| 释义 |
disjunctive, a. and n.|dɪsˈdʒʌŋktɪv|
[ad. L. disjunctīvus, f. disjunct-us disjunct, disjoint: see -ive. Cf. F. disjonctif (desjointif in 13th c.).]
A. adj.
1. Having the property of disjoining or disconnecting; characterized by or involving disjunction or separation.
1570Levins Manip. 153/31 Disiunctiue, disiunctiuus. 1698Norris Pract. Disc. (1707) IV. 83 Since the original Law did not admit of a Mediator, as not being Disjunctive. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 371 The disjunctive characters..in the description of the original species. 1813J. Thomson Lect. Inflam. 367, 3dly, In the separation of dead or mortified parts from those which retain their vitality..to distinguish this from the other modes of morbid absorption, it might be termed the disjunctive.
b. Opposed to joining or uniting.
a1711Grew (J.), Such principles, whose atoms are of that disjunctive nature, as not to be united in a sufficient number to make a visible mass.
2. Logic, etc. Involving a choice between two (or more) things or statements; alternative.
disjunctive proposition, a proposition in which it is asserted that one or other of two (or more) statements is true. disjunctive syllogism, a syllogism in which the major premiss is disjunctive, and the inference depends on the alternation of its terms: sometimes loosely extended to any syllogism containing a disjunctive premiss.
1584Fenner Def. Ministers (1587) 39 This section beginneth with a disiunctive Sillogisme. a1628Preston New Covt. (1630) 542 A disiunctive proposition is true..if either part be true. 1725Watts Logic iii. ii. §5 A disjunctive syllogism is when the major proposition is disjunctive: as, the earth moves in a circle or an ellipsis; but it does not move in a circle; therefore it moves in an ellipsis. 1847Grote Greece ii. lii. (1862) IV. 445 His promise was disjunctive—that they should be either so brought home, or slain. 1887Fowler Deductive Logic iii. v. 113 If [two propositions or sets of propositions] be dissociated, so that the truth of one depends on the falsity of the other, and the falsity of one on the truth of the other, the complex proposition may be called Disjunctive. Ibid. 116 A Disjunctive Syllogism is a syllogism of which the major premiss is a disjunctive, and the minor a simple proposition, the latter affirming or denying one of the alternatives stated in the former. 1891Welton Logic ii. i. 209, 210 margin, Logicians differ as to whether or not the disjunctive form necessitates the mutual exclusiveness of the alternative predicates..When the alternatives are not incompatible they are not exclusive. Exclusion is not, therefore, due to the disjunctive form of proposition.
3. Gram. Applied to conjunctions that express an alternative or imply some kind of adversative relation between the clauses which they grammatically connect.
With the earlier grammarians the division of Conjunctions into Copulative and Disjunctive was made a main one. It is, however, of grammatical importance (see quot. 1824) only in the Coordinative Conjunctions, of which and is Copulative, while the Alternative or, nor, and the Adversative but, yet, are Disjunctive. Of the Subordinative Conjunctions, the Causal lest, the Hypothetical unless, and the Concessive although, are also disjunctive in sense; but in their grammatical use these do not differ from the Copulative that, if, because, as, since.
1628T. Spencer Logick 244 That axiome is disiunct, whose band is a disiunctiue Coniunction. 1751Harris Hermes Wks. (1841) 189 Now we come to the disjunctive conjunctions, a species of words which bear this contradictory name, because, while they disjoin the sense, they conjoin the sentences. 1776Campbell Philos. Rhet. II. iii. v. §1 Both the last mentioned orders [Adversative and Exceptive Conjunctions] are comprehended under the general name disjunctive. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 229 The conjunction disjunctive has an effect contrary to that of the conjunction copulative; for as the verb, noun, or pronoun, is referred to the preceding terms taken separately, it must be in the singular number: as, ‘Ignorance or negligence has caused this mistake’.
b. In French Grammar, sometimes applied to the indirect nominative (and objective) case of the personal pronouns (moi, toi, lui, eux) as distinguished from the direct nominative (je, tu, il, ils), called in this nomenclature conjunctive.
4. Math. (See quot.)
1853Sylvester in Phil. Trans. CXLIII. i. 544 A disjunctive equation is a relation between two sets of quantities such that each one of either set is equal according to some unspecified order of connexion with one of the other set.
B. n.
1. a. Logic. A disjunctive proposition: See A. 2. Hence generally, b. A statement or condition of affairs involving a choice between two or more statements or courses; an alternative. c. Phr. in the disjunctive: in an alternative form or sense; disjunctively. (Cf. AF. en disjointe, par disjointe, Britton II. 354, 358.)
1533More Debell. Salem Wks. 943/1 To the verity of a disiunctiue, it suffiseth any one part to be tru. 1569Abp. Parker Corr. (1853) 352 The words of the Injunction (which were once a disjunctive, but by the printer made a copulative [or being changed to and]). 1614Bacon To the King 7 Feb. (R.), Your Majesty..very wisely put in a disjunctive, that the judges should deliver an opinion privately, either to my Lord Chancellor, or to ourselves. 1725Watts Logic ii. ii. §6 The Truth of Disjunctives depends on the necessary and immediate Opposition of the Parts. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 105 The clause was to be construed in the disjunctive; viz. either by will, codicil, &c., or by writing signed before three witnesses. 1864Bowen Logic v. 131 Disjunctives are reduced..to as many Categoricals as there are disjunct members of the Predicate. Thus,—A is either B or C = ⎨ All those A which are not B are C, and / All those A which are not C are B .
2. Gram. A disjunctive conjunction: see A. 3.
1530Palsgr. 148 Some [conjunctions] be disjunctives. 1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 138 b, In such woordes where the heire demaundeth the heritage or mariage of his mother, this worde [‘or’] is a disjunctive. 1751Harris Hermes ii. ii. Wks. (1841) 187 The conjunction or, though it join the sentences, yet, as to their respective meanings, is a perfect disjunctive. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 5) I. 229 When a disjunctive occurs between a singular noun.. and a plural one, the verb is made to agree with the plural noun..as, ‘Neither poverty nor riches were injurious to him’.
†3. One who favours disjunction; a separatist.
1602Warner Alb. Eng. xii. lxxii. (1612) 299 Disiunctiues, who..lesse loue their Prince than Pope.
†4. pl. Disjoined or disconnected things. Obs.
1627–77Feltham Resolves ii. iv. 167 God himself is Truth; and never meant to make the Heart and Tongue disjunctives. |