-like eyes. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. IV. liv. 114 Deer-like shyness.
1831Lytton Godolph. 23 The *deer-loved fern.
c1000ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 167 Cassis, *deornet.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. vii. 79 To walk up Mary River Ravine until we reach the *deer-plains.
1866Kingsley Herew. I. vi. 178 Sea-bows of horn and *deer-sinew.
1862S. St. John Forests Far East II. 34, I have been out *deer-snaring in this neighbourhood.
b. Special comb.: deer-ball, an underground fruit body of a fungus of the genus Elaphomyces; deer-bleat U.S., an instrument serving to imitate the bleating of a deer; deer-brush, an American shrub in Arizona; deer-cart, the covered cart in which a tame stag to be hunted is carried to the meet; deer-culler N.Z. (see quot. 1947); so deer-culling; deer-dog = deer-hound; deer-drive, a shooting expedition in which the deer are driven past the sportsman; so deer-driving; deer-eyed a, having eyes like deer, having soft or languid eyes; deer-fence, a high railing such as deer cannot leap over; deer-flesh, venison; deer-fly, any one of various flies which infest deer; also attrib.; deer-forest, a ‘forest’ or extensive track of unenclosed wild land reserved for deer; † deer-goat, an old name for the capriform or caprine antelopes; deer-grass, species of Rhexia (family Melastomaceæ); deer-horn, (a) the material of a deer's horn; (b) U.S., a large rough mussel of the Mississippi, Trigonia or Unio verrucosa, the shell of which is used for making buttons; deer-leap, a lower place in a hedge or fence where deer may leap; deer-meat = deer-flesh; deer-neck, a thin neck (of a horse) resembling a deer's; deer-park, a park in which deer are kept; † deer-reeve, a township officer in New England in the colonial days, whose duty it was to execute the laws as to deer; deer-plain, a plain inhabited by deer; deer-saddle, a saddle on which a slain deer is carried away; deer's eye = buck-eye (the tree); deer's foot (grass), the fine grass Agrostis setacea; deer's hair = deer-hair; deer's milk, a local name of the wood spurge, Euphorbia amygdaloides; deer-stand U.S., a station for the shooters at a deer-drive; deer's tongue, deer-tongue, a N. American Cichoraceous plant, Liatris odoratissima; deer-tiger, the puma or cougar; deer-track, (a) the marks of a deer's passage; (b) a route habitually taken by deer; deer-yard U.S., an open spot where deer herd, and where the ground is trodden by them.
[1640Parkinson Theat. Bot. 1320 Tubera cervina. The Deares underground balles or Mushromes are another sort of these Tuberaes.] 1854Mayne Expos. Lex., *Deer-Ball. 1866Lindley & Moore Treas. Bot., Deer balls, a synonym of Hart's Truffles, Lycoperdon Nuts, and Elaphomyces. 1950Ainsworth & Bisby Dict. Fungi (ed. 3) 95 Deer balls, (Lycoperdon nuts or harts' truffles), Elaphomyces fruit bodies.
1852Marcy & McClellan Explor. Red River 27 June (1853) vi. 50 The idea occurred to me of attempting to call them with a *deer-bleat, which one of the Delawares had made for me.
1883W. H. Bishop in Harper's Mag. Mar. 502/2 The ‘*deer brush’ resembles horns.
1840Hood Up the Rhine 186 The hearse, very like a *deer-cart.
1947P. Newton Wayleggo (1949) 153 *Deer cullers, men who shoot deer professionally for the Government or an acclimatization society. 1965M. Shadbolt Among Cinders xxvi. 260 He was a deer-culler when he wasn't writing.
1959― New Zealanders 113 He went *deer-culling for a year.
1814Scott Ld. of Isles v. xxiii, Many a *deer-dog howl'd around.
1834W. A. Caruthers Kentuckian II. 108 Would you put this clamjamfry against a *deer drive? 1882Society 21 Oct. 19/1 Setting out for a deer-drive.
1860G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 143 Mr. Scrope..was a great hand at *deer-driving.
1884Queen Victoria More Leaves 14 The gate of the *deer-fence.
a1300Cursor M. 3603 (Cott.) If þou me *dere flesse [v.r. venisun] ani gete.
1853J. Benwell Travels 127 Dusky-looking *deer-flies constantly alighted on our faces and hands. 1937E. Francis in Public Health Reports (U.S.) 22 Jan. 1 This name [sc. tularaemia] was given to the disease by the writer in 1920 after establishing the identity of..‘deer-fly fever’ in man. 1950A. P. Herbert Independent Member 276 The discomforts and dangers we should have to face ashore in Labrador—including black-fly, mosquitoes, deer-fly and dogs.
1854Act 17–8 Vict. c. 91 §42 Where such shootings or *deer forests are actually let. 1892E. Weston Bell Scot. Deerhound 80 Probably not more than twenty deer forests, recognized as such, were in existence prior to the beginning of the present century.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 93 Of the first kinde of Tragelaphvs which may be called a *Deer-goat. 1693Sir T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 30 The Deer-Goat..being partly like a deer partly like a Goat.
1866Treas. Bot. 972/2 Low perennial often bristly herbs, commonly called *Deer-grass, or Meadow-beauty, [with] large showy cymose flowers.
1843‘R. Carlton’ New Purchase I. xvii. 122 A powder horn, and its loader of *deer-horn. 1880Encycl. Brit. XII. 167/2 Deer-horn is almost exclusively used for handles by cutlers and walking-stick and umbrella makers. 1897Daily News 1 Feb. 6/2 A saddle, probably Burgundian workmanship of 1400, composed of polished deer-horn plates.
1540–2Act 31 Hen. VIII, c. 5 To make *dere leapes and breakes in the sayde hedges and fences.
1838James Robber i, In front appeared a *deer-park.
1860G. H. K. Vac. Tour. 172 It is no light business to get our big stag..on the *deer saddle.
1762J. Clayton Flora Virginica 57 æsculus floribus octandris Linn... *Dear's Eye, and Bucks Eyes.
1835J. H. Ingraham South-West II. 137 After a farther ride of a mile..we arrived at the ‘*deer-stand’.
1883Century Mag. XXVI. 383 Among the lily-pads, *deer-tongue, and other aquatic plants.
1787W. Attmore Jrnl. Tour N. Carolina (1922) 24 One part of the Company go into the Wood..to trail for the *Deer Tracks, and put the Dogs on the Scent. 1829J. F. Cooper Wish-ton-Wish ix, Several times did I fall upon a maze of well-beaten deer-tracks, that as often led to nothing. 1859J. Conway Lett. from Highlands 17 A pass, or deer-track, winding up through places apparently inaccessible.
1849C. Lanman Lett. Alleghany Mts. viii. 58, I discovered a large spot of bare earth, which I took to be a *deer-yard. 18807th Rep. Surv. Adirondack Reg. N.Y. 159 We reached an open forest plateau on the mountain, where we were surprised to find a ‘deer-yard’. Here the deep snow was tramped down by deer into a broad central level area.
▪ II. deer(e
obs. f. dear, and dere v., to injure. |