| 释义 |
domain, n.|dəˈmeɪn, dəʊ-|
Also 5 domayne, 7 -aine.
[a. mod.F. domaine (1611 in Cotgr.), for earlier F. demaine, OF. demeine:—L. dominicum, in med.L. = ‘proprietas, quod ad dominum spectat’, subst. use of dominicus of or belonging to a lord, of the nature of private property, proper, own. See demesne, which is another form of this word.
OF. domeine, demeine, did not come down from cl. L. dominium lordship, ownership, property, for that could have given only an OF. domein, demein; it is supposed that cl. L. dominicum passed in Rom. and OF. through the stages *domenio, domenië, domeine, demeine: cf. canonicum, *canonio, canonië, canoine, chanoine. But, in the intermediate stage, the form of the word naturally suggested its identity with cl. L. dominium, which consequently appears, beside the original dominicum, as the Latin equivalent in mediæval documents; the latter have also domanium formed on the vernacular. The o was in OF. regularly weakened to e, demeine, whence late AFr. & Eng. demesne; in domaine the o is restored after L.; in French, domaine is now (since c 1610) used in all senses; but in Eng., demesne has been traditionally retained in the legal use, and in senses immediately derived from it, though the two forms overlap.]
†1. = demesne 1. Also attrib. in domain lands. Obs. rare.
c1425Wyntoun Cron v. x. 386 Octaveus..þai Deputys has slayne, And held þe kynryk in domayne. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 158 The rights of the Domaine are these: Rents, Feifs, Payments at alienations. Ibid. That is Domaine, which belongeth to the Crowne. 1876Digby Real Prop. i. 24 This portion was called terra dominica, terrae dominicales, or domain lands.
2. a. eminent domain: ultimate or supreme lordship; the superiority or lordship of the sovereign power over all the property in the state, in accordance with which it is entitled to appropriate by constitutional methods any part required for the public advantage, compensation being given to the owner. A term chiefly used in International Law, and in the Law of the United States of America.
[1625Grotius De Jure B. et P. i. iii. §6 Dominium eminens, quod civitas habet in cives et res civium, ad usum publicum.] 1850Longfellow Ladder St. Augustine vi, If we would gain In the bright fields of fair renown The right of eminent domain. 1894Harvard Law Rev. VIII. 237 The name Eminent Domain comes from Grotius, and the subject is a prominent one with European writers on public law; but treatises on it do not exist outside of the United States. The topic develops here because it is a branch of our system of Constitutional Law. The first treatise was by H. E. Mills of St. Louis in 1879. (See also eminent 5.)
b. direct domain, domain of use, translation of the French law-phrases domaine direct the ownership or right of the lord, and domain utile the right of use on the part of a lessee, as used in the law of Lower Canada.
3. a. A heritable property; estate or territory held in possession; lands; dominions; = demesne 3–5.
1601Holland Pliny xiii. iii. (R.), These are in the nature of a domain and inheritance, and fall to the next heire in succession. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. x. 258 Royal domains..were..made over to ecclesiastics. 1796H. Hunter tr. St. Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) III. 636 There are, in that Country [Russia], proprietors possessed of domains as extensive as Provinces. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xvii. 35 She occupied half a hide of royal domain.
b. transf. A district or region under rule, control, or influence, or contained within certain limits; realm; sphere of activity, influence, or dominion.
1727–46Thomson Summer 859 Ocean trembles for his green domain. 1823Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Poor Relation, He was lord of his library, and seldom cared for looking out beyond his domains. 1852H. Rogers Ess. I. vii. 407 For even an infinitude of atoms, infinite worlds in infinite space may be found domain enough.
c. Used by Pinkerton for a subdivision of the Mineral ‘kingdom’.
1811Pinkerton Petral. I. 132 The intrites and glutenites are classed under the several domains to which they belong. Ibid. I. Introd. iii-iv.
d. spec. Austral. (with capital initial). The name of a park in Sydney, Australia, popular for speech-making. Freq. attrib.
1896E. Turner Little Larrikin xiv. 163 His ideas were as sweeping and extravagant as those of a Domain orator out of work. 1904A. B. Paterson Rio Grande's Last Race 124 It's grand to be an unemployed And lie in the Domain. 1941Baker Dict. Austral. Slang 24 Domain cocktail (or special), a lethal concoction of petrol and pepper which reputedly once had a vogue among deadbeat drinkers in the Sydney Domain. Domain dosser, a loafer or down-and-out who frequents the Sydney Domain. 1943K. Tennant Ride on Stranger xxiii. 261 He, too, could see his old comrade, Mervyn Leggatt, across the Domain advocating the direct opposite to his own policy.
4. a. fig. A sphere of thought or action; field, province, scope of a department of knowledge, etc.
