| 释义 |
▪ I. drain, v.|dreɪn|
Also 6–7 drean(e, drayne, drane, 7–8 drein, dreyn, (dreign).
[OE. dréahnian (dréhnian, dréhniᵹean), prob. for *dréaᵹnian, f. root dréaᵹ- :—OTeut. *draug- dry.
It is remarkable that, after the OE. period, no example of this word is known to occur for 500 years, till the 16th c. (Richardson's quot. of dreine from Lydgate, erroneously referred here, belongs to dereine, deraign.) The historical spelling is drean, pronounced in some dialects |dreːn|, in others |driːn|. Drein, dreign, drain, drane, are non-etymological representations of |dreːn|, on the analogy of rein, reign, rain, crane: cf. Jean, Jane.]
I.
†1. trans. To strain (liquid) through any porous medium. Obs.
c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxiii. 24 Ge drehniᵹeað [v.r. drehniað; Hatton G. drenieð] þone gnætt aweᵹ. c1000Sax. Leechd. III. 72 Wyll swiðe well on buteran; dreahna ut þurh wyllene clað. c1500Spir. Remedies in Halliw. Nugæ Poet. 67 Drayne it and dringke it with confescione. 1615Latham Falconry (1633) 95 Drean away what is left of the vineger. 1626Bacon Sylva §2 Salt-water drayned through twenty vessels. 1667Milton P.L. iii. 605 Old Proteus from the Sea, Draind through a Limbeck to his Native forme.
2. To draw off or away (a liquid) gradually, or in small quantities, by means of a conduit or the like; to carry off or away by means of a drain.
1538Leland Itin. I. 99 A Causey of Stone with divers Bridges over it to dreane the low Medow Waters..into Aire Ryver. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. iv. 276 A hand-kercheefe..did dreyne The purple sappe from her sweet Brothers body. 1639Fuller Holy War (1640) 2 The streams of milk and hony..are now drained drie. 1671tr. Frejus' Voy. Mauritania 39 It is impossible to passe it, untill the waters..are all dreined away. 1726Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 28 A Puddle of Water, which I gave Directions to be drain'd. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 621 Small trenches are cut through the field to drain off the rain. 1879G. C. Harlan Eyesight ii. 29 The ordinary flow of tears is thus drained into the nostril.
†b. To let fall in drops strained out. Obs. rare.
1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, iii. ii. 142 To draine Upon his face an Ocean of salt teares.
3. transf. and fig. To carry off, withdraw, take away as by a drain.
1625–8tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. an. 1596 (R.), He..permitted those of Rome to exhaust and drain the wealth of England. 1673Milton True Relig. Wks. (1851) 412 The Pope..was wont to dreign away greatest part of the wealth of this..Land. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India II. v. iv. 433 To expend as much as it could possibly drain from its subjects.
4. To drink (a liquid) off or to the last drops.
1602Shakes. Ham. i. iv. 10 He dreines his draughts of Renish downe. a1700Dryden Ovid's Met. xv. (R.), Who..the sweet essence of amomum drains. 1823Byron Island i. vi, [They] drain'd the draught with an applauding cheer. 1850Kingsley Alt. Locke i, He drained the remaining drops of the three-pennyworth of cream.
5. intr. Of liquid: To percolate or trickle through; to flow gradually off or away.
1587Golding De Mornay xiv. 207 Let the bloud dreyne out, the mouing wax weake, the sences faile. 1628Digby Voy. Medit. (1868) 80 They..fill with fresh water; but I belieue it dreaneth thither from the higher land. 1673Ray Willughby's Journ. Spain 478 The juice dreins down through the course sugar at the bottom. 1725Bradley Fam. Dict. s.v. Malt, Let the Water drein well and equally from the Corn. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 3 The vast volume of water sent down from above drains away seawards.
II.
6. trans. To withdraw the water or moisture from (anything) gradually by straining, suction, formation of conduits, etc.; to leave (anything) dry by withdrawal of moisture.
1577tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 88 Bodies dreined from the dregges of all corruption. 1605Shakes. Macb. i. iii. 18 Ile dreyne him drie as Hay. 1655Marquis of Worcester Cent. Inv. §100 Drein all sorts of Mines, and furnish Cities with water. a1687Petty Pol. Arith. (1690) 66 Dutch Engineers may drain its Bogs. 1870Lubbock Orig. Civiliz. vii. (1875) 315 In the valleys drained by the Sacramento and the San Joaquin. 1890Abney Photography (ed. 6) 128 The emulsion may be drained..by placing it on a hair sieve. 1896Law Times C. 488/1 A pipe or sewer which also drained another house.
7. To empty by drinking; to drink dry.
1697Dryden Virg. Past. ii. 53 Two Kids..drein two bagging Udders every day. 1714Pope Wife of Bath 214, I drain'd the spicy nut-brown bowl. 1820Keats Lamia i. 209 Where God Bacchus drains his cups divine. 1855Dickens Dorrit i. xxiii, They had drained the cup of life to the dregs.
8. transf. and fig. To deprive (a person or thing) of possessions, properties, resources, strength, etc., by their gradual withdrawal; to exhaust.
1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 293 How the King of Fez had drained their Countrey. 1673Dryden Marr. à la Mode iii. i, You have..drained all the French plays and romances. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) I. 243 These expences..drained him so much, that he again quitted Rome. 1784Cowper Task iii. 784 Drained to the last poor item of his wealth, He sighs. 1844Emerson Lect. Yng. Amer. Wks. (Bohn) II. 295 The cities drain the country of the best part of its population. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §4. 189 The treasury.. was drained by his Norman wars.
9. intr. To become rid of moisture by its gradual percolation or flowing away.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 217 Having laid them [pots] side-long to drain. 1796H. Glasse Cookery xviii. 288 Lay them on a coarse cloth to drain. 1864Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XXV. i. 43 This land won't drain. 1892W. K. Burton Mod. Photogr. (ed. 10) 142 The prints, as they are taken from the washing water, are allowed to drain.
Hence drained |dreɪnd|, ppl. a.
1611Cotgr., Escoulé, drained. 1655in Hartlib Legacy 270 Trees..planted in the drained Fens..by Dutchmen. 1725Pope Odyss. xviii. 180 He..the drain'd goblet to the chief restores. 1855Tennyson Maud i. i. 20 A scheme that had left us flaccid and drain'd. a1881Rossetti Spring, Where the drained flood-lands flaunt their marigold.
▪ II. drain, n.|dreɪn|
Forms: see prec.
[f. drain v.]
1. a. A channel by which liquid is drained or gradually carried off; esp. an artificial conduit or channel for carrying off water, sewage, etc.
In the Fen districts, including wide canal-like navigable channels. (See Penny Cycl. s.v. Bedford Level.) Elsewhere, applied chiefly to covered sewage drains or field drains.
1552Huloet, Drayne, sulcus. 1577–87Holinshed Descr. Brit. xv. (R.), Here also it receiueth the Baston dreane, Longtoft dreane, Deeping dreane, and thence goeth by Wickham into the sea. 1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Vn Rayon..a drane to drawe the water out of a field. 1661Pepys Diary 25 Sept., A stop at Charing Crosse, by reason of digging of a drayne there to clear the streets. 1696Phil. Trans. XIX. 344 Through these Fens run great Cuts or Dreyns, in which are a great many Fish. 1739tr. La Pluche's Nature Display'd III. 9 Gentlemen convert their Marshes into good fruitful Meadows by contriving large Fosses and Drains to carry off the Water. 1860–1F. Nightingale Nursing ii. 23 Another great evil in house construction is carrying drains underneath the house. 1882Daily Tel. 28 Oct. 2/4 Several drains..will be fishable tomorrow. 1895Westm. Gaz. 13 Dec. 2/3 You are sometimes asked in Yorkshire to go for a picnic on the drain..you discover that ‘drain’ is merely the local name for canal.
fig.1683Burnet tr. More's Utopia (1684) 165 Such a leud and vicious sort of People, that seem to have run together, as to the Drain of Humane Nature.
†b. A teat. Obs. rare.
1587L. Mascall Govt. Cattle (1627) 260 Euery pigge will but sucke his drene or teate.
c. Applied to a natural water-course which drains a tract of country.
1700Dryden Fables, Meleager & Atal. 93 A valley stood below: the common drain Of Waters from above, and falling rain. 1770G. Washington Writ. (1889) II. 311 The little runs and drains, that come through the hills. 1876V. L. Cameron Across Africa (1885) 511 The main drain of the country is the Walé nullah.
d. Surgery. A tubular instrument used to draw off the discharge from a wound or abscess.
1834Good's Study Med. (ed. 4) II. 106 When the case is chronic setons or some other protracted drain should never be neglected. 1880MacCormac Antisept. Surg. 18 There was immediate union of the flaps of the wounds save where the drains emerged.
e. Colloq. fig. phr., to go (etc.) down the drain, to disappear, get lost, vanish; to deteriorate, go to waste.
[1925F. Lonsdale Last of Mrs. Cheyney 10 It is she who closes the drain on them as they go down it on the Thursday.] 1930W. S. Maugham Breadwinner i. 52 All his savings are gone down the drain. 1933W. Chetham-Strode in Famous Plays of 1933 449 We're all so down the drain no one's got anything. 1951Koestler Age of Longing 234 Others, dozens of Leontiev's colleagues, had..collapsed or made fatal mistakes and gone down the drain. 1952‘J. H. Chase’ Double Shuffle ix. 184 We had paid out good money to get those policies, and we couldn't afford to let them go down the drain. 1958Listener 7 Aug. 196/1 A poor devil who goes down the drain before a temptation that he finds too strong. 1960H. Pinter Dumb Waiter in Birthday Party 130, I thought these sheets didn't look too bright. I thought they ponged a bit... I told you things were going down the drain. 1961Ann. Reg. 1960 471 It appeared that at least one donor country was realizing that aid could easily go down the drain.
f. Colloq. phr. to laugh like a drain, to laugh loudly.
1948Partridge Dict. Forces' Slang 109 Laugh like a drain, to chuckle ‘consumedly’; laugh loudly, especially at someone's discomfiture. (Ward-room and also Army officers’.) 1957M. Sharp Eye of Love iv. 48 ‘What did you call me?’ asked Harry Gibson—and laughed like a drain. 1958S. Gibbons White Sand & Grey Sand 222, I shall laugh like a drain if she's world-famous in another five years or so. 1966‘K. Nicholson’ Hook, Line & Sinker xv. 174 Old Hester would laugh like a drain if she could see us singing hymns over her.
2. The act of draining or drawing off, drainage; now only fig. constant or gradual outlet, withdrawal, or expenditure.
1721Perry Daggenh. Breach 10 Sluices or Trunks..made for the drein of the Levels. 1732Swift Propos. Paying Nation. Debts Wks. 1761 III. 213 Remittances to pay absentees..and many other drains of money. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 392 Owing..to the great drains of people sent to America. 1829T. Moore Mem. (1854) VI. 65 A sad drain upon my time. 1844–57G. Bird Urin. Deposits (ed. 5) 308 The excess of phosphates indicates the ‘drain’ on the nervous energies. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 307 Which caused no drain on the revenue of the state.
3. a. That which is drained or drawn off; a small remaining quantity of liquid. b. slang. A drink.
1836–9Dickens Sk. Boz, Ginshops (D.), Two old men who came in ‘just to have a drain’. 1852― Bleak Ho. xix, He stood drains round. 1868C. H. Ross Bk. Cats, A..jug..with a drain of milk in the bottom of it.
4. a. pl. Dregs from which liquid has been drained. b. dial. Brewers' grains from the mash-tub.
1820Keats To Nightingale 3, I had..emptied some dull opiate to the drains. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Drains, grains from the mash-tub, through which the wort has been drained off.
5. attrib. and Comb., as drain-digger, drain-pipe, drain-tax, drain-tile, etc.; drain-cock, a cock for draining the water out of a boiler, etc.; drain-exhauster, a machine for pumping up the water from deep drains; drain-grenade: see grenade; drain-pipe, a pipe for carrying off surplus water or liquid sewage from a building; also attrib. and fig., esp. in pl., narrow, tight-fitting trousers; drain-plough, a plough for cutting field-drains, a draining-plough; drain-trap, a trap on a drain to prevent the escape of sewer-gas; drain-well: see quot.
