| 释义 |
surplus, n. and a.|ˈsɜːpləs|
Pl. -uses († -usses). Also 4–6 -pluis, 5 -ples, -plice, 5–6 -pluse.
[a. AF., OF. surplus, so(u)rplus (whence med.L. surplus) = Pr. sobreplus, ad. med.L. superplūs, f. super super- IV + plūs more.]
A. n.
1. a. What remains over and above what has been taken or used; an amount remaining in excess. † Also, (a) superfluity, superabundance.
c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 60 Þey gonnen trete Here prisoneres to chaungen most and leste, And for the surplus, yeue sommes grete. c1407Lydg. Reson & Sens. 5859 Oonly for to han victoire With-oute surplus of wynnyng. 1511–12Act 3 Hen. VIII, c. 6 §1 The Wever..shall..restore to the same Clothier the surpluis of the same yerne. 1607Shakes. Cor. i. i. 46 He hath faults (with surplus) to tyre in repetition. 1611― Wint. T. v. iii. 7 It is a surplus of your Grace, which neuer My life may last to answere. 1663Butler Hud. i. i. 391 In th' Holsters..Two aged Pistols he did stow, Among the surplus of such meat As in his Hose he could not get. 1736Gentl. Mag. VI. 585/1 In Case the future Produce of those Duties should amount to more than 800,000l. a Year, those Surplusses were by them..appropriated to the Civil List. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. 236 In every prosperous community something more is produced than goes to the immediate support of the producer. This surplus forms the income of the landed capitalist. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing etc. vii. 400 Pour the surplus of this liquid immediately away. 1827Jarman Powell's Devises (ed. 3) II. 85 That where there was a direction to sell land for a particular purpose, the surplus did not form ‘part of the personal estate, so as to pass by the residuary bequest.’ 1835Lytton Rienzi vi. i, A brief, sheeted stream bore its surplus into the lake. 1878Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 95 The rent of better land will consist of the surplus of its produce over that of the poorest cultivated land. 1879Lubbock Addr. Pol. & Educ. vi. 125 We are slightly diminishing our Debt in two ways, by accidental surpluses and by terminable annuities. 1892Photogr. Ann. II. 194 Fold the paper over the edge of frame and double down the surplus on the side. 1905Act 5 Edw. VII, c. 17 §5 Any surpluses..which may be effected by the saving of expenditure upon votes within the same department.
b. Pol. In some systems of election by transferable vote: the votes which are transferred from a candidate who has attained the quota necessary for election to one who has not.
1926Hoag & Hallett Proportional Representation 345 The particular ballots of a candidate to be transferred as his surplus shall be those which have received certain serial numbers. 1950Theimer & Campbell Encycl. World Politics 353/1 In successive counts by the electoral officials the candidates with most preferences are elected and their surpluses over the minimum quota necessary for election transferred according to the voters' preferences until all the seats are filled. 1973Irish Times 2 Mar. 1/1 This was also the first striking example of Fine Gael votes transferring to Labour: Mr. Kyne was elected on the surplus of Mr. Eddie Collins.
†2. What remains to make up a whole; the remainder, the rest. Obs.
c1400Rom. Rose 3675 Who therto may wynnen, ywisse, He of the surplus of the praye May lyfe in hoope to gette some daye. 1430–40Lydg. Bochas ii. ii. (MS. Bodl. 263) 97/2 Touchyng the surplus off his gouernaunce..In Iosephus his story ye may reede. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon x. 272 There are com agayn but thre hundred, and the surplus is all slayn or taken. a1500Ratis Raving 1812 And al the surplice of the schame Scho wyll bere bauldly with the blam. 1502Ord. Crysten Men (W. de W. 1506) iv. xxvii. 323 To knowe the tokens of deth to the ende that he may denounce as well vnto the pacyente as vnto his frendes that they puruaye of the surplus. 1518H. Watson Hist. Oliver of Castile (Roxb.) C 3 b, Yf that thou haue not compassyon vpon me the surplus of my dayes shal be in anguyssh. 1597Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 539 Whatsoeuer punishments the wicked suffer before they die, they..must descend into the appointed place to receiue the surplus of their paiments which is due vnto them. 1759Mills tr. Duhamel's Husb. ii. ii. 166, I left for the luserne, nine beds,..and destined the surplus to be sowed with wheat.
B. attrib. passing into adj.
1. That is in excess of what is taken, used, or needed.
1641Jrnls. Ho. Comm. II. 177 What is fit to be done with the surplus Money. 1776Adam Smith W.N. i. xi. I. 203 They now exchange their surplus peltry, for blankets, firearms, and brandy. 1795Vancouver Agric. Essex 181 To relieve the wet heavy woodlands of their surplus water. 1812G. Chalmers Dom. Econ. Gt. Brit. 66 The annual value of the surplus produce of the land, and labour of England, which was then exported to foreign countries, amounted only to 4,086,087 l. 1879H. George Progr. & Pov. ii. i. (1881) 88 The natural law gets rid of surplus population. 1893J. A. Hodges Elem. Photogr. (1907) 109 Until all the surplus gelatine is expelled.
2. surplus value (Econ., esp. in Marxism), that part of the value of the results of human labour which accrues beyond the amount needed to reproduce the initial labour power.
1816S. T. Coleridge in D. P. Calleo Coleridge & Idea of Modern State (1966) i. 12 The nearest approach to the realization of such a state is a colony, composed of 100 wealthy Planters, and a 100,000 Slaves, the surplus value of whose labor above the price of the scanty food and cloathing centers in the 100. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 211/1 The fundamental principle of the Marx school..is the theory of ‘surplus value,’—the doctrine..that, after the labourer has been paid the wage necessary for the subsistence of himself and family, the surplus produce of his labour is appropriated by the capitalist who exploits it. 1904W. T. Mills Struggle for Existence xxv. 325 Labor produces more than the cost of its own reproduction. This product of labor in excess of the labor cost of producing labor is the ‘surplus value’ of Karl Marx. 1933H. G. Wells Shape of Things to Come i. §4.51 The entrepreneur, the capitalist, became the villain of his [sc. Marx's] piece, using the prior advantage of his capital to appropriate the ‘surplus value’ of production. 1944G. B. Shaw Everybody's Political What's What? i. 1 He [sc. Marx] proved up to the hilt that capital in its pursuit of what he called Mehrwerth, which we translate as Surplus Value (it includes rent, interest, and commercial profit), is ruthless. 1966T. Pynchon Crying of Lot 49 iv. 89 How can you be against a corporation that wants a worker to waive his patent rights. That sounds like the surplus value theory to me, fella, and you sound like a Marxist. 1975Chinese Econ. Stud. VIII. iv. 60 Capitalist production is commodity production aimed at reaping surplus value.
3. Of a shop: that sells goods which are surplus to (chiefly, military) requirements.
1951R. Senhouse tr. Colette's Last of Chéri 208 Jean de Touzac—is in the surplus store racket. What a set! 1970A. Fowles Dupe Negative xi. 140, I found a surplus store and bought a duffel bag. 1978S. Wilson Dealer's Move iii. 40, I..drove down to a surplus shop in Hampstead Road, and bought a down-filled sleeping-bag.
Hence as v. trans. (U.S. Mil. colloq.), to dispose of (property which is surplus to requirements); also with out. Chiefly in pass.
1963D. Broun Egypt's Choice (1964) i. 12 The helicopter..used to belong to the United States Marine Corps. It was surplussed out a year ago. 1968R. West Sk. from Vietnam i. 18 Many were ‘surplused’ during the following month. |