| 释义 |
▪ I. derivation1|dɛrɪˈveɪʃən|
[a. F. dérivation (1377 in Lanfranc's Chirurg., Littré), ad. L. dērīvātiōnem, n. of action from dērīvāre to derive. (The more usual OF. word was derivaison, -oison.)]
†1.
a. The action or process of leading or carrying a current of water, or the like, from a source, to another part; concr. a branch of a river, etc. by which such a drawing off is effected. Obs.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 525 They bite all the vessels reaching to the stomach, making a derivation of all those ill humors into the belly and other parts. 1612Brerewood Lang. & Relig. xiii. 139 Pliny in the derivation of water, requireth one cubit of declining, in 240 foot of proceeding. 1691Ray Creation i. (1704) 82 Plenty of Vessels for the derivation of Air to all their Parts. 1737Bracken Farriery Impr. (1756) I. 93 This..will cause a greater Derivation..of Blood to that Leg. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. I. xxiv. 693 The fleet passed from the Euphrates into an artificial derivation of that river. 1800E. Darwin Phytologia 417 The necessary moisture..which was formerly supplied by artificial derivations of water. 1835De Quincey in Tait's Mag. II. 80 The great national fountain shall not be a stagnant reservoir, but by an endless derivation, (to speak in a Roman metaphor!) applied to a system of national irrigation.
b. The action of conveying or leading away (in a current); diversion; an instance of this; in Electr. cf. derived circuit (derived c).
1855Bain Senses & Int. ii. i. §12 The derivation of blood from the brain reduces the cerebral excitement. 1883Syd. Soc. Lex., Derivation wire, the wire along which a derived electric current is drawn. 1885Culley Pract. Telegr. 41 The new path opened to the current is called a derived circuit or derivation, or, properly, a fault.
c. Med. The withdrawal of inflammation or morbid humour from a diseased part of the body, by blistering, cupping or other means.
1600W. Vaughan Direct. Health (1633) 165 To use revulsions and derivations to withdraw some of the fumes and vapours. 1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 85 By..derivations, as opening a vein and Ligatures to take away the flux. 1676R. Wiseman Chirurg. Treat. 7 Derivation differs from Revulsion onely in the measure of the distance, and the force of the medicines used. 1813J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 185 These effects of topical blood-letting are expressed in some of the older medical writings by the terms Derivation and Revulsion.
d. Mus. Borrowing, in an organ: see borrow v.1 2 c.
1905T. Casson Pedal Organ 22 It is true that they often call the borrowing by another name, such as ‘transmission’, ‘derivation’ and even ‘duplication’, but that is not straightforward.
†2. A passing or handing on; transmission (from a source); communication. Obs.
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lvi. (1611) 309 What communion Christ hath with his Church is in him by originall deriuation. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. Epit. (1612) 387 He therefore plotted..a deriuation to himselfe of the Kingly Diademe. 1659Pearson Creed (1839) 196 In human generation the son is begotten in the same nature with the father, which is performed by derivation or decision of part of the substance of the parent. 1699Burnet 39 Art. ix. (1700) 108 There is both a derivation of Righteousness, and a Communication of Inward Holiness transferred to us through Christ.
3. The action of drawing, obtaining, or deducing from a source.
1660Willsford Scales Comm. 39 But suppose this proportion not known, but by derivation, to be collected from others. a1703Burkitt On N.T. Matt. v. 14 Christ himself is the light of the world, by way of original: his ministers are lights by way of derivation, and participation from him. 1835I. Taylor Spir. Despot. v. 214 A continued derivation of doctrines from the Apostles. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. V. xxiv. 396 There was no real derivation of English law from Normandy.
4. Origination or coming forth from a source; extraction, origin, descent.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, iii. ii. 141 As good a man as your selfe, both in the disciplines of Warre, and the deriuation of my Birth. 1608― Per. v. i. 91 My derivation was from ancestors Who stood equivalent with mighty kings. 1669Gale Crt. Gentiles i. i. ii. 14 That al Languages and Leters had their derivation from the Hebrew. 1791Cowper Iliad xxi. 186 Why hast thou asked My derivation? 1805–17R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 123 If..we attend to its relation with the other crystals of the same mineral, and also to its derivation from these, it is described derivatively. 1850Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. iv. (1872) 56 ‘The Son was—of God’, showing his derivation.
5. A derived product; a derivate, a derivative.
1641Milton Prel. Episc. 17 The Father is the whole substance, but the Son a derivation, and portion of the whole. 1669Gale Crt. Gentiles i. i. i. 6 Al human Arts and Sciences are but beams and derivations from the Fountain of Lights. a1680Glanvill (J.) Most of them are the general derivations of the hypothesis they claim to. 1800W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. X. 410 The Nicolaitans, who were a derivation from the Gnostics.
6. Gram.
a. Formation of a word from a more primitive word or root in the same or another language; origination as a derivative.
1530Palsgr. 68 Derivatyon or formation, that is to saye, substantyves somtyme be fourmed of other substantyves. 1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 2 b, As though our language were so barren, that it were not able of it selfe, or by derivation to affoord convenient words. a1704Locke (J.), The derivation of the word Substance favours the idea we have of it. 1823Hone Anc. Myst. 147 Better qualified to discover and explain the derivation and meaning of Hearne's word. 1875Whitney Life Lang. 87 The relics of forgotten derivations..are scattered thickly through every part of our vocabulary.
b. The tracing of the origin of a word from its ‘root’ or radical elements; a statement or account (or, improperly, a conjecture) of the origin and formation of a word.
1596Spenser State Irel. Wks. (Globe) 623/2, I knowe not whether the woordes be English or Irish..the Irishmen can make noe derivation nor analogye of them. 1605R. Carew in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 99 His derivation of the English names doth not please me least. 1707Curios. in Husb. & Gard. 10 The learned Abbot..will not allow these Derivations to be well grounded. 1823Scott Peveril App. i. foot-note, [Stipula, a straw] Perhaps a more feasible etymology of stipulation than the usual derivation from stipes. 1851Trench Stud. Words vii. (1869) 264 Other derivations proposed by him are far more absurd than this.
c. Transformational Gram. (See quots.)
1957N. Chomsky Syntactic Structures iv. 29 Given the grammar [σ, F], we define a derivation as a finite sequence of strings, beginning with an initial string of σ, and with each string in the sequence being derived from the preceding string by application of one of the instruction formulas of F. 1964E. Bach Introd. Transformational Gram. ii. 15 A derivation..is a sequence of strings of symbols of which the first string is an initial string and in which every string follows from the preceding one by the application of a rule.
7. Math. The operation of passing from any function to any related function which may be considered or treated as its derivative; spec. the operation of finding the derivative or differential coefficient, differentiation.
1816tr. Lacroix's Diff. & Int. Calc. 608 We have already determined the law of derivation in the most common functions.
8. Biol. The theory of evolution of organic forms: see evolution 6 c.
1874J. Fiske Cosmic Philos. I. ii. ix. 442 According to the doctrine of derivation, the more complex plants and animals are the slowly modified descendants of less complex plants and animals, and these in turn were the slowly modified descendants of still less complex plants and animals, and so on until we converge to those primitive organisms which are not definable either as animal or as vegetal.
▪ II. deriˈvation2 Gunnery.
[a. F. dérivation2 (Furetière, 1690), n. of action from dériver (dériver4 in Hatzf.) to drift, found in 16–17th c. as driver, and (according to Darmesteter Dict. Gén.) an adoption of the Eng. vb. drive, in its nautical sense ‘to drift with the stream or wind’ (cf. Acts xxvii. 15), subseq. associated and identified in form with the pre-existing F. verb dériver to derive. In F. applied both to the drift or driving of a ship, and (recently) to the drift or deviation of a projectile, and in the later use taken into mod.Eng.]
The deviation of a projectile from its normal course due to its form, motion, the resistance of the air, or wind; spec. the constant inclination of a projectile to the right due to the right-hand spin imparted by the rifling; drift.
1875Ure Dict. Arts II. 386 The bullet in its improved form..has no tendency to the gyrations which appear to have so puzzled French artillerists, and for which they have invented the word ‘derivation’ and wasted much learned disquisition. 1882–3Cassell's Encycl. Dict., Derivation, the peculiar constant deviation of an elongated projectile from a rifled gun. |