| 释义 |
‖ stemma|ˈstɛmə|
Pl. stemmata |ˈstɛmətə|.
[L., a. Gr. στέµµα garland, f. στέϕειν to crown. In Latin chiefly a garland placed on an ancestral image, hence ancestry, pedigree, genealogical tree.
In the 17th c. a supposed literal sense ‘stem of a tree’ was often wrongly inferred from the sense ‘stem of a family’.]
1. a. Rom. Antiq. The recorded genealogy of a family. b. A diagram showing genetic relationships, a genealogical tree.
[1658Phillips Stemma, (Greek) the stalk of any herb or flower; also a stock, linage or pedigree.] 1879Encycl. Brit. X. 144/1 In the case of plebeian families (whose stemmata in no case went farther back than 366 b.c.). 1904W. Sanday Crit. Fourth Gosp. viii. (1905) 239 If we were to construct a stemma, and draw lines from each of the authorities to a point x, representing the archetype, the lines would be long [etc.].
c. A diagram which represents a reconstruction on stemmatic principles of the position of the surviving witnesses in the tradition of the transmission of a text, esp. in manuscript form. Cf. stemmatology.
1930W. P. Shepard in Mod. Philol. XXVIII. 130 The claim that the Lachmannian method can deduce..the ipsissima verba of the author, takes no account of the fact that an author may change his mind{ddd}and the final and most telling objection to this method..is the fact that in practice it..leads to the establishment of a dichotomous ‘stemma’, a family tree. 1942J. B. Severs in English Institute Ann. 1941 79 And so we deal with each of our families in turn, until the manuscripts in each family have been completely outlined... Thus we build up a complete stemma, or genealogical chart, for our whole body of manuscript. 1949Oxf. Classical Dict. 889/1 Where one witness depends on two or more other witnesses, i.e. where the transmission is ‘contaminated’ and the stemma ‘convergent’, it is seldom possible to ascertain the type of interrelationship by stemmatics. 1962E. J. Dobson in Davis & Wrenn English & Medieval Studies 136 We thus arrive at the stemma shown by the unbroken lines in the diagram. 1982N. & Q. Feb. 77/2 The meticulous detail of information is made clear by stemma diagrams. for those with the courage to penetrate the complexity.
2. Zool. A simple eye, or a single facet of the compound eye, in invertebrates.
1826Kirby & Sp. Entomol. III. 504 A kind of auxiliary eyes with which a large portion of them [sc. insects] are gifted. These Linné, from his regarding them as a kind of coronet, called Stemmata. Ibid. 505 [Swammerdam] ascertained that the stemmata, as well as the compound eyes, were organs of vision. c1865Wylde's Circ. Sci. II. 34/1 Similar to the stemmata of some worms are what are called the simple eyes of insects. 1880F. P. Pascoe Zool. Classif. (ed. 2) 285 Ocelli or stemmata, simple or supplementary eyes in insects and spiders. 1892A. B. Griffiths Physiol. Invertebr. 355 In the Myriapoda..each stemma has its retinal elements..so disposed..that [etc.]. |