1895Parkes Health 95 The escape of *drain air into the house.
1894Daily News 23 Jan. 6/5 The *drain cocks blew out and the boilers emptied themselves into the vessel's bilges.
1891S. C. Scrivener Our Fields & Cities 97 The steam-driven pump—quite a different affair from the Fen *drain-exhauster.
1857Chambers's Informat. I. 494/1 The substitution of water-closets and *drain-pipes for privies and cess-pools. 1884Harper's Mag. Nov. 921/2 The rage for painting on drain-pipe. 1886Baumann Londinismen 45/1 Drain-pipe, Schülersprache: Makkaroni. 1903Daily Chron. 4 Aug. 5/1 Sooner or later those dreadful drain-pipe structures the Charing-cross and Cannon-street bridges will have to be rebuilt. 1915A. D. Gillespie Let. 17 Sept. in Lett. from Flanders (1916) 304 We have..trench-mortars, drain-pipe mortars, rifle grenades, and..every kind of shell. 1950Strand Mag. Mar. 83/1 ‘Drain-pipes haven't caught on,’ says Eddie. ‘The money won't run to them. We can't wear them for work.’ 1954[see Edwardian n. 3]. 1955M. Berger-Hamerschlag Journey into Fog xviii. 248 But even Jeff entered the class in a new outfit of that macabre character, with drainpipe trousers, both sides braided with black silk. 1960Times 7 Dec. 17/4 (heading) The drainpipe not to be despised. Ibid. 17/5 What matters is..to show them that a ‘drainpipe’ bag with a few clubs is not to be despised.
1855J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. I. 706 The *drain plough was first introduced into Scotland by Mr. McEwan.
1720Lond. Gaz. No. 5869/3 A[n] Estate lying in Deeping Level ..subject to *Drain Taxes.
1851J. Brown Forester (ed. 2) i. 46 We are now putting a *drain-tile into the ditches and filling them up. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 264/1 Drain tiles, hollow tiles laid end to end without joints, to carry off surface or excess water.
1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, *Drain-traps, contrivances for preventing the escape of foul air from drains.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Drain-well, a pit sunk through an impervious stratum of earth to reach a pervious stratum and form a means of drainage for surface water.
Add:[5.] drain layer, (a) a person or company that lays or repairs drains; (b) a machine used in the construction of a drainage system.
1915Census Eng. & Wales: Classified Lists of Occupations 123 in Parl. Papers 1914–16 (Cd. 7660) LXXXI. 1 Diver (Bridge Erection). *Drain Layer. Drain Pipe Fitter. 1965F. Sargeson Mem. Peon vi. 125 The negligence of a drainlayer who had failed to..tidy up after the job he had been engaged on. 1979Summary of World Broadcasts: U.S.S.R.: Weekly Econ. Rep. (B.B.C.) 23 Mar. a12 For work on land hardened by frost special excavating machines are used. A drain-layer is employed which can lay more than one kilometre of pipe an hour in frozen ground. 1991Newsday (East End ed.) 28 July 2 Approves Francis Brothers Sewer and Drainage Inc. as a drain layer for the Town of Riverhead Sewer District.
▸ Electronics. In a field-effect transistor: the terminal through which the current carriers (electrons or holes) leave the device. Cf. gate n.1 8h.
1952W. Shockley in Proc. Inst. Radio Engineers Nov. 1368/1 It seems appropriate to consider choosing a new set of names for the three terminals [of a unipolar transistor]... The choice selected is ‘source’.., ‘drain’.., and ‘gate’ for the control electrodes that modulate the channel. 1967Internat. Electron Devices Meeting (IEEE) 70 Current will flow between source and drain if the recorded threshold voltage is less negative than the interrogating gate voltage. 1987Physics Bull. Mar. 110/3 We see a conventional secondary electron scanning micrograph of the transistor, revealing sections of the source and drain metal pads. 2002Sci. Amer. (U.K. ed.) June 56/1 (caption) One proposed design of a spin FET (spintronic field-effect transistor) has a source and a drain, separated by a narrow semiconducting channel, the same as in a conventional FET.
▪ III. drain
obs. pa. pple. of draw v. |