1764Goldsm. Trav. 97 Carried to excess in each domain, This fav'rite good begets peculiar pain. 1799Mackintosh Study Law Nat. Wks. 1846 I. 381 Contracting..the domain of brutal force and of arbitrary will. 1828Carlyle Misc. (1872) I, Our Poet's gift in raising it into the domain of Art. 1864Bowen Logic x. 343 An actual enlargement of the domain of Science. 1866Argyll Reign Law ii. (ed. 4) 53.
b. Logic. The breadth, extension, circuit, or sphere of a notion.
c. Math. ‘In the theory of Functions, the portion of the z-plane within a circle which just does not include a singular point is called the domain of its centre’ (H. T. Gerrans).
1893Forsyth The. Functions 55 If the whole of the domain of b be not included in that of a.
d. Math. An algebraic system with two binary operations defined by postulates stronger than those for a ring but weaker than those for a field; esp. (more fully integral domain), a commutative ring in which the cancellation law holds for multiplication of non-zero elements and (with most writers) which has a unit element for multiplication.
1896Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. III. 102 The idea of the adjunction of its root[s]..to the totality of numbers heretofore in use, viz., the rational numbers, is now developed, and the properties of rational functions of the elements of this new ‘domain’..are taken up. 1904F. Cajori Theory of Equations xiii. 134 A set of numbers is called a domain of rationality or simply a domain, when the sums, differences, products, and quotients of any numbers in the set (excluding only the quotients obtained through division by 0) always yield as results numbers belonging to the set. All rational numbers..constitute such a domain. 1937A. A. Albert Mod. Higher Algebra ii. 27 The most important type of integral domain is the field. 1941Birkhoff & MacLane Surv. Mod. Algebra iv. 97 By a unique factorization domain (sometimes called a ‘Gaussian domain’) is meant an integral domain in which (i) any element not a unit can be factored into primes, (ii) this factorization is unique to within order and unit factors. 1958Zariski & Samuel Commutative Algebra I. i. 22 An important class of unique factorization domains is given by the so-called euclidean domains or rings admitting a division algorithm. 1965J. J. Rotman Theory of Groups iv. 66 A domain is a commutative ring with unit that has no divisors of zero.
e. Math. The set of values that an independent variable of a function can take; the graphical representation of this set; the set comprising all the first elements of the ordered pairs constituting some given set.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 545/2 The idea of a ‘variable’ is that of a number to which we may assign at pleasure any of the values which constitute a definite aggregate, called the ‘domain’ of the variable. 1914A. R. Forsyth Theory of Functions of Two Complex Variables iii. 57 A restricted portion of a field of variation is called a domain, the range of a domain being usually indicated by analytical relations. 1937Michell & Belz Elem. Math. Analysis I. i. 60 The parts of the plane in which N can lie are commonly called the domain of N and the same word is used for the corresponding aggregate of pairs of values of x, y which correspond to N. 1955D. A. Quadling Math. Analysis iii. 14 A function which is defined by means of a formula may have its domain restricted by the character of the formula itself... The domain of the function 1/x cannot include the number 0. 1967M. R. Kinsolving Set Theory & Number Systems ii. 21 One might say that the domain of R is the set of all first elements appearing in the pairs (a, b) constituting R.
f. Logic. The class of all terms that bear a given relation to any term (see quot. 1903).
1903B. Russell Princ. Math. I. ix. 97 All referents with respect to a given relation form a class. It follows..that all relata also form a class. These two classes I shall call respectively the domain and the converse domain of the relation; the logical sum of the two I shall call the field of the relation. Ibid. 98 If paternity be the relation, fathers form its domain, children its converse domain, and fathers and children together its field. 1955A. N. Prior Formal Logic iii. iii. 277 Both the domain and the converse domain of the null relation are the null class.
g. Math. An open connected set of at least one point.
1906W. H. & G. C. Young Theory of Sets of Points ix. 178 The set of all the points inside a triangle is called a triangular domain, or the interior of the triangle, and is a simple case of a region. Ibid., The points of a domain always form an open set. 1957E. T. Copson Introd. Theory of Functions of Complex Variable (rev. ed.) ii. 15 If we add to a domain its limiting points, the resulting set is called a closed region.
h. Physics. In ferromagnetic materials, a region which behaves as an elementary magnet, all the atoms or ions in a region having the axes of their permanent magnetic moments aligned in the same direction. Also attrib.
