| 释义 |
dominance|ˈdɒmɪnəns|
[f. dominant a.: see -ance. Cf. OF. dominance (15th c. in Godef.).]
1. The fact or position of being dominant; paramount influence, ascendancy, dominion, sway.
1819G. S. Faber Dispensations (1823) I. 89 That..period, which the bishop would allot to the dominance of mere natural religion. 1881J. Paget in Nature No. 614. 327 The dominance of doctrine has promoted the habit of inference, and repressed that of careful observation and induction.
2. Biol. The phenomenon whereby one of a pair of alleles present in a genotype is expressed in a phenotype while the other allele is masked; the state or property of being dominant (dominant a. 7). Also attrib., as dominance modifier = dominigene.
1902W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Hered. 119 (heading) The facts in regard to dominance of characters in peas. Ibid., The dominance of the smooth form over the wrinkled. 1916J. Wilson Man. Mendelism 24 If the pairs in which the parents differ are clearly defined at the hybrid generation as regards dominance and recessiveness. 1918Babcock & Clausen Genetics Rel. Agric. v. 69 The condition of dominance..is determined by the fact that in the hybrid that character is expressed to the exclusion of its contrasted character. 1925T. H. Morgan Evol. & Genetics 151 (heading) The dominance of the wild type genes. 1929R. A. Fisher in Amer. Naturalist LXIII. 555 The real difficulty..is not so simple as that the selective action upon dominance modifiers is so small that there has not been time for it to have had any appreciable effect. 1937T. Dobzhansky Genetics & Origin of Species vi. 172 It must be kept in mind that dominance versus recessiveness is a matter of degree. 1968M. W. Strickberger Genetics vi. 99 This phenomenon, by which one trait appears and the other does not, even though the factors for both are present, is called dominance.
3. Ecology. The prevalence or predominance of one or more species in a plant community.
1923G. E. Nichols in Ecology IV. 14 A distinction is frequently made between associations in which the position of dominance is shared by two or more species..and those in which a single species is dominant. 1932Fuller & Conard tr. Braun-Blanquet's Plant Sociol. iii. 33 The measurement of the cubic volume of standing timber by the forester may be considered as a determination of dominance.
▸ a. dominance and submission n. (a) Psychol. = dominance–submission n. and adj. (a) at Additions b; (b) spec. sexual practice characterized by dominant and submissive behaviour or role-play; the practice of physical domination and submission for sexual gratification.
In sense (b), now freq. as a preferred term to sado-masochism amongst practitioners wishing to emphasize the consensual element of this kind of relationship.
1930G. L. Coyle Social Process in Organized Groups v. 107 Fixed habits of dominance and submission due to differences of age, sex, class, occupation or income level are likely to keep the actual control in the hands of the socially dominant. 1946W. Wolff Personality of Preschool Child ii. 63 Two children who have just demonstrated behavior of dominance and submission suddenly show behavior of mutual understanding. 1975C. A. Tripp Homosexual Matrix iv. 60 That..inclination of sexually permissive peoples to pinch, to pummel, and to otherwise abuse each other during coitus..—in effect, stirring up sexual excitement by transforming their familiarity and any affectionate closeness into a coarser, more zesty form of dominance and submission. 1977Washington Post (Nexis) 23 June c1 Among them is the Hotline, specializing in ‘English massages’, which the woman answering the phone described an exercise in ‘dominance and submission’. 1990Harpers & Queen Apr. 58 When visiting our local dominance and submission sex club, we are warned that ‘master/mistress never initiates eye contact with another's slave’. 2001Times Union (Albany, N.Y.) (Nexis) 6 Feb. a1 The university's Common Council approved..a discussion forum about dominance and submission, bondage and discipline and sadomasochism for students under 30.
b. Sociol. and Psychol. dominance–submission n. and adj. (a) n. psychological tendency towards domination of or submission to others viewed as a personality trait or an indicator of personality; (b) adj. of or designating the relations of dominance and submission between individual members of a group.
1933Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 7 254 What is the degree and direction of change in the two groups in these personality traits: neurotic tendency, introversion-extroversion, dominance-submission, self-sufficiency, honesty, prejudice, and mathematical interest? 1934Sci. Monthly Oct. 294 Every bird in the flock is a personality, determined by its ambivalent dominance-submission reactions in relation to every other bird. 1956J. Klein Study of Groups 164 In dominance-submission studies it is a prior consideration which child gets its way with the others. 1975Current Anthropol. 16 564/2 He reinstates self-report and phenomenology as legitimate sources of data..and explores their relation with the observables of dominance-submission hierarchies. 1995Personality & Individual Differences Sept. 280 We attempt to recover new scales of hostility and dominance-submission from the PDS item pool. |