| 释义 |
▪ I. † raw, n.1 Obs. rare.
Some contrivance for catching fish.
1533–4Act 25 Hen. VIII, c. 7 [No person shall take in any] crele, raw, web, lister, fier, or any other engine..the yonge frie..of any kinde of salmon. 1558Act 1 Eliz. c. 17 §1 No Person..withe any..Crele, Rawe, Fagnett, Trollnett, Trimmenet..shall take..Spawne, or Frye of Eeles, Salmon, Pyke or Pyckerell.
▪ II. raw, a. (n.2)|rɔː|
Forms: α. 1 hréaw, hræw, (? hréow), 3 ravȝ, 4 raughe, 4–6 rawe, 4– raw. β. north. 5 ra(e, 8 rey, 9 ray, reea.
[Comm. Teut.: OE. hréaw = Fris. rä, ré, OS. *hrâo (hra-, MDu. raeu, rou, ro, Du. rauw), MLG. rô (LG. rau, râ, rô), OHG. râu-, rou-, rô (MHG. ráw-, rouw-, rô, G. roh), ON. hrá-r (Sw. rå, Da. raa):—OTeut. *hrawa-z, pre-Teut. *krouo-z related to OIr. crú, Lat. cruor, Lith. kraújas, OSlav. krŭvĭ blood; Gr. κρέας, Skr. kravíš raw flesh.
The northern forms ra, ray, etc. are app. ad. ON. hrá-r.]
A. adj.
1. a. Uncooked, not prepared for use as food by the action of fire or heat. † Of water: Unboiled (obs.).
raw cream dial. (see quot. 1796). Also, raw milk.
αc1000ælfric Hom. II. 264 Ne ete ᵹe of ðam lambe nan ðing hreaw. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 102 Meng wið hreaw æᵹru. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 304/152 Þei heo hadde fisch and drinke, ȝe wuten wel it was ravȝ. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) V. 27 He ete nevere noþer drank his fulle, noþer ete rawe fruyte. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 44 Take raw porke and hew hit smalle. c15111st Eng. Bk. Amer. (Arb.) Introd. 33/1 People the whiche ete none other than rawe fleshe. 1577Frampton Joyfull Newes ii. (1596) 46 With the noughtie meates and drinking of the rawe waters,..the most parte of them fell into continuall Agues. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage (1614) 693 If we killed a beast for our use, they would aske the inwards, and eat them raw. 1658A. Fox Wurtz' Surg. ii. xxiii. 139 The raw Water is better than if boyled. 1704Dict. Rust. et Urb. s.v. Appetite, You must cause them to swallow raw Eggs. [1743W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman July x. 48 If we make raw Milk Cheese.] 1796W. Marshall W. England Gloss. (E.D.S.), Raw cream, cream raised in the natural way, not scalded or clouted. 1861F. Nightingale Nursing 48 A patient should, if possible, not..even hear food talked about or see it in the raw state. 1871N. & Q. 4th Ser. VIII. 415, I think that ‘rammilk’ is rahm milk—i.e. cream milk and not raw milk. 1950N.Z. Jrnl. Agric. Mar. 221/2 Some doctors say raw milk is better for health than pasteurised milk, so who is to be believed? 1979A. Parker Country Recipe Notebk. viii. 103 Raw milk (‘farm milk’) is at present officially described as untreated milk.
βc1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxxii. 147 Þai ete flesch and fisch rae. c1425Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 662/16 Caro cruda, ra flesche. 1740–in Lanc. and Yks. dial. (in forms rey, ray, reea).
transf.1652Tatham Pref. Verse in Brome Joviall Crew, It is unhallowed heat, That boyles your Raw-brains.
†b. Applied to blood from a wound. rare—1.
a1529Skelton Ware Hauke 58 The bloude ran downe raw Vpon the auter stone.
†c. Undigested. Obs. rare.
1533[see crude a. 3]. Ibid. ii. xxix, In a cold stomake, the litell heate is suffocate with grosse meate, & the fine meate lefte rawe for lacke of concoction.
d. Unburnt, unbaked; not hardened or fused by fire. Cf. green a. 9 d.
1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 131 The Castle..was large, but rude, and the Wall of raw Brick. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 472 Raw glazes are employed for the common pottery... They are generally composed of white-lead, Cornish-stone, and flint, ground by a hand-mill. 1882[see green a. 9 d]. 1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 638/2 The ‘raw’ vessels fresh from the wheel, which only require a moderate heat to prepare them for being glazed.
