| 释义 |
▪ I. dike, dyke, n.1|daɪk|
Forms: 1–3 díc, 3–5 dik, 4 dick, 4–7 dyk, 4–9 dike, dyke, 6 dyik, dycke, 7 dicke, deeke, 7–9 deek, 8 (dial.) dick.
[OE. díc masc. and (esp. in later use) fem., ditch, trench, cognate with OS., OFris. dîk masc., mound, dam, MDu. dijc mound, dam, ditch, pool, Du. dijk dam; MLG. dîk, LG. dîk, diek dam, MHG. tîch pond, fishpond, Ger. teich pond, also (from LG.) deîch embankment; Icel. dík, díki neut. ditch, fishpond, Sw. dike ditch, Da. dige dam, embankment, formerly also ‘ditch’. The application thus varies between ‘ditch, dug out place’, and ‘mound formed by throwing up the earth’, and may include both. The OE. díc has given ditch as well as dike, and the conditions under which the two forms severally have arisen are not clear: cf. like. The spelling dyke is very frequent, but not etymological.]
I.
†1. An excavation narrow in proportion to its length, a long and narrow hollow dug out of the ground; a ditch, trench, or fosse. Obs.
Used from ancient times as the boundary of lands or fields, as the fence of an enclosure, as the defence or part of the defences of a camp, castle, town, or other entrenched place. In such excavations water usually gathers or flows: hence sense 2.
847Charter in Sweet O.E.T. 434 Ðonne on ðone dic, ðær esne ðone weᵹ fordealf. c900Bæda's Hist. i. v. (1890) 32, & hit begyrde and ᵹefæstnade mid dice and mid eorð⁓wealle from sæ to sæ. 1016O.E. Chron. 7 May, And dulfon þa ane mycele dic. c1205Lay. 15472 Þa þe dic wes idoluen, & allunge ideoped, Þa bi-gunnen heo wal a þere dic [1275 a þan dich] ouer al. a1300Cursor M. 9899 (Cott.) A dipe dik [v.rr. dick, diche] þar es a-bute [þe castel] Dughtili wroght wit-vten dute. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5829 Til he [Severus] dide make an ouerthwert dik, Bitwyxte to sees a ful gret strik. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 11 If þe blynde lede þe blynde boþe fallen in þe dyke. c1470Henry Wallace ii. 125 Atour the dike thai ȝeid on athir side, Schott doun the wall. 1535Goodly Prymer Ps. vii. 15 He is fallen into the dyke which he made. 1573Tusser Husb. To Rdr. (1878) 12 Here we see, Things severall be, And there no dike, But champion like. 1575Churchyard Chippes (1817) 85 The cheef capitaine Manneryng had his deathes wounde, and fell doune in the dike before the gate.
2. a. Such a hollow dug out to hold or conduct water; a ditch.
Cf. February fill-dike: see February 2.
c893K. ælfred Oros. ii. iv. §7 Ymbutan þone weall is se mæsta díc, on þæm is iernende se unᵹefoᵹlecesta stream. c1400Destr. Troy 1566 With depe dikes and derke doubull of water. 1549Compl. Scot. vi. 38 The fresche deu, quhilk of befor hed maid dikis and dailis verray donc. 1594Plat Jewell-ho. ii. 60 Syr Edward Hobbie..hath stored certeine dikes in the Ile of Sheppey, with sundrie kindes of Sea-fish, into which dikes by sluces, he doth let in..change of sea-water. 1634–5Brereton Trav. (1844) 43 An invention well deserving to be put in practice in England over all moats or dykes. a1687C. Cotton Poet. Wks. (1765) 108 In Dike lie, Drown'd like a Puppy. 1693Evelyn De la Quint. Compl. Gard. II. 184, I made..some little dikes or water-courses about a foot deep..to receive the mischievous waters. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 441 Whole sheets descend of slucy Rain, The Dykes are fill'd. 1791Cottingham Inclos. Act. 28 Division drains or dikes and ditches. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 99 Some rushy dyke to jump, or bank to climb. 1873G. C. Davies Mount. & Mere vi. 49 A heron sailed majestically away from a dyke.
b. Extended to any water-course or channel, including those of natural formation. On the Humber, a navigable channel, as Goole Dike, Doncaster Dike, etc. (A local use.)
