| 释义 |
▪ I. disciple, n.|dɪˈsaɪp(ə)l|
Forms: 1–4 discipul, 2–3 diciple, 3–4 deciple, -cipil, -cyple, desciple, -pil, 4 desiple, disiple, dissiple, -pil, 4–6 discipil(l, 5 dycyple, dysciple, -cyple, -cypull, dyssyple, -sypull, 6 discyple, 3– disciple.
[In OE. discipul, ad. L. discipul-us learner, pupil, f. discĕre to learn. In early ME. di-, deciple, a. OF. deciple, semi-popular ad. L. discipul-us. Both in OF. and ME., deciple was gradually conformed to the L. spelling as disciple; ME. had occasional variants in -il, -yl, -ul.]
1. One who follows or attends upon another for the purpose of learning from him; a pupil or scholar.
It has not been at any period in English the ordinary term for scholar or pupil, as discipulus was in Latin; but has come into use through the New Testament versions, being applied chiefly to the Twelve Disciples of Jesus Christ, and used in similar Scriptural applications or later extensions of them. Hence the sense-development in Eng. is not that of Latin, where the order of sub-senses was d, c, a, b.
a. One of the personal followers of Jesus Christ during his life; esp. one of the Twelve.
Rare in OE. the word in Ags. Gospels being leorningcniht, in Lindisf. Gl. usually ðeiᵹn.
c950Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvii. 57 Summ monn..ðe discipul wæs ðæs hælendes. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 101 Ure louerd stod among his diciples. a1225Ancr. R. 106 He biheold hu his deore deciples fluen alle vrom him. c1380Sir Ferumb. 5733 Suþþe sente þe holy gost To ys decyples he louede most. 1382Wyclif John xix. 38 Ioseph of Armathi..was a disciple of Ihesu, forsothe priuey, for the drede of Iewis. 1538Starkey England i. ii. 40 Al Chrystys dyscypullys and apostyllys were sympul and pore. 1611Bible Luke x. (heading), Christ sendeth out, at once, seuenty disciples to worke miracles. 1667Milton P.L. xii. 438 His Disciples, Men who in his Life Still follow'd him. 1850Robertson Serm. i. xvi. 242 One disciple who had dipped in the same dish..deceived and betrayed him.
b. Also applied in the N.T. to the early Christians generally; hence, in religious use, absol. a professed follower of Christ, a Christian or believer. (Hence sense 3.)
c1380Wyclif De Dot. Eccl. ii. Sel. Wks. III. 433 Crist seiþ þat noo man may be his discipul but ȝif he renunce alle siche þingis. 1388― Acts xi. 26 The disciplis weren namyd first at Antioche cristen men. 1526–34Tindale Acts xx. 7 The disciples came to geder for to breake breed. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 384 If a true disciple, a true Christian; if but a formall disciple, surely but a hollow Christian. 1853Robertson Serm. ii. xix. 244 To the true disciple a miracle only manifests the Power and Love which are silently at work everywhere. 1890J. Hunter Devot. Services, Dedic. Serv., You are gathered here..to take upon yourselves the obligations of Christ's disciples.
c. A personal follower or pupil of any religious or (in more recent use) other teacher or master. (This passes almost imperceptibly into sense 2.)
(Rare in OE.: see a.)
c900Bæda's Hist. v. ix. (1891) 410 An ðara broðra, se wæs iu on Breotene Bosles discipul and þeᵹn. a1300Cursor M. 21199 (Cott.) Lucas was..disciple o paule ai foluand fer. 1382Wyclif Isa. viii. 16 Marke the lawe in my disciples. ― Matt. xxii. 16 Thanne Pharisees..senden to hym her disciples, with Erodyanys. ― Luke vii. 19 And John clepide to gidere tweyne of his disciples, and sente to Ihesu.1393Gower Conf. III. 374 (MS. Harl. 3490) And grete well Chaucer, whan ye mete, As my disciple and my poete. 1756Nugent Gr. Tour France IV. 90 The cieling..is painted in fresco, by Francesco Romanelli, a disciple of Peter of Cortona. 1838Thirlwall Greece II. 137 His fellow-citizen, friend, and disciple, the courageous and unfortunate Zeno.
d. generally. A scholar or pupil. (Now arch., rhet., affected, or jocular, or with conscious reference to c.)
1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. x. 29 Al thinges seme dyfficyle to the dysciple or scoler. 1563–7Buchanan Reform. St. Andros Wks. (1892) 11 Nor ȝit sal it be leful to the said pedagogis to ding thair disciples. 1758Jortin Life Erasmus I. 321 Lord Mountjoy, who was formerly my disciple, gives me a yearly pension of an hundred crowns. Mod. I am afraid you may not find him a very apt disciple.
