| 释义 |
▪ I. driving, vbl. n.|ˈdraɪvɪŋ|
[-ing1.]
1. The action of drive vb. (q.v.), in various senses.
c1440Promp. Parv. 132/2 Dryvynge, or cathchynge [v.r. chasinge], minatus. 1494Fabyan Chron. vii. 461 In tyme of dryuynge..of whiche bargayne. 1549Latimer 4th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 110 Wythout any delayes, or dryuynge of. 1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Dechassement, a driuing away. 1611Bible 2 Kings ix. 20 The driuing is like the driuing of Iehu the sonne of Nimshi; for he driueth furiously. 1765Sterne Tr. Shandy VII. xvii. (R.), All within three minutes driving. 1884Graphic 20 Sept. 290/2 At private schools of a higher class the driving is even worse.
2. concr. That which is driven: see drive v. 8 d.
1696Tryon Misc. ii. 61 Many Feathers..are Imported from several Countries, which are the Drivings of old Beds.
3. attrib. and Comb. (Several of the combinations may also be regarded as belonging to the ppl. adj.)
a. Relating to, adapted for, or devoted to driving in a carriage, motor vehicle, etc.
1788A. Hughes Henry & Isabella I. 77 Moving slowly round the driving way. 1794W. Felton Carriages (1801) Gloss., Driving Cushion, a deep cushion, made..for the driver to sit on. 1858C. M. Yonge Christmas Mummers i. 11 Harry Mayne was perched on the driving-seat. 1882L. C. Lillie Prudence 95 To make her driving toilet. 1882G. W. Peck Peck's Sunshine 24 If he don't put on an old driving coat and go out on the road occasionally. 1887Daily News 16 May 2/6 The institution of the two four-in-hand driving clubs. 1891Pall Mall G. 11 July 6/1 Beautiful driving weather. 1895Daily News 5 July 5/3 The driving meet in Hyde Park. 1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 518/1 Men's river or driving shoes. 1897Sears, Roebuck Catal. 228/1 Light weight driving gloves. 1911Madame 20 May 318/2 No one who has not lived in the canton for three months shall be allowed a driving licence. 1926Amer. Speech I. 686/1 American..rear view mirror. English..driving mirror. 1932Kipling Limits & Renewals 135 Phil, alone in the car..shifted into the driving-seat. 1933Punch 13 Dec. 662/1 Reasonable plea for a driving-test was put forward by Lord Howe. 1936Times 10 Jan. 12/2 His waistcoat, containing his savings and his driving licence. 1961Evening Standard 14 July 19/2 (Advt.), Driving Instructor reqd..Motor School. 1962N. Marsh Hand in Glove vi. 199, I mean his driving gloves. They're heavy leather ones with string backs. 1966‘A. Hall’ 9th Directive xxiv. 224, I slid the driving-seat back a notch. 1966B. Kimenye Kalasanda Revisited 98 As soon as they were alone, she asked if she could take driving lessons. 1966T. Wisdom High-Performance Driving xvi. 136 The driving test..in my mind is not a real driving test at all. It is just a traffic test. Ibid., The driving-school customer is interested only in passing the test. 1968Autocar 18 Apr. 26/1 Driving simulators are still a novelty. 1969V. Canning Queen's Pawn ii. 8 There was a pair of comfortable women's driving shoes down by the control pedals.
b. In names of various mechanical contrivances used for driving (see quots., and various senses of drive v.), as driving-block, driving-bolt, driving-cap, driving-chisel, driving-pike; esp. of parts of machinery which communicate motion to other parts, as driving-axle, driving-belt, driving-gear, driving-pulley, driving-shaft; or of parts in connexion with these, as driving-spring; also driving-band, (a) a band transmitting motion in machinery; (b) (see quot. 1893); driving-iron, -putter, two clubs used in golf, the former to give great elevation to the ball, the latter to drive a very low ball against a heavy wind; driving-stick, a stick with which cattle, etc., are driven. See also driving-box, -wheel.
1849–50Weale Dict. Terms, Driving springs, the springs fixed upon the boxes of the *driving axle of a locomotive engine, to support the weight and to deaden the shocks caused by irregularities in the rails.
1862Jrnl. Soc. Arts X. 327/2 *Driving-bands..are now made largely in india-rubber. 1886F. C. Morgan Handbk. Artillery Matériel (ed. 3) vi. 56 The driving band in the newest pattern of shells is made broader, and has cannelures round it. 1893Lloyd & Hadcock Artillery ix. 230 Driving bands. All projectiles, except case shot, are fitted with a band of soft metal, which is cut into by the rifling of the gun, and thus forms the medium for translating the rotatory motion to the projectile. Ibid. 231 ‘Cannelures’ are cut in the driving band to make room for the copper which is displaced by the rifling when the projectile is fired. 1916‘Boyd Cable’ Doing their Bit v. 70 One girl..is turning the copper driving bands.
1885Law Rep. 15 Q. Bench Div. 358 Leathern *driving-belts were used in working the machinery at the factory.
1849Alb. Smith Pottleton Leg. 80 The ‘monkey’ was the large *driving-block that falls upon a pile-head.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789) Repoussoir, a *driving-bolt, used by shipwrights to knock out some other bolt from its station.
1890*Driving iron [see iron n.1 4 e].
1877Lumberman's Gaz. 8 Dec. 362 Each man..carries a ‘*driving pike’ or heavy pole some eight feet long.
1857Chambers' Inform. II. 693/2 The *driving-putter is shorter in the shank than the play-club..The driving-putter sends ‘skimming’ balls, and so ‘cheats the wind’.
1869J. G. Fuller Flower-Gatherers 147 He took Jack's long *driving-stick. 1926D. H. Lawrence David xii. 88, I plant this driving-stick in the soft earth.
▸ driving range n. Golf a facility at which golfers can practise drives.
1929Los Angeles Times 17 Apr. iii. 3/2 The Sunset Fields public golf course company has about decided to install a *driving range on its property. 1998Today's Golfer May 144/1 So many golfers go to their nearest driving range with a handful of clubs, plonk themselves in a free bay and smack the hell out of golf balls for an hour or so.
▸ driving school n. an institution providing instruction for those learning to drive vehicles (now esp. motor vehicles).
1833Times 23 Mar. 1/6 (advt.) A pair of black Welch ponies..to be seen at Mr Humphry's riding and *driving school. 1901Outing Feb. 620/1 Questions pertaining to automobile repair shops..and driving schools. 1995J. Miller & M. Stacey Driving Instructor's Handbk. xi. 328 Most driving instructors work for themselves, in isolation from the rest of the profession, operating one-car driving schools.
▸ driving while black n. (also occas. driving while brown) ironically, as alteration of the phrase driving while intoxicated; compare DWI n. at D n. Additions colloq. (chiefly U.S., orig. in African-American usage) the operation of a motor vehicle by a member of a racial or ethnic minority, esp. an African-American, facetiously regarded as an offence, because of a level of scrutiny of African-American drivers by police considered to be discriminatorily high; cf. racial profiling n. at racial adj. and n. Compounds and DWB n. at D n. Additions.
1990N.Y. Times 21 May b4/1 We get arrested for D.W.B... You know, *driving while black. 1996Sports Illustr. 10 June 69/2 As the white policeman kept asking questions that night, he began to feel he was being stopped for the infraction referred to by some African-Americans as DWB—Driving While Black. 1999Guardian 4 June i. 15/1 Systematic racial discrimination, exemplified by arrest for DWB—driving while black or brown—is one of the main tools in the US war on drugs. 2002Barron's 18 Mar. 43/2 Creating a national ID-card system would mean that many people now unjustly subjected to discrimination and harassment—people ‘driving while black’, or ‘flying while Arab’—would be empowered with a quick and easy means of giving a good account of themselves.
▪ II. ˈdriving, ppl. a.
[-ing2.]
That drives.
1. a. Impelling, setting in motion, actuating. driving force or driving power, the force or power by which an engine or vehicle is driven; motor force or power; freq. fig.
(The phr. driving wind, etc. may belong to sense 2.)
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 20 Heo..wende uorþ with god wynd & wel dryuyng flode. 1687Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 403 So great a driving wind. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Times Wks. (Bohn) II. 116 The ability of its journals is the driving force. a1877Knight Dict. Mech. I. 948/2 The great weight of this wheel is..to carry the machine over the one half of its period in which the driving-power is absent. 1895Ch. Q. Rev. Oct. 156 Doubt as the driving energy of active inquiry. 1905Sketch 26 July 38/1 The driving power [sc. of a dirigible balloon] is supplied by two 50 horse-power Bucket motors. 1909F. Harris The Man Shakespeare 369, I always think of him as a ship over-engined; when the driving-power is working at full speed it shakes the ship to pieces. 1911‘I. Hay’ Safety Match i. 14 Brian Vereker would make a noble figurehead..but..the figurehead would require a good deal of imported driving-power behind it. 1927M. Pupin New Reformation 214 A cosmic stream of solar energy from which everything that lives and breathes on this terrestrial globe derives its driving-force, just as the mill on the mountain side derives its driving-power from the mountain stream. 1931J. S. Huxley What dare I Think? vii. 246 The religious driving-force of a great many intelligent people is going to waste. 1965New Statesman 30 Apr. 691/2 Hofmeyr was not only often acting prime minister but almost always the main driving force in the administration. 1967Condon & Odishaw Handbk. Physics (ed. 2) ii. iii. 23 For a given magnitude of driving force, resonance in the velocity amplitude occurs at minimum impedance. 1970Times 9 Mar. 7/1 Someone persuaded the man known as the ‘Driving Force’ behind Woman's Own and Modern Woman to see me.
b. Energetic, dynamic, forceful. (Cf. drive n. 1 i.) orig. and chiefly U.S.
1835J. H. Ingraham South-West II. 92 They become thorough, driving planters. 1946R. Blesh Shining Trumpets (1949) xi. 257 Mitchell's cornet playing throughout is of the utmost clarity and compressed, driving simplicity. 1952B. Ulanov Hist. Jazz Amer. (1958) xix. 235 Lester is also a summary example of driving, vigorous tenor saxophone.
2. Moving along rapidly, esp. before the wind; drifting; said also of a storm, in which rain or snow drives rapidly before a strong wind.
1601Shakes. Twel. N. i. ii. 11 When you..Hung on our driuing boate. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 564 Perpetual Sleet, and driving Snow. 1802R. Brookes' Gazetteer (ed. 12) s.v. Provincetown, The houses are..set upon piles, that the driving sands may pass under them. 1848C. A. Johns Week at Lizard 43 The nets are set..parallel to the tide and suffered to drift with it, hence they are called ‘drift nets’, and the boats ‘driving boats’.
†3. driving notes (Mus.): an old name for syncopated notes, as being ‘driven’ or prolonged through the accent. Obs.
1597Morley Introd. Mus. 89 The third is a driuing waie in two crotchets and a minime, but added by a rest. 1731Keller Thorough-bass in W. Holder Harmony 189 The several driving Notes descend by degrees. 1858Currie Elem. Mus. Anal. 101 Which..has so peculiar an effect in performance as to have sometimes procured for such notes the epithet of ‘driving notes’.
Hence ˈdrivingly adv., in a driving manner.
1842Miss Mitford in L'Estrange Life (1870) III. 163 It rained drivingly. |