1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 335 The water may haue a descent or falling away into some Brooke, Riuer, or other Dike. 1728Pope Dunc. ii. 261 Thames, The King of dykes! 1853Phillips Rivers Yorksh. viii. 216 Dikes..in the low marshy grounds, the ditches, and even canals, becks, and rivers are so called. 1883Huddersfield Gloss., Dike..a watercourse or stream, as Rushfield Dyke, Fenay Bridge Dyke, Denby Dyke, all fast-flowing water. 1888Sheffield Gloss., Dike or dyke, a river or collection of water..The Don or Dun at Wadsley is often called ‘t' owd dyke.’ 1893Spectator 12 Aug. 213 Our sluggish East Anglian rivers, widening into ‘broads’ and ‘dykes’.
c. A water-closet or urinal. slang.
1923J. Manchon Le Slang 104 Dike, les cabinets; to do a dike, aller aux lieux, aux gogues. 1940M. Marples. Public School Slang 112 Other synonyms [for ‘lavatories’] are rears, lats,..dykes (Oundle, 1920 +), [etc.]. 1960N. Hilliard Maori Girl 74 But the dyke's in the bathroom. 1965G. McInnes Road to Gundagai v. 76 The outside (and only) lavatory, known locally as the dyke. 1967J. Cleary Long Pursuit iii. 82, I learned..to respect her privacy. And I don't mean just when she went to the dike.
3. A small pond or pool. dial.
1788Marshall Yorksh. Gloss., Dike..also a puddle or small pool of water. 1847–78Halliwell, Dyke, 2. A small pond. 1877Holderness Gloss., Dike, a ditch; in N[orth Holderness], a pond. 1889N.W. Linc. Gloss., Dyke, a natural lakelet, mere, or pond—as Shawn Dyke formerly on Brumby Common.
†4. Any hollow dug in the ground; a pit, cave, or den. Obs.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 281 Twen heuone hil and helle dik. a1340Hampole Psalter ix. 31 He waytes in hidell as leon in his dyke. Ibid. cxlviii. 7 Draguns ere..cumand out of þaire diks. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) i. xv. 11 He wyl me caste in to helle dyke. c1440Promp. Parv. 121/1 Dyke, fossa, fovea, antrum. c1475Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 799/26–29 Hec fossa, fovia, cavea, antra, a dyke.
II. An embankment, wall, causeway.
5. ‘A bank formed by throwing the earth out of the ditch’ (Bosworth).
The early existence of this sense in Eng. is doubtful: probably all the OE. quotations for which it is assumed in Bosworth-Toller, belong to 1.
1487Newminster Cartul. (1878) 263 An olde casten dike. 1535Coverdale Isa. xxix. 3, I wil laye sege to the rounde aboute and graue vp dykes agaynst ye. 1595Dalrymple Leslie's Hist. Scot. iv. (1895) I. 203 The dyk betuene Abircorne and clyd mouth..be a noble capitane called Grame was..douncastne..fra quhome..it is ȝit called Grames Dyke. 1853Phillips Rivers Yorksh. viii. 215 Earthworks..constructed for defence..Such are the dike at Flamborough [etc.]. 1892Northumbld. Gloss., There are many earth-works of ancient date which are commonly called dikes. One such is known as the Black-dyke..there are also several Grime's dikes, or Graham's dikes on the Borders.
6. A wall or fence.
†a. The wall of a city, a fortification. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 1533 Sone he raght vpon rowme, rid vp þe dykis, Serchit vp the soile þere þe Citie was. c1400Melayne 125 And sythen þou birne vp house and dyke. 1535Stewart Cron. Scot. (1858) I. 13 Syne forcit it with fowseis mony one, And dowbill dykes that stalwart wer of stone.
b. A low wall or fence of turf or stone serving as a division or enclosure.
