| 释义 |
▪ I. duplicate, a. and n.|ˈdjuːplɪkət|
[ad. L. duplicāt-us doubled, pa. pple. of duplicāre to double: see next.]
A. adj.
1. a. Double, twofold, consisting of two corresponding parts; that is made or exists in two corresponding examples.
1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) I. 125 Galile is a region betwene the Iewery and Palestine, whiche is duplicate, the superior and inferior. 1533–4Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 21 §12 No man..shal pay any more..then shalbe..limitted in the saide duplicate bokes of taxes. 1657Hobbes Absurd Geom. Wks. 1845 VII. 382 Euclid has but one word for double and duplicate. 1670W. Simpson Hydrol. Ess. 152 Nitro-aluminous, or duplicate salt. 1856Dove Logic Chr. Faith v. i. §1. 248 Astronomy is a science of duplicate origin. 1882C. Pebody Eng. Journ. xx. 148 The Standard is a morning and an evening paper, and is the only London newspaper which now appears in this duplicate form.
b. duplicate ague: see duplicated 3.
1822–34Good Study Med. (ed. 4) I. 607 The fifth species [i.e. complicated ague] is distinguished from the rest by its peculiar complexity, consisting of double tertians, triple tertians, unequal tertians, duplicate tertians.
2. Double, doubled; consisting of twice the number or quantity.
1548Hall Chron., Hen. VII, (an. 6) (1550) 23 The estates of Bruges little doubted to admit so small a nombre into so populous a company, ye though the numbre were duplicate. 1883Syd. Soc. Lex. s.v., Double, duplicate. Applied to flowers having a double row of petals.
3. That is the exact counterpart or ‘double’ of something already in existence: applied to any number of such copies or specimens of a thing.
1812J. Smyth Pract. of Customs App. (1821) 375 Sometimes..goods..are included with other goods, in a warrant passed in the Wood Farm Office; in which case the Landing Waiter is furnished with a duplicate warrant from thence, as his authority for the delivery. 1847Emerson Repr. Men, Montaigne Wks. I. 341 The duplicate copy of Florio, which the British Museum purchased. 1863P. Barry Dockyard Econ. 194 For each ship of war there are duplicate boilers, either in store, in hand, or in contemplation. 1895Stanley Gibbons' Stamp Catal. 593 A convenient means of keeping duplicate or superfluous stamps.
4. duplicate proportion, duplicate ratio: the proportion or ratio of squares, in relation to that of the radical quantities.
1678Hobbes Decam. v. 57 'Tis because all heavie Bodies Naturally descend with proportion of swiftness duplicate to that of the time. 1794Sullivan View Nat. II. 386 All the particles of matter attracting one another in the reciprocal duplicate ratio of their distances. 1827Hutton Course Math. I. 330 If any number of quantities be continued proportionals; the ratio of the first to the third, will be duplicate or the square of the ratio of the first and second. 1831Brewster Newton (1855) I. xii. 309 He must have been acquainted with the duplicate proportion before his conversation with Hooke.
5. duplicate bridge, duplicate whist, a type of bridge or whist in which the hands are replayed by different persons.
1891J. T. Mitchell (title) Duplicate whist. Its rules and methods of play. 1894R. F. Foster Duplicate Whist 27 The theory of duplicate whist, or Rejoué,..is that the play of each of the competitors..shall be contrasted with that of the others, by giving to each the same cards, with the same advantages or disadvantages of position at the table, an equal number of times. 1929M. C. Work Bridge Pointers & Tests 184 Duplicate Auction Bridge, a form of the game in which the hands are played more than once (i.e., over⁓played). 1959Listener 13 Aug. 262/1 In duplicate bridge 50 points are added for all part-score contracts.
6. Genetics. Designating one of two or more non-allelic genes having indistinguishable effects.
1914G. H. Shull in Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs- und Vererbungslehre XII. 96 (heading) Duplicate genes for capsule-form in Bursa bursa-pastoris. Ibid. 120 By ‘duplicate’ determiners I understand those which, when separated from each other, produce characters so like that they can not be distinguished from one another. 1949Darlington & Mather Elem. Genetics 410 Two genes of identical but non-cumulative effect are said to be duplicate. 1951Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. XVI. 162/1 We also assume that the component genes are not identical; i.e., that they do not represent duplicate genes which have yet to diverge in function.
B. n. [absol. use of the adj.; in F. duplicata, a. med.L. duplicata (charta, etc.)]
1. One of two things exactly alike, so that each is the ‘double’ of the other; especially, that which is made from or after the other.
a. A second copy of a letter or official document, having the legal force of the original: whether made along with it, for separate custody or transmission, or prepared subsequently to take the place of the other in case of loss.
b. The second copy of a bill drawn in two parts; a ‘second of exchange’.
c. A pawnbroker's ticket.