2. One who follows, or is influenced by, the doctrine or example of another; one who belongs to the ‘school’ of any leader of thought. [An extension of 1 c, or fig. from 1 a.]
a1300Cursor M. 16636 (Cott.) Þai spitted on his luueli face, þaa disciplis of hell. 1375Barbour Bruce iv. 18 A discipill of Judas, Maknab, a fals tratour. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. iv. vii. (1611) 139 To become disciples vnto the most hatefull sort that liue. 1613Shakes. Hen. VIII, v. iii. 112 This man, whose honesty the Diuell And his Disciples onely enuy at. 1711Addison Spect. No. 163 ⁋4, I am one of your Disciples, and endeavour to live up to your Rules. 1849James Woodman xxx, All who are disciples of St. Hubert, prepare your horses. 1868G. Duff Pol. Surv. 75 M. Pierre Lafitte and his English disciples. 1893Chr. World 16 Nov. 885/3 An advanced Theist, of the school of the late Professor Green, of whom he was a pupil and is a disciple.
3. pl. The name of a denomination of Christians, a branch of the Baptists, which originated in the early part of the 19th c. and is chiefly found in the United States; called also Campbellites. [A specific application of 1 b; the name was suggested by Alex. Campbell of Lexington, Kentucky, in 1832.]
1834J. M. Peck Gaz. Illinois 203 A new sect [was] recently organized by a union of ‘Reformed Baptists’ and ‘Christians’ who call themselves ‘Disciples’. 1835J. Martin Gaz. Virginia 76 The precise distinction between the regular Baptist and the Reformers, called the disciples of Christ, not being in all cases drawn. 1858–60Gardner Faiths World I. 718/1 The principles of the Disciples have found their way into England and Wales..and the census of 1851 contains a return of three congregations or churches calling themselves by the name of the Disciples of Christ. 1867Even. Standard 19 Nov., A new sect is attracting some attention in this city. Its members give themselves the name of ‘the Disciples’. They profess a religion most primitive and simple. 1881W. M. Thayer Log-Cab. to White Ho. ii, Abram Garfield..united with a comparatively new sect, called Disciples, though Campbellites was a name by which they were sometimes known.
4. Comb.
1641Milton Reform. ii. Wks. (1847) 17 Honoured as a father and physician to the soul, with a sonlike and disciple⁓like reverence. 1823Bentham Not Paul 392 Apparatus employed by him in his trade of disciple-catcher.
▪ II. diˈsciple, v. Now rare or arch.
[f. prec. n.: in sense 3 in earlier use in the form disple; cf. ˈdisciple, as stressed by Spenser.]
†1. trans. To teach, train, educate. Obs.
1596Spenser F.Q. iv. Introd. i, Fraile youth is oft to follie led..That better were in vertues discipled. 1601Shakes. All's Well i. ii. 28 He did looke farre Into the seruice of the time, and was Discipled of the brauest. 1662Hickeringill Wks. (1716) I. 303 Every hypocrite can afford to disciple himself thereunto. 1681W. Nicholson Exp. Catech. 183 To disciple, or enter into a School to be taught.
2. To make a disciple of; to convert to the doctrine of another. Now rare or arch.
1647J. Saltmarsh Sparkl. Glory (1847) 26, I Disciple those Nations, and Baptize them with the Holy Ghost in your ministration. 1651Baxter Inf. Bapt. 29 When the parents are by teaching made Disciples, the Children are thereby Discipled also. a1711Ken Hymns Evang. Poet. Wks. 1721 I. 179 Go out with Zeal, Disciple all Mankind. 1862Neale Hymns East. Ch. 36 That every race beneath the skies They should disciple and baptize.
†3. To subject to discipline; to chastise, correct, punish. Obs.
1492,1563, etc. [see disple]. 1607T. Walkington Opt. Glass 3 Let us so disciple our selves that each one may throughly know himselfe. 1622Drayton Poly-olb. xxiv. (1748) 356 Alban..who, strongly discipled In Christian patience, learnt his tortures to appease. 1651N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. lxix. 289 He was discipled with rods three times.
Hence diˈscipling vbl. n. and ppl. a.
a1617Hieron Wks. II. 482, I must marshall Christs Disciples into two ranks: the first I may call for this once discipling Disciples; that is, such as haue a calling to call others vnto Christ; plainely, Ministers. a1638Mede Disc. Rev. iii. 19 Wks. (1672) i. 296 Such a correction as..we use to call a discipling, a punishment of discipline. 1697Collier Ess. Mor. Subj. i. (1709) 161 None but Mr. Hobs, and some few of his Discipling. 1713Beveridge Priv. Th. i. (1730) 65 Discipling, or bringing the Nations over to the Profession of the Christian Religion. 1812Southey Omniana I. 2 Such penances, such fasting, such discipling. |