Now the regular sense in Scotland. dry-stone dyke, a wall constructed of stones without mortar, as usual on the northern moors; fail dyke, one made of sods or turf cut in squares.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. viii. xxxvii. 112 The mwde wall dykis þai kest all downe. c1470Henry Wallace iii. 133 A maner dyk off stanys thai had maid. 1558Q. Kennedy Compend. Tractive in Wodr. Soc. Misc. (1844) I. 145 The dyik or closure of the wyne-zard. 1609Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 289 For mending of the church dicke iiijd. 1637–50Row Hist. Kirk (1842) 434 She..climbed up and got over the dyke in to the yaird. 1774Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1772 91 It was well defended by four ditches and five dikes. Ibid. 182 A great dike of loose stones. 1802Home Hist. Reb. v, He came to a dry stone dyke that was in his way. 1889J. M. Barrie Window in Thrums xv, Clods of earth toppled from the garden dyke into the ditch.
c. In some dialects applied to a hedge, or a fence of any kind.
1567–8Durham Depos. (Surtees) 84 That she should teir a cheffe and a neckurcheffe of a dycke. 1878Cumbld. Gloss., Dyke, deyke, a hedge. 1892Northumbld. Gloss., Dike, dyke, a fence..applied alike to a hedge, a ditch, an earthen, or a stone wall when used as a fence. A dike stower is a hedge stake.
7. a. A ridge, embankment, long mound, or dam, thrown up to resist the encroachments of the sea, or to prevent low-lying lands from being flooded by seas, rivers, or streams.
Such are the dikes of Holland, and of the English coasts round the Humber and Wash.
[1531–2Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 5 §2 The walles, dyches, bankes..and other defenses by the costes of the sea.] 1635–56Cowley Davideis iv. 904 The main Channel of an high-swoln Flood, In vain by Dikes and broken works withstood. 1642Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 73 Seeing their Dikes and draynings in the Netherlands. 1703Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1732) 20 A large Dike thirty yards over at top. 1756Nugent Gr. Tour I. 156 The land here is lower than the waters; for which reason they have the strongest dams or dykes in the whole country. 1766Gibbon Decl. & F. I. xxiv. 705 The camp of Carche was protected by the lofty dykes of the river. 1832tr. Sismondi's Ital. Rep. v. 107 They undertook the immense labour..of making dikes to preserve the plains from the inundation of the rivers.
b. A beavers' dam.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) IV. 164 They..are equally industrious in the erection of their lodges, as their dikes.
c. A jetty or pier running into the water. local.
1789Brand Newcastle II. 679 note, Query, Why are staiths, in the common language of the keelmen, called dikes? 1825E. Mackenzie Hist. Northumbld. II. 425 A pier or dike run out at the north entrance at Blyth Harbour.
d. A raised causeway.
1480Caxton Chron. Eng. xxii. (1482) 21 Two other weyes this belyn made in bossyng thurghout the land that one is callyd fosse and that other fosse dyke. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. vi. v. 480 This dike, or causey, is sometimes ten, and sometimes twelve feet thick, at the foundation. 1843Prescott Mexico iii. viii. (1864) 187 The Spaniards came on the great dike or causeway. 1892Northumbld. Gloss., Dikes were also frequently trackways.
8. fig. A barrier, obstacle, or obstruction.
1770Junius Lett. xxxvi. 171 Gain a decisive victory..or..perish bravely..behind the last dike of the prerogative. 1821Byron Juan iii. xcv, He there builds up a formidable dyke Between his own and others' intellect. 1833I. Taylor Fanat. vi. 165 If..the dyke of despotism had not bulged and gaped. 1855Motley Dutch Rep. ii. i. (1866) 128 A solid, substantial dyke against the arbitrary power which was for ever chafing and fretting to destroy its barriers.
9. a. Mining (Northumb.). A fissure in a stratum, filled up with deposited or intrusive rock; a fault.
1789Brand Newcastle II. 679 Dikes are the largest kind of fissures..a crack..of the solid strata..From the matter..between the two sides of the..dike, it is denominated a clay-dike, stone-dike, etc. 1892Northumbld. Gloss., Slip dikes usually contain fragments of the adjacent strata. When the dike [= fault] interrupts the working of a seam of coal, it is called a down-cast dike if the continuation of the seam lies at a lower level, and an upcast dike, if it is continued at a higher level.
b. Hence, in Geol. A mass of mineral matter, usually igneous rock, filling up a fissure in the original strata, and sometimes rising from these like a mound or wall, when they have been worn down by denudation.
1802Playfair Illustr. Hutton. Th. 67 Whin..exists..in veins (called in Scotland dykes) traversing the strata. 1843Portlock Geol. 114 A trap dike of considerable size..cuts through the chalk. 1845Darwin Voy. Nat. xii. (1852) 261 Shattered and baked rocks, traversed by innumerable dykes of greenstone. 1865Livingstone Zambesi ix. 185 A dyke of black basaltic rock crosses the river. 1875Lyell Princ. Geol. I. ii. xxv. 628 The inclined strata..are intersected by veins or dikes of compact lava.
c. blue dike: see quot.
1855Dawson Acadian Geol. iii. 25 Near the edge of the upland, it [the soil] passes into a gray or bluish gray clay called ‘blue dike’, or, from the circumstance of its containing many vegetable fragments and fibres, ‘corky dike’.
10. attrib. and Comb., as dike-back, dike-bottom, dike-delver, dike-road, dike-side; dike-hopper, the wheatear; dike-louper (Sc.), a person or animal (e.g. an ox or sheep) that leaps over fences; fig. a transgressor of the laws of morality; dike-phase, -rock, -swarm (in sense 9 b see quots.); † dike-row, a row of trees bordering a field; dike-seam, a seam or bed of coal worked nearly on end (dial.).
a1810Tannahill Barrochan Jean Poems (1846) 117 Around the peatstacks, and alangst the dyke-backs.
a1400–50Alexander 712 Þat doune he drafe to þe depest of the dyke bothom.
1847–78Halliwell, Dike-cam, a ditch bank. North.
1852Meanderings of Mem. I. 15 Dyke-cloistered Taddington, of cold intense. Ibid. I. 57 The dikeside watch when Midnight-feeders stray.
1876Whitby Gloss., Diker or Dike-delver, a ditcher; a digger of drains.
1530Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 992 Now dyke lowparis dois in the kirk resort.
1909Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXV. 642 In our district..the main dyke-phase intervenes between the uprise of the Cruachan and the Starav Granites. 1954G. W. Himus Dict. Geol. 44 Dyke phase, the closing episode in a volcanic cycle, characterized by the injection of minor intrusions, especially dykes.
1810Wellington in Gurw. Desp. VII. 72, I request you to have the dyke roads on the island well ascertained and known.
1896Science Progress IV. 476 A..difference of opinion exists as to the propriety of establishing an intermediate division between the plutonic and the volcanic types of struture. Such a division is roughly represented by the ‘dyke-rocks’ of Rosenbusch. 1903A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (ed. 4) I. ii. ii. 197 Professor Rosenbusch [in Mikrosk. und Physiogr. d. Massingen Gesteine (ed. 2, 1887) II. 277]..groups the igneous rocks in three great sections: 1st, the deep-seated rocks..; 2nd, dyke-rocks (Gang-gesteine), which may have been injected as dykes and veins at a less distance from the surface (hypabyssal) [etc.]. 1965G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. xi. 167/2 Alkalic dyke-rock material which occurs in the alluvium of New River.
1664Spelman Gloss. s.v. Thenecium, Arbores crescentes circa agros pro clausura eorum. Volgo dicimus Dike rowes.
1909Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. LXV. 646 A suggestion as to the relationship of the dyke-swarms to this focus. 1960L. D. Stamp Britain's Structure (ed. 5) ix. 79 Into these cracks molten rock forced its way so that dykes were formed, so numerous that the expression ‘dyke swarm’ is often used.
▪ II. dike, n.2 and v.2 U.S. slang or colloq.|daɪk|
[Of obscure origin; perh. a corruption of deck v. 2.]
(See quots.)
1851B. H. Hall College Words 100 At the University of Virginia, one who is dressed with more than ordinary elegance is said to be diked out. 1871Schele de Vere Americanisms 597 Dike, denoting a man in full dress, or merely the dress, is a peculiar American cant term as yet unexplained. To be out on a dike is said of persons, mainly young men, who are dressed more carefully than usual, in order to pay visits or to attend a party. 1899B. W. Green Word-bk. Virginia Folk-Speech 115 Dike, to dress fine. ‘You are diked up to-day.’ 1902S. Clapin Dict. Amer. 159 Dike, to attire oneself faultlessly for social purposes. Diked out, to be dressed up, with connotation of being in one's best clothes. 1923M. Watts Luther Nichols 62 All right for you..comin' round here all diked out like Sunday.
