| 释义 |
substratum|səbˈstrɑːtəm, -ˈstreɪtəm|
Pl. substrata; also substratums.
[mod.L., pa. pple. neut. sing. of L. substernĕre to spread underneath, f. sub- sub- 2 + sternĕre to lay down, strew.]
1. Metaph. That which is regarded as supporting attributes or accidents; the substance in which qualities inhere.
1653Whitfield Treat. Sinf. Men iv. 11 The Substratum or subject of sin, namely, the naturall motion or action whereto sin cleaves, is such a thing without which sin could not be. a1676Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. i. 22 The Substance or the Substratum of those Accidents of things which are derived to us by our Sense. 1690Locke Hum. Und. i. iv. §18 Something..which we take to be the substratum, or support, of those Idea's we do know. 1740Cheyne Regimen 34 Material Substance is the Substratum of Extension, Impenetrability, Passivity and Figure. 1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. (1907) I. 88 Different modes, or degrees in perfection, of a common substratum. 1838[F. Haywood] tr. Kant's Crit. Pure Reason 176 Substances (in the phenomenon) are the substrata of all determinations of time. 1874Sidgwick Meth. Ethics i. ix. 102 Permanent substrata or Noumena.
2. That which underlies, or serves as the basis or foundation of, an immaterial thing, condition, or activity; the basis on which an immaterial ‘structure’ is raised.
1631J. Burges Answ. Rejoined Manud. 32 It is their institution which imprints their signification, and not simply their owne similitude, which is but the substratum. a1672Wilkins Nat. Relig. i. xiv. (1675) 214 That basis or substratum upon which the Law is founded. 1798J. Barry Let. Dilettanti Soc. 65 As a totality which form the very substratum and essence of my Lectures to the Students of the Academy. 1816Coleridge Lay Serm. (Bohn) 315 It is..the realizing principle, the spiritual substratum of the whole complex body of truths. 1859Helps Friends in C. Ser. ii. II. x. 244 All Aristotle's views were based upon a substratum of slavery. 1860Hook Lives Abps. I. 45 The simple patriarchal faith..was never lost, and when the idolatrous superstitions were removed there still remained a substratum of truth. 1862J. M. Ludlow Hist. U.S. 4 There are in several places substrata of foreign blood, as the Dutch in New York and New Jersey, the Swedes in New Jersey and Delaware. 1870Newman Gram. Assent ii. vii. 213 What in some minds seems like..a faith founded on a perilous substratum of doubt. 1878R. B. Smith Carthage 321 The stories themselves doubtless rest on a substratum of fact. 1900W. L. Courtney Idea Trag. 58 In Henry Vth's character there was a substratum of common sense, of self-control.
3. That upon which a material thing is ‘built up’ or from which it is created; the subject-matter or matter operated upon.
a1676Hale Prim. Orig. Man. 345 He used the Matter which he had created to be the substratum of the Corporeal Natures, even of Man himself. 1708Brit. Apollo No. 2. 2/1 That Hail and Snow are produc'd out of the same Substratum or matter. 1799Med. Jrnl. I. 270 From a combination of the basis of vital air, with the substratum of carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus, arise the carbonic, sulphuric, and phosphoric acids. c1825T. Chalmers in Mem. (1851) III. 65 note, With our Scottish peasantry, the substratum of the meal is either potatoes or bread. 1837Quain Elem. Anat. (ed. 4) 9 The skeleton..constitutes the substratum, to which the other parts are, as it were, applied. 1875Stewart & Tait Unseen Univ. vii. §213. 167 The atoms which form the material substratum of the present universe. 1878Bell tr. Gegenbaur's Comp. Anat. 13 In the living body we observe a number of activities of its material substratum, by which the series of phænomena spoken of as life are conditioned.
4. a. An under-layer of any material substance.
