| 释义 |
derivative, a. and n.|dɪˈrɪvətɪv|
[a. F. dérivatif, -ive (15th c. in Hatzf.), ad. L. dērīvātīv-us (Priscian), f. ppl. stem of dērīvāre: see -ive.]
A. adj.
†1.
a. Characterized by transmission, or passing from one to another. Obs.
1637Laud Sp. Star-Chamb. 14 June Ded. A iv, What Honour can You hope for, either Present, or derivative to Posterity if you attend your Government no better? 1640Bp. Reynolds Passions xxx, A derivative and spreading injury..dishonouring a man..in the eyes of the world.
b. Med. Producing derivation; see derivation1 1 c.
1851–60Mayne Exp. Lex., Derivative, having power to turn aside, or convert, as it were, from one disease to another; applied to certain medicines which seem to act in this manner, as blisters, rubefacients, epispastics. 1881W. B. Hunter in Encycl. Brit. XII. 544 (Hydropathy) It is stimulative, derivative, depurative, sudorific, and alterative. 1883Syd. Soc. Lex., Derivative bleeding, a term applied to that method of treatment of a disease by bleeding when the blood is removed from a part of the body far away from the seat of the disease, as in bleeding from the toe in head affections.
2. a. Of derived character or nature; characterized by being derived, drawn, obtained, or deduced from another; coming or emanating from a source.
1530Palsgr. 310/1 Deryvatyfe, deriuatif. 1570Dee Math. Pref. in Rudd Euclid (1651) E ij b, The..use of Geometry: and of his second, depending, derivative commodities. 1630Prynne Anti-Armin. 133 It must be either an acquisite, a deriuatiue, or an infused quality. 1691–8Norris Pract. Disc. (1707) IV. 52 Not an original but a derivative Passion. 1712Steele Spect. No. 432 ⁋7 They can only gain a secondary and derivative kind of Fame. 1817Bentham Parl. Ref. Catech. (1818) 18 The distinction between a self-formed and a derivative judgment. 1866Argyll Reign Law ii. (ed. 4) 64 The secondary or derivative senses of the word have supplanted the primary signification. 1883Syd. Soc. Lex., Derivative circulation, term applied to the direct communication which exists between arteries and veins in some parts of the body, so that all the blood does not necessarily pass through the capillaries of these parts.
b. Deriving authority, etc. from another.
1845Stephen Laws Eng. I. 67 The courts of the arch⁓bishops and bishops and their derivative officers.
c. Gram. Formed from another word; not primitive.
1530Palsgr. 79 The pronownes derivatyves have thre accidentes. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 55 A derivative word is that which may be reduced to another word in English of greater simplicity. 1856R. A. Vaughan Mystics (1860) I. 18 To have a distinction in the primitive and not in the derivative word is always confusing.
d. Law. (See quots.)
1792N. Chipman Amer. Law Rep. (1871) 21 The title of S. being void, the subsequent or derivative titles must likewise be void. 1848Wharton Law Lex., Derivative Conveyances, secondary deeds which presuppose some other conveyance primary or precedent, and only serve to enlarge, confirm, alter, restrain, restore, or transfer the interest granted by such original conveyance. They are releases, confirmations, surrenders, assignments, and defeasanses. 1871W. Markby Elem. Law §350 Derivative possession is the possession which one person has of the property of another. 1892Law Times XCIII. 458/2 The plaintiff was a derivative mortgagee, being a mortgagee of one A. E. P―, who was a mortgagee of the defendant.
3. Of or pertaining to a theory of derivation; derivational.
1871Darwin Desc. Man i. iii. 97 Philosophers of the derivative school of morals formerly assumed that the foundation of morality lay in a form of selfishness; but more recently in the ‘Greatest Happiness’ principle.
4. Geol.
a. Of fossils: occurring in rocks other than those to which they are native.
b. Of rocks: formed from materials derived from older rocks.
1871C. Lyell Student's Elem. Geol. Index, Derivative shells of the Red Crag. 1894J. Geikie Gt. Ice Age (ed. 3) 371 The shells which they occasionally contain are probably, in most cases, derivative—they do not occupy the positions in which the molluscs themselves lived. 1900J. E. Marr Sci. Study Scenery ii. 9 The derivative class has been formed by accumulation of material..not having been in a state of fusion immediately before its accumulation. 1904Goodchild & Tweney Technol. & Sci. Dict. 155/1 Conglomerates, sandstones, shales, and clays are good examples of derivative rocks.
5. Special collocation. derivative action (U.S. Law), an action brought by a shareholder in order to enforce a legal right of the corporation.
1934N.Y. Suppl. CCLXIX. 361 Judgment obtained in derivative action by stockholders against directors of corporation is bar to actions by other stockholders for same relief, as to questions decided or which might have been decided. 1946U.S. Reports CCCXXIV. 105 It is a misnomer to speak of the filing of the petition on behalf of the corporation as a derivative action. 1972N.Y. Law Jrnl. 22 Dec. 1/7 Appeal from dismissal of shareholder's derivative action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.