†e. Of fruit: Green, not preserved. Obs.
1686tr. Chardin's Trav. Persia 391 They export from thence vast quantities of Fruit dry'd and raw.
f. Applied to the taste of tea: harsh, not mellow.
1881Tea Cycl. iii. 220/1 To obtain a raw, rasping and pungent flavor I am compelled to underferment, the indication of which is that the colour of infused leaves are of a greenish brown tint. 1892J. M. Walsh Tea, its Hist. & Myst. vii. 170 Ceylon and Javas are either ‘raw’, ‘uncooked’..or sour in flavour. 1933C. R. Harler Culture & Marketing of Tea xiv. 278 The infused leaf of tea made from under-withered leaf is generally greenish. The infusions from such leaf are usually raw and rasping. 1958T. Eden Tea xiv. 176 Tea-Tasting Terms..Harsh, Raw, Rasping. Bitter due to the presence of unfermented polyphenols; a common defect of non-wither teas.
g. raw humus, vegetable matter not yet fully decomposed; incompletely formed humus.
1891W. Schlich Man. Forestry II. i. 32 (heading) Accumulation of raw humus. 1926Tansley & Chipp Study of Vegetation vii. 117 In cold, moist soils poor in mineral salts and acid in reaction..the leaf litter and other plant debris remain on the surface very little changed and often form a thick layer which is called raw humus. Ibid. 132 The soil is covered with a thick layer of raw humus. 1935Forestry IX. 43 Raw humus is characterized by its excessive accumulation (slow decomposition), expandibility, and frequently by the presence of some structural remains of plants... [It is] characterized also by an extremely low base content. 1952S. A. Waksman Soil Microbiol. v. 136 In evergreen forests, the largely organic surface layers are usually not mixed with the inorganic soil layers; the former are referred to as the ‘raw humus’ or ‘duff’. Ibid. 144 The surface layer of the raw humus soil may undergo considerable leaching. 1975Soil Sci. XX. 25/1 The raw humus..has been extracted successively with hexane, ether, and ethanol.
h. to come the raw prawn: see prawn n. 3 c.
2. In a natural or unwrought state; not yet subjected to any process of dressing or manufacture:
a. of the materials of textile fabrics; esp. raw silk, silk simply drawn from the cocoons by the process of reeling; also, a fabric of spun silk. Also fig.
c1315Shoreham Poems iii. 150 For wel to conne and nauȝ[t] to don Nys naþer rawe ne y-sponne. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 790 Royl rollande fax to raw sylk lyke. 1463–4Rolls of Parlt. V. 506/1 In rawe Silke allone unwrought. 1503Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 21 All other maner of Sylkes,..rawe or unwrought. 1615G. Sandys Trav. iv. 245 Eight thousand bailes of raw silke are yearely made in the Iland. 1712Gay Story of Arachne 27 Whether raw wool in its first orbs she wound. 1831G. R. Porter Silk Manuf. 207 The merely nominal duty of one penny per pound on raw silk. 1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. i. iv. 47 A tax on cotton goods would be far preferable to one on raw cotton. 1866A. D. Whitney in Our Young Folks Feb. 104 Two pairs of bright brown raw silk stockings..completed the mountain outfit. 1953M. McCarthy in Harper's Mag. Mar. 42/1, I was wearing a bright apple-green raw silk blouse. 1965D. Mackenzie Lonely Side of River i. 18 Raw-silk summer curtains rustled in the drawing room. 1978Observer 29 Jan. 25/4 There are lots of clothes around made in what is loosely termed ‘raw silk’. This is a misnomer as raw silk is actually the silk before it has been woven into fabric and what we call raw silk is actually a slub silk.
b. of cloth: Unfulled.
1381in Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol II. 7 Nule manere drap a foler qe home appele raucloth. 1467–8Rolls of Parlt. V. 621/2 To bie Wollen Yarne..and also to bie rawe Clothes, untoked and unfulled. 1561Reg. Privy Council Scot. I. 175 vj fardellis of raw claith allegit schippit in name of Petir de Randea. 1582N.T. (Rhem.) Matt. ix. 16 No body putteth a peece of raw cloth to an old garment. 1723Ramsay Monk & Miller's Wife 140 Knaves..Whase kytes can streek out like raw plaiding. 1868Chambers's Encycl. X. 265/2 When the cloth is taken from the loom, it has a bare look, and is called the raw thread. 1886Elworthy W. Som. Word-bk. s.v., The room in which goods are placed when taken from the weaver is always the ