| 释义 |
▪ I. † deˈfoul, deˈfoil, v. Obs.
Forms: α. 3–5 defoule-n, 4–6 defoul(e, defowl(e, (5 defoulle, devoul, def(f)ule, diffowl, dyffowl, 5–6 diffoule). β. 4–6 defoyle, (5 defuyl(e, diffoyle, defoylle), 5–6 defoil. See also defile.
[ME. a. OF. defoule-r (defoler, -fuler, -fuller) to trample down, oppress, outrage, violate, deflower, f. de- I. 1 + fouler (foler, fuler) ‘to tread, stampe, or trample on, to bruise or crush by stamping’ Cotgr. (= Pr. folar, Sp. hollar, It. follare):—late L. *fullāre to stamp with the feet, to full (cloth), connected with L. fullo, -ōnem fuller, med.L. fullātōrium a fulling-mill, etc. Senses 1–5 existed already in OF.; the senses ‘trample in the mud’, and ‘violate chastity’, thus coming with the word into English, naturally suggested that it contained the native adjective foul, OE. fúl, and gave rise to senses 6–8, which derive from ‘foul’, as well as (apparently) to the collateral form defile (q.v.), on the analogy of the equivalence of befoul, befile. The phonology of the variant defuyle, defoyle (found nearly as early as defoule), has not been satisfactorily made out: see foil v. It occurs in the earlier senses, and does not appear to have been specially connected with defile.]
1. trans. To trample under foot; tread down.
αc1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 375/297 Defoulede huy [þe bones] weren so. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 536 Hii..orne on him mid hor hors, & defoulede him vaste. a1340Hampole Psalter xc. 13 Þou sall defoul þe lyon & þe dragon. 1340Ayenb. 167 Mochel is defouled mid þe uet of uolleres Þe robe of scarlet, erþan þet þe kuen his do an. 1382Wyclif Matt. vii. 6 Nethir sende ȝe ȝoure margaritis..bifore swyne, lest perauenture thei defoulen hem with theire feet [Vulg. conculcent]. c1400Three Kings Cologne 50 On þe morwe þei siȝen þe weye gretlich defowled with hors fete and oþir beestys. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 181 b/1 Thenne the knyghtes..bete & defowleden nazaryen under theyr feet. 1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 66 b, Wasting and defouling of their grasse.
βc1330Arth. & Merl. 9297 Ther was defoiled King Rion Vnder stedes fet mani on. 1470–85Malory Arthur i. xiv, That were fowle defoyled vnder horsfeet. 1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. xv. 30 As they rode abrode, thay beate downe and defoyled their cornes..and wolde nat kepe the highe wayes.
b. absol. or intr.
βa1300K. Alis. 2463 Me myghte y-seo ther knyghtis defoille, Heorten blede, braynes boyle, Hedes tomblen.
2. To bruise, break, crush (materially).
c1300Beket 1100 The bond is undo And al defouled, and we beoth delyvred so [cf. Psalm cxxiv. 7]. a1325Prose Psalter xlv[i]. 9 He shal de-foule bowe and breke armes. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋207 He was woundid for oure mysdede, and defouled by oure felonyes. 14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 575/12 Contero, to breke or defoule. a1533Ld. Berners Huon cxxi. 433 The Gryffon so sore defowlyd and bet hym that he could not ryse vp.
3. To trample down or crush (figuratively); to oppress; to outrage, maltreat, abuse.
αc1300St. Brandan 508 The develen..nome thane wrecche faste, And defoulede him stronge y-nouȝ and amidde the fur him caste. c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 1129 If folk be defowled by vnfre chaunce. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xviii. 195 How ryght holy men lyueden, How thei defouleden here fleessh. a1400Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 46 To refuse it [ilke a bodily ymagynacyone] and to defule it, þat it may see the selfe swylke as it es. 1485Caxton Chas. Gt. 108 Thou hast gretely defouled me by oultrage. 1508Dunbar Flyting 236 Oule, rere and ȝowle, I sall defowll thy pryde.
βc1350Will. Palerne 4614 Alle ȝour fon þat with fors defoyled ȝou long. 1494Fabyan Chron. 4 Of Danes, whiche both landes defoyled By their outrage. 1548Hall Chron. (1809) 486 Perkyn..so many times had been defoyled and vanquished.
4. To violate the chastity of, deflower, debauch. Often, esp. in later use, with the sense of defile.
αc1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 181/24 Woldest þov defouli mi bodi? c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 317 Philip..Defoules þer wyues, þer douhtres lay bi, Þer lordes slouh with knyues. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxxi. 141 After þe first nyght þat þase wymmen er so defouled. c1450Lonelich Grail xliii. 163 And for Child beryng neuere defowlid was, but Evere Clene virgine be Goddis gras. 1483Caxton G. de la Tour C vj, Their suster that so had be depuceled or defowled. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xxxvii. 51 The Spanyerdes..pilled the towne, and slewe dyuers, and defowled maydens. 1596Dalrymple Leslie's Hist. Scot. I. 122 Gif quha defoulis a nothir manis wyfe.
β1430–40Chaucer's Frankl. T. 668 (Camb. MS.) Now sythe that maydenys haddyn swich dispit To been defoyled [other MSS. defouled] with manys foule delyt. 1486Act 3 Hen. VII, c. 2 Women..been..married to such Mis-doers..or defoiled, to the great Displeasure of God.
5. To violate (laws, holy places, etc.); to break the sanctity of, profane, pollute.
α13..Version of Ps. lxxviii. 1 (in Wyclif's Bible Pref. 4 note), Thei defouledyn thin hooli temple. 1382Wyclif Matt. xii. 5 In sabothis prestis in the temple defoulen the sabothis. c1400Mandeville (1839) xii. 137 The Jewes..han defouled the Lawe. 1485Caxton Chas. Gt. 42 He hath..deffuled chyrches. 1491― Vitas Patr. (W. de W. 1495) i. xxxv. 29 a/1 The name of our blessyd sauyour..[was] horrybly dispysed & defouled. 1513Douglas æneis x. vii. 69 The quhilk..Defowlit his fadderis bed incestuusly. 1614T. White Martyrd. St. George B ij b, It moued not the Tyrant to behold The Martirs goodly body so defowld.
β13..Prose Psalter lxxviii. 1 Hij filden [Dublin MS. defoilyd] þyn holy temple. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 7373 My kirke þou hase defuyled. 1481Caxton Tulle on Friendsh. C iij, That frendship were hurte or defoylled. 1549–62Sternhold & H. Ps. lxxix, Thy temple they defoile.
6. To render (materially) foul, filthy, or dirty; to pollute, defile, dirty.
αc1320R. Brunne Medit. 506 With wete and eke dung þey hym defoule. 1402Hoccleve Letter of Cupid 186 That bird..ys dyshonest..that vseth to defoule his ovne neste. 1530Rastell Bk. Purgat. iii. viii, Yf ony of those table clothes or napkyns be defouled with dust fylth or other foule mater. 1576Turberv. Venerie 100 An Hart defowlant the water.
β1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 15 b/1 Thy desyrous vysage..the Jewes with their spyttynges have defoylled. 1528Roy Rede me (Arb.) 113 Henns and capons Defoylynge theym with their durt. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Luke xxiv. 191 Not stained or defoiled. 1600Fairfax Tasso viii. lx, With dust and gore defoiled.
7. fig.
a. To defile or pollute morally; to corrupt.
αa1340Hampole Psalter 518 Defouland his elde in syn. c1380Wyclif Wks. (1880) 129 To kepe hym self unblekkid or defoulid fro þis world. c1440Hylton Scala Perf. (W. de W. 1494) i. lxiii, Wyth thy pryde thou defowlest all thy good dedes. 1484Caxton Chivalry 45 Chyualrye..is defouled by coward men and faynt of herte. 1540Taverner Postils, Exhort. bef. Commun., Man, which is so much defouled & corrupt in all kynde of unryghtuousnes. a1555Philpot Exam. & Writ. (Parker Soc.) 373 He defouleth the whole faith of his testimony, by the falsifying of one part.
β1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. ii. ii. (1495) 29 Angels..ben not defoyled wyth none affeccyon. c1440Hylton Scala Perf. (W. de W. 1494) i. xliii, Yf thou be defoyled wyth vaynglory. 1450–1530Myrr. our Ladye 98 Yt was defoyled and darkyd and mysshape by synne.
b. To render ceremonially or sentimentally unclean; to defile, sully.
c1449Pecock Repr. 465 To ete with hondis not wayschen defoulith not a man. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 141 b/1 The mouth whyche god had kyssed ought not to be defouled in touchyng. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vii. xlii. §14. 352 Must I needs defoule my self, to be his only faire foule.
c. To sully (fame, reputation, or the like); to defame.
αc1400Destr. Troy 2475 Your suster..þat our fame so defoules, & is in filth holdyn. c1450Golagros & Gaw. 1038 Wes I neuer yit defoullit, nor fylit in fame.
β1470–85Malory Arthur ix. xxxii, I..am defoiled with falshede and treason.
8. To make unsightly or ugly [cf. foul a.], to disfigure.
α1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 389 And þey be faire of schap, þey beeþ defouled and i-made vnsemelich i-now wiþ here owne cloþinge. 1430Lydg. Chron. Troy ii. xi, The soyle defouled with ruyne Of walles olde.
β1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lx. (1495) 276 Blaynes defoylle the skynne and maketh it vnsemely.
▪ II. † deˈfoul, deˈfoil, n. Obs.
Also defoule, -fowle; defoile.
[f. defoul v.]
1. Trampling down; oppression, outrage.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 7999 (Mätzn.) Ther was fighting, ther was toile, And vnder hors knightes defoile. Ibid. 9191 Ther was swiche cark and swiche defoil. 1400Earl of Dunbar Let. in C. Innes Scot. Mid. Ages ix. (1860) 263 The wrongs & the defowle that ys done me. c1425Wyntoun Cron. viii. xxvi. 54 (Jam.) Lychtlynes and succwdry Drawys in defowle comownaly. 1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1684) I. 460/1 If we take this defoule and this disease in patience.
2. Defilement, pollution.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. C. 290 Þer no de-foule of no fylþe watz fest hym abute. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 109 Þat þe water..takeþ no defoul, but is clene i-now. 1398― Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxiii. (Tollem. MS.), Picche defouleþ..and suche defoule [1535 defoylynge] is unneþe taken awey from cloþe. |