B. n.
1. A thing of derived character; a thing flowing, proceeding, or originating from another.
1593Nashe Christ's T. 81 b, The third deriuatiue of Delicacie, is sloth. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. iii. ii. 45 Honor, 'Tis a deriuatiue from me to mine, And onely that I stand for. 1625Darcie Annales ⁋v b, Vnskilfulnesse and her deriuatiues, Doubt and Falsity. 1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 103 The Arabick..Howbeit, 'tis no original, but a derivative from the Hebrew. 1774J. Bryant Mythol. I. 52 Subordinate dæmons, which they supposed to be emanations and derivatives from their chief Deity. 1865Mozley Mirac. v. 98 Testimony is thus reduced to a mere derivative of experience.
2. Gram. A word derived from another by some process of word-formation; any word which is not a primitive word or root.
1530Palsgr. 74 Of pronownes some be primitives, some be derivatives. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. xxi. (1627) 247 Some marke would be given under every derivative in each roote. a1637B. Jonson Eng. Gram. Wks. (Rtldg.) 768/2 In derivatives, or compounds of the sharp e..as agreeing, of agree. 1755Johnson Pref. to Dict. §20 The derivatives I have referred to their primitives, with an accuracy sometimes needless. 1862Burton Bk. Hunter (1863) 2 The use of a Greek derivative gives notice that you are scientific. 1868Gladstone Juv. Mundi ii. (1870) 55 When we turn from Argos to its derivative Argeioi we find [etc.].
3. Math. A function derived from another; spec. a differential coefficient.
1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 456 Derivatives of the third Sort..are next to be exhibited. 1846Cayley Wks. I. 95 The derivative of any number of the derivatives of one or more functions..is itself a derivative of the original functions. 1881Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 8 The first derivatives of a continuous function may be discontinuous.
4. Mus.
a. A chord derived from a fundamental chord, esp. by inversion.
b. ‘The actual or supposed root or generator, from the harmonics of which a chord is derived’ (Stainer & Barrett Dict. Mus. Terms).
1828Webster, Derivative..In music, a chord not fundamental. 1872Banister Music xi. (1877) 45 These chords, with their mutations or inflexions, their inversions and their derivatives..are all the chords used in music.
5. Chem. A compound obtained from another, e.g. by partial replacement.
1863–72Watts Dict. Chem. I. 46 Amic acids..can decompose either as hydrates (derivatives of water), or as amides (derivatives of ammonia). 1869Phillips Vesuvius v. 152 Ferric oxide has been of late regarded as a derivative from ferric chloride. 1880Act. 43–4 Vict. c. 24 §130 The use of methylated spirits, or any derivative thereof, in the preparation of..chloroform.
6. Med. A method or agent that produces derivation (q.v., 1 c).
1843Rep. Brit. Assoc. 78 He had..found it useful as a derivative, removing, when worn on the head, obstinate chronic ophthalmia. 1858Copland Dict. Pract. Med. III. ii. 1170 External derivatives and exutories have been advised for phthisis.
Add:[A.] 5. Engin. Of, pertaining to, or designating a control element whose output is a linear function of the derivative (the rate of change) of its input.
1944E. S. Smith Automatic Control Engin. v. 83 A rate, or derivative, component..is required for stability with some classes of systems in which the plant lags are consecutively compounded. 1946Mech. Engin. LXVIII. 136/2 Derivative Action is that in which there is a predetermined relation between a derivative function of the controlled variable and position of a final control element. 1957E. B. Jones Instrument Technol. III. ii. 99 Derivative action may be added to proportional action or to proportional plus integral action by introducing a second restriction known as the ‘derivative restriction’ into the line connecting the nozzle to the proportioning bellows. 1981P. W. Murrill Fund. Process Control Theory v. 58 By adding derivative action to the controller, lead is added in the controller to compensate for lag around the loop.
▸ A. adj. Finance. Having a value deriving from an underlying variable asset. See derivative n.
1948D. Dillard Econ. J. M. Keynes 184 Deposits which result directly from the lending and investing activities of individual banks..are called ‘derivative’ deposits, as distinguished from ‘primary’ deposits which result from the actual deposit of cash. 1976Jrnl. Finance 31 383 A derivative asset is a security whose value is explicitly dependent on the exogenously given value of some underlying primitive asset on which the option is written. 1984Barron's 17 Sept. 79/3 (advt.) The rapid growth of equity based on derivative products and their ever-increasing volume and order flow are calling for systematized trading capabilities. 1994Wall St. Jrnl. 25 Feb. c17/3 At Banc One, investors turned skeptical not over the banking company's operating results, but more over what they perceived as the risk of Banc One's exposure to derivative securities. 1999J. Sainsbury plc Ann. Rep. & Accts. 21/1 In this context Group policy permits the use of derivative instruments but they may only be used to reduce exposures arising from underlying business activities and not for speculative purposes.
▸ B. n. Finance. An arrangement or instrument (such as a future, option, or warrant) whose value derives from and is dependent upon the value of an underlying variable asset, such as a commodity, currency, or security. Usu. in pl.
1985Pensions & Investment Age 16 Sept. 51/1 When the partnership sees the direction of the market decline, it will sell, or short, the derivatives. 1989Times 10 Nov. 37/5 The biggest growth in derivatives business has been in the over-the-counter markets in options. 1992Economist 8 Aug. 75/1 Futures funds make much of their ability to take short as well as long positions. But you can short stock without using derivatives; and you can shield yourself from falling markets by moving into cash. 1997Guardian 6 Mar. (Online Suppl.) 4/3 The market in derivatives, which barters against the changing value of anything from coal to currencies, is now so fast, so intermeshed and the packages traded so complex that the risks attached to a deal may not be at all obvious. |