1926E. C. Stoner Magnetism & Atomic Structure xiii. 295 The size of the domains may be much smaller than the size of the actual crystalline ‘grains’. 1944Electronic Engin. XVII. 144/3 The assumption of a molecular field, and the sub-division of a ferromagnetic into spontaneously saturated domains, form the foundation of the modern domain theory of ferromagnetism. 1945Rev. Mod. Physics XVII. 15 In a demagnetized specimen..the directions of magnetization of the individual domains are distributed at random among various possible directions. 1966Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. II. xix. 26 Ferromagnetic substances commonly exhibit a domain structure, in which each domain is permanently magnetized. 1966Carey & Isaac Magnetic Domains i. 13 In such a case regions now exist in the crystal where the direction of the magnetization changes from one domain to the next; these regions are called domain boundaries or domain walls.
i. Linguistics. (See quots.)
1933Bloomfield Lang. xv. 247 The substitute replaces only forms of a certain class, which we may call the domain of the substitute. 1942Language XVIII. 14 A suprasegmental phone has a Domain, defined as the type of sequence of segmental phones which it covers. 1968P. M. Postal Aspects Phonol. Theory iii. 41 Each rule ‘realizing’ morphophonemic structures as phonemic ones must be defined exclusively on a domain consisting of strings of morphons.
Hence † doˈmain v. intr., Obs. to dominate.
1589P. Ive Fortif. 36 It must lye wholy open toward the towne, that the towne may commaund, and domaine ouer it.
▸ Computing. A subset of locations on the Internet or other network which share a common element of their IP address (indicating a geographical, commercial or other affiliation), or which are under the control of a particular organization or individual; freq. in domain name n. the part of a network address which identifies it as belonging to a particular domain.
1982Z. Su & J. B. Postel Request for Comments (Network Working Group) (Electronic text) No. 819. 1 The name of a domain consists of a concatenation of one or more ‘simple names’. 1986V. G. Cerf in T. C. Bartee Digital Communications iv. 150 In the arpanet/internet environment, the concept of naming domains has been formalized by extension of the ‘user{at}host’ mailbox name structure to the form: user{at}host.domain where the ‘domain’ part can have a substructure as in: mimsy.umd.edu. In this example, ‘edu’ is the top level domain and refers to the ‘educational’ domain, ‘umd’ refers to the University of Maryland, and ‘mimsy’ to a particular host computer in the University of Maryland's administrative domain. 1990UNIX Rev. (Nexis) Jan. 96 A typical rewrite rule might append the local site and domain name to a recipient field if they have not already been specified. 1999Entertainm. Weekly (Nexis) 30 Apr. 9 The domain name www.maytheforcebewithyou.com was ‘sold’ on the online auction site for a whopping $10 million. There was only one hitch: the bid wasn't real. 2000Daily Tel. 23 Mar. (Connected section) 2/6 The.eu domain is the brainchild of the European Commission president, Romano Prodi, who is keen to put the EU's stamp on cyberspace.
▸ domain name server n. Computing a server that provides a domain name service; abbreviated DNS.
1982Z. Su & J. B. Postel Request for Comments (Network Working Group) (Electronic text) No. 819. 14 Each individual domain table may have its own format suitable to the design of its associated *domain name server. 1994Sci. Amer. Mar. 78/2 Most machines rely on ‘domain name servers’ to translate back and forth between numbered network addresses and domains such as ‘xerox.com’ or ‘umich.edu’. 2003DallasNews.com (Nexis) 18 Sept. d3 After you create your site, you transfer the pages and graphics to the host, and it will set up everything for you and register your site with the domain name servers.
▸ domain name service n. Computing (a) = domain name system n. (b) at Additions; (b) the service of hosting a domain name for a user.
1982Z. Su Request for Comments (Network Working Group) (Electronic text) No. 830. 2 The *domain name service is an application independent network service for the resolution of domain names. 1989UnixWorld Sept. 64/3 (advt.) The TranServer..offers remote console configuration, subnetting, domain name service and the lowest cost per port. 2003Business Jrnl. (Nexis) 29 Aug. 8 The SHDSL service also includes one static Internet protocol address..20 hours of dial-up mobility access and domain name service for up to five domains, and a business portal.
▸ domain name system n. Computing (a) the system of host names used on the Internet; (b) a service based on this system, which translates readable (alphabetic) domain names into numerical IP addresses.
1983P. Mockapetris Request for Comments (Network Working Group) (Electronic text) No. 552. 9 The *domain name system uses compatible formats for structure information, and the mail data decouples mail agent identification from details of how to contact the agent (e.g. host addresses). 1993Unix Rev. (Nexis) Mar. 21 A domain literal is an Internet Protocol (IP) address delimited by square brackets, used mostly when the Domain Name System (DNS) is not fully available. 1994.net Dec. 29/1 RFC1034 and RFC1035..describe the Internet's global naming set-up, the DNS, or Domain Name System. 2002N.Y. Times 1 Apr. c5/3 The United States government still retains control over the so-called A-root server, the central database of the domain name system. |