1532Sir J. Russell in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. I. 303, I do send a post unto your Highnes with the duplicate of these my said Lettres who goyth by Alemaignie. 1575in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 374 Two duplicats thereof to be signed. 1641Termes de la Ley 130 Duplicat is a second letters Patents graunted by the Lord Chancellour, in case where hee hath graunted the same before, and therefore they are held void by M. Crompton. 1648Cromwell Let. 2 Oct. in Carlyle, Duplicates of all which I have sent to the Committee at Derby House, and therefore forbear to trouble you with the things themselves. 1683Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 20 That a transcript or Duplicate of all lawes, be transmitted to the privy Councell. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) VI. 113 The original and duplicate being but one will, they must stand or fall together. 1828Webster s.v., A second letter or bill of exchange exactly like the first is called a duplicate. 1836–9Dickens Sk. Boz, Pawnbroker's Shop (D.), This elegantly attired individual is in the act of entering the duplicate he has just made out in a thick book. 1838― O. Twist xxxviii, ‘It was a pawnbroker's duplicate’. 1862C. Stretton Chequered Life II. 147 The moment you have cashed your duplicate, which you are certain to receive by next mail..go to the office..and take your berth for Liverpool. 1874Stubbs Const. Hist. I xi. 379 The rolls of the treasurer and chancellor were duplicates.
2. a. Generally, a thing which is the exact counterpart or ‘double’ of another reckoned the original or primary specimen; one of two or more specimens of anything exactly or virtually alike: in this sense there may be any number of ‘duplicates’.
1701Norris Ideal World i. ii. 50 So that one man is but the duplicate or counterpart of another. 1705Hearne Collect. 3 Dec., We will part with duplicates [of coins]. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) II. 23 He commonly made duplicates of his pictures, reserving one of each for himself. 1771Swinton in Phil. Trans. LXI. 350 It is so similar to the former..that it may almost..pass for a duplicate of the same coin. 1820Lamb Elia Ser. i. Oxford in Vac., As if a man should suddenly encounter his own duplicate. 1890Ogilvie Postage Stamps 11 Friends..will soon supply you with plenty of duplicates which you can utilize for exchanges.
b. A word which is in sense exactly the same as another; a synonym.
1839H. Rogers Ess. II. iii. 147 These languages, more especially the Latin, have furnished us with duplicates of many words of common objects, which add much to the variety and harmony of expression.
3. in duplicate: in two exactly corresponding copies or transcripts.
[1627Sir N. Hyde in St. Trials (1735) VII. 140/1 This was certified under the hands of all the Judges..in a duplicate, whereof the one was delivered to the Lord Chancellor, and the other to the Lord Treasurer. 1660Pepys Diary 21 July, I..went to get Mr. Spong to engross it [the agreement] in duplicates. ]1884Harper's Mag. June 61/1 Receipts for refunds are taken in duplicate.
4. ellipt. for duplicate bridge, whist (see sense A. 5 above). Also attrib.
1894R. F. Foster Duplicate Whist 23 ‘Duplicate’ is looked upon as the coming game. 1898C. E. Leibold Woman Proposes xvi. 171, I am primed for a spirited game of duplicate. Come, get ready. 1929M. C. Work Complete Contract Bridge 237 Duplicate, a form of the game in which the hands are played more than once (i.e., overplayed). 1963Listener 17 Jan. 137/1 This point is dealt with in a different manner in the Duplicate Laws.
▪ II. duplicate, v.|ˈdjuːplɪkeɪt|
[f. L. duplicāt-, ppl. stem of duplicāre, f. duplex, duplicem, double.]
1. trans. To double; to multiply by two; to make double or twofold; to redouble.
1623Cockeram, Duplicate, to double. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. 101 To duplicate the analogy. a1652J. Smith Sel. Disc. iv. 100 Requiring them to duplicate the dimensions of Apollo's altar. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 308 Their wailings and lamentations, which they duplicate when they come together. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 24 As 4372 duplicated..is..8744. 1884Pall Mall G. 16 Oct. 5/2 The Eastern Extension Telegraph Company..have decided to duplicate the cables which are not duplicated over their lines.
2. To make or provide in duplicate; to make the double or exact copy of; to repeat.
1860Emerson Cond. Life, Fates (1861) 14 Copying or duplicating his own structure. 1880Times 27 Dec. 9/4 To provide against the possibility of a breakdown..all the vital parts are duplicated. 1883H. Drummond Nat. Law in Spir. W. x. 330 It is a case which is being duplicated every day in our own country. 1895Tablet 7 Dec. 900 Many of the official pieces were almost certain to be duplicated.
†3. intr. for refl. To become doubled. Obs.
1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xx. 156 If we abduce the eye unto either corner, the object will not duplicate. 1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. v. §6 The desires of man..if they pass upon an end or aim of difficulty or ambition,..duplicate and grow to a disturbance.
†b. To double or fold on itself. Obs.
1638Sir T. Herbert Trav. (ed. 2) 325 Pepper..in the growth supported by poles or canes, about which it entwines and duplicates with many embraces.
4. Eccl. (absol.) To celebrate the Eucharist twice in one day.
1865F. G. Lee Direct. Angl. (ed. 2) 196 If the Priest has to duplicate, i.e. to celebrate twice in one day, he must not drink the ablutions. 1881T. E. Bridgett Hist. Holy Eucharist II. x. 132 Rebuking priests who said mass frequently, sometimes duplicating out of avarice.
Hence ˈduplicating ppl. a.
1805–17R. Jameson Char. Min. (ed. 3) 79 Iceland or duplicating spar. |