| 释义 |
‖ symbiosis|sɪmbɪˈəʊsɪs, -baɪ-|
Pl. symbioses.
[mod.L., ad. Gr. συµβίωσις a living together, companionship, f. συµβιοῦν, συµβιόειν to live together, f. σύµβιος adj. living together, n. companion, partner, f. σύν sym- + βίος life.]
1. Living together, social life.
1622E. Misselden Free Trade 60 To study and inuent things profitable for the publique Symbiosis. 1910Spectator 30 July 173/2 The savage with his..sense of ‘participation’, of ‘symbiosis’. 1920Q. Rev. July 164 So long as the people concerned can talk freely together, they form one spiritual symbiosis, and their culture will be the same.
2. a. Biol. Association of two different organisms (usually two plants, or an animal and a plant) which live attached to each other, or one as a tenant of the other, and contribute to each other's support. Also more widely, any intimate association of two or more different organisms, whether mutually beneficial or not.
Also called commensalism or consortism; distinguished from parasitism, in which one organism preys upon the other. Rarely in extended use, including parasitism; or including mutually beneficial association without bodily attachment.
1877Bennett tr. Thomé's Bot. (ed. 6) 267 In the Lichens we have the most remarkable instance in the vegetable kingdom of..symbiosis or commensalism. 1882H. N. Moseley in Times 30 Aug. 7/4 Certain animals have imbedded in their tissues numbers of unicellular algæ, which are not to be regarded as parasites, but which thrive in the waste products of the animal, while the animal feeds upon the compounds elaborated by the algæ. This combined condition of existence has been named by Dr. Brandt symbiosis. 1909tr. Warming's Oecol. Plants xxv. 84 Parasitism is a form of symbiosis. 1941H. Kirby in Calkins & Summers Protozoa in Biol. Res. xix. 891 De Bary..used symbiosis as a collective term, the subdivisions of which include parasitism and mutualism; he recognized two main categories, antagonistic and mutualistic symbiosis. 1953[see symbiote]. 1953, etc. [see mutualism 2]. 1973R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. xxxi. 748/1 Three or more different kinds of organisms are involved in some symbioses. 1977R. L. Smith Elem. Ecol. & Field Biol. x. 268/1 Mutualism is often termed symbiosis. Actually symbiosis..includes mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
b. transf. and fig.
1921G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah ii. 79 Let the Creator say, if you like, ‘I will establish an antipathetic symbiosis between thee and the female.’ 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. Apr. 143/2 Two world wars predetermined the henceforth inevitable symbiosis of scientific activity and political decision. 1963Listener 28 Feb. 386/1 The agreement between Castro and the Communist Party early in 1958..began the process of symbiosis which worried many of the more thoughtful fidelistas. 1967M. J. Ruggles in D. H. Perman Bibliogr. & Historian (1968) ii. 22 A symbiosis between scholar and librarian is necessary. 1976New Yorker 17 May 127/1 In the symbiosis that will link the candidates and the press throughout this election year, many representatives of each are out in Iowa. 1982Listener 23 & 30 Dec. 29/2 The politician and the journalist exist in a state of uneasy symbiosis.
Hence symbiote |ˈsɪmbɪəʊt, -baɪ-| [for ending cf. zygote], (a) a combination of two symbiotic organisms; (b) = symbiont; also fig.; symbiotic |sɪmbɪˈɒtɪk, -baɪ-|, a. Biol. associated or living in symbiosis; relating to or involving symbiosis; also transf. and fig.; symbiˈotically adv., in a symbiotic manner, in the way of symbiosis; ˈsymbiotism (rare), symbiosis.
1897Nature 2 Dec. 119/1 It may be a *symbiote involving some gigantic rhizopod..and a bacterial organism. 1923Anat. Rec. XXV. 2 Portier believes that the ‘symbiotes’ are especial microorganisms found in great abundance in nature. They are constantly entering and leaving the host organism. 1925Jrnl. Infectious Dis. XXXVI. 94 The intracellular bacteria have been designated as ‘symbiotes’. 1953R. P. Hall Protozoology x. 528 Endoparasites which participate in symbiosis, an association involving mutual benefits to host and parasite, are known as symbiotes. 1953[see mutualism 2]. 1970Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Aug. 899/5 His suggestion of a future man as a bio-mechanical symbiote.
1882Academy 4 Feb. 86/2 Prof. Moseley..expresses the view that the chlorophyllaceous corpuscles.., long known as constituents of the living substance of large Foraminifera, are *symbiotic algae. 1894Oliver tr. Kerner's Nat. Hist. Plants I. 254 Animals and Plants considered as a great symbiotic community. 1900J. Hutchinson in Archives Surg. XI. 224 The tubercle bacillus is probably present in symbiotic and often latent union with the tissues. 1951R. Firth Elem. Social Organization i. 10 It is most evident in the case of an African tribe having its members living intermingled with those of other tribes and in symbiotic relationship with them. 1956Psychiatric Research Rep. No. 3. 8 A therapeutic move of considerable importance in such a situation is for the physician to function as the other half of the patient's ‘symbiotic’ system. 1962Lancet 19 May 1033/2 The human infant in its first year is more precariously placed than has hitherto been appreciated since mother and child form a symbiotic union. 1970Nature 6 June 905/1 Throughout its auspicious history the Botanical Society of Edinburgh has had a symbiotic relationship with the Royal Botanic Garden. 1979W. Styron Sophie's Choice vi. 150 Höss eventually developed what might be called a fruitful—or at least symbiotic—relationship with the man who was to remain his immediate superior.
1888Vines in Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 128/2 A Lichen is a compound organism consisting of a Fungus and an Alga living *symbiotically. 1895Oliver tr. Kerner's Nat. Hist. Plants II. 233 Several plants..live symbiotically with certain..ants. The plants afford the ants lodging..and give them nourishment..; the ants in return defend the foliage against the attacks of leaf-eating animals.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 272/2 The remarkable *symbiotism between Algæ and Fungi. |