▪ III. dike, dyke, n.3 slang.|daɪk|
[Of obscure origin.]
A lesbian; a masculine woman. Also attrib.
1942Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang §405/3 Masculine woman,..dike, dyke. 1959F. Norman Stand on Me iii. 37 Nearly everyone is kinkey on dykes for some reason. 1964E. Ambler Kind of Anger ii. 54 You know about that dike partner of hers? 1965‘E. McBain’ Doll (1966) vii. 92 ‘Was your wife a dyke?’ ‘No.’ ‘Are you a homosexual?’ ‘No.’
▪ IV. dike, dyke, v.1|daɪk|
Also 4 (Sc.) dik.
[f. dike n.1 OE. had dícian; but the ME. and modern verb is prob. a new formation.]
1. intr. To make a dike, ditch, or excavation; to dig.
[c900Bæda's Hist. i. ix. §3 (1890) 46 Þær Seuerus se casere iu het dician and eorþwall ᵹewyrcan.] 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. v. 552, I dyke and I delue, I do þat treuthe hoteth. c1386Chaucer Prol. 538 He wolde..dyke and delue, For cristes sake, for euery poure wight. 14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 579/43 Effodio, to dyke, or delve. c1440Promp. Parv. 121/1 Dyken, or make a dyke, fosso. 1483Caxton Fables of æsop 2 b, He sente hym..to dyke and delve in the erthe. c1530Ploughman & Paternoster in Rel. Ant. I. 43 He cowde..dyke, hedge, and mylke a cowe. 1573Tusser Husb. xxiii. (1878) 61 When frost will not suffer to dike and to hedge. 1892S. A. Brooke E. Eng. Lit. ix. 202 Men at work dyking and delving, ploughing and clodding.
†2. trans. To excavate, dig out (a ditch or hollow).
c1350Will. Palerne 2233 Þei saie..a semliche quarrere..al holwe newe diked. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xxii. 365 To delue and dike a deop diche.
3. trans. To provide with a dike or dikes, in various senses.
a. To surround with dikes or trenches; to entrench.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 272 Now dos Edward dike Berwik brode and long, Als þei bad him pike, and scorned him in þer song. 1375Barbour Bruce xvii. 271 [He] ger dik thame so stalwardly. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) ix. 35 It es wele walled all aboute and dyked [fermez entour ad bonz fossez]. 1513Douglas æneis vi. iv. 6 Ane dirk, and profound caue..Quhilk wes weill dekkit [ed. 1553 dykit] and closit for the nanis With ane foule laik. 1538Leland Itin. I. 38 A praty Pile or Castelet wel dikid, now usid for a Prison. 1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions Pref. 8 [They]..diked in themselues.
b. To enclose with an earthen or stone wall. Sc.
c1575Balfour Practicks (1754) 145 (Jam.) And dike and park the samin surelie and keip thame sikkerlie. 1774Pennant Tour Scotl. in 1772, 336 A fortress diked round with stone.
c. To defend with a dike or embankment against the sea or river; in quot. 1813 absol.
a1687Petty Pol. Arith. i. (1691) 14 In the Marshes, Impassible ground Diked and Trenched. 1808J. Barlow Columb. iv. 592 Quay the calm ports and dike the lawns I lave. 1813Scott Let. to Miss J. Baillie 10 Jan. in Lockhart, I have been..dyking against the river. 1862Marsh Eng. Lang. 50 The low lands, subject to overflow by the German Ocean..were not diked.
4. To clean out, scour (a ditch or watercourse).
1519Presentm. Juries in Surtees Misc. (1890) 31 All watter-sewers..be dykid and scoried. 1562Act 5 Eliz. c. 13 §7 The Heyes, Fences, Dikes or Hedges..shall from Time to Time be diked, scoured, repaired and kept low.
5. To place (flax or hemp) in a dike or water-course to steep.
1799A. Young Linc. Agric. 164 Pull it the beginning of August..Bind and dyke it: leave it in about ten days. |