1730Bailey (fol.), Substratum,..any Layer of Earth or any other Thing that lies under another. 1764Bush Hiber. Cur. (1769) 79, I do not at all suppose that even the very first..growth of this heath..in any sense sprang from the fallen wood, its neighbouring substratum. 1846R. Ritchie Railways 10 Substrata of small stones, several feet in thickness. 1859Dickens T. Two Cities i. ii, A loaded blunderbuss lay at the top of six or eight loaded horse-pistols, deposited on a substratum of cutlass. 1878Abney Photogr. xiv. 92 When it is required to cover the entire plate with either of these substrata, it is usual to wet the plate with distilled water. 1892Photogr. Ann. 83 Coat the plates with an albumen substratum.
b. An under-layer of soil or earthy matter.
1730[see above]. 1801J. Jones tr. Bugge's Trav. Fr. Rep. i. 3 Where the substratum is gravel or sand. 1813Bakewell Introd. Geol. 197 A proper knowledge of the quality of the sub-soil and the position of the sub-strata is necessary. 1824G. Chalmers Caledonia III. 596 Even the more level, and more genial soils are cold, from their substratums. 1872A. C. Ramsay Phys. Geog. (ed. 3) xvii. 268 The Vale of Clwyd, in Denbighshire—the substratum of which consists of New Red Sandstone.
c. Bot. The matter upon which a fungus or other plant grows.
1876tr. Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 101 In the substratum the process of decomposition differs with the fungus present. 1882Vines tr. Sachs' Bot. 307 Fungi grow exclusively upon organic substrata.
d. In immaterial sense.
1855[J. D. Burn] Autobiog. Beggar Boy (1859) 2 Such as have passed through the various substrata of civilized society. 1873Curwen Hist. Booksellers 363 As the business is conducted by house to house visitation, a substratum of the public is reached which [etc.]. 1876J. Grant Burgh Sch. Scot. ii. xi. 308 Children belonging to the substratum of society.
5. a. Linguistics. Elements or features of a language which are identified by linguists as being relics of, or due to the influence of, an earlier extinct language, usually of the same region. Cf. superstratum 2 a.
1922O. Jespersen Language xi. 192 Many scholars have recently attached great importance to the..influence exerted by one language on another in those cases in which a population abandons its original language and adopts that of another race... There is thus created what is now generally termed as substratum underlying the new language. 1933L. Bloomfield Language xxi. 386 There is no sense in the mystical version of the substratum theory, which attributes changes, say, in modern Germanic languages, to a ‘Celtic substratum’. 1956J. Whatmough Language iv. 51 We have superimposed or adjacent languages (superstratum, substratum, and adstratum). 1972H. Kurath Studies in Area Linguistics 120 The phonemic system of Gullah shows some clear influence of the African substratum.
b. attrib. and Comb., as substratum influence, substratum language, etc.; substratum theory, a theory that attributes linguistic change to the influence of a substratum language.
1933L. Bloomfield Language xxi. 386 The substratum theory attributes sound-change to transference of language: a community which adopts a new language will speak it..with the phonetics of its mother-tongue. 1937J. Orr tr. Iordan's Introd. to Romance Linguistics i. 12 An historical summary of the substratum problem. 1952R. Hall in Lingua III. 144 The basic prerequisite for the possibility of substratum influence is a language transfer which takes place through a stage of bilingualism. 1954Word X. 395 Diachronic dialectology deals..with convergence, i.e. it studies partial similarities increasing at the expense of differences (traditionally, substratum and adstratum studies..and the like). 1962Burrill & Bonsack in Householder & Saporta Probl. Lexicogr. 189 Words which had the force of generic terms in substratum languages may not be understood as generic terms by the present-day populace. 1973Archivum Linguisticum IV. 110 In regard to the so-called Black English, William A. Stewart was the first to advocate a creole substratum theory. 1980English World-Wide I. i. 150 It is not legitimate to compare a static description of creole with a static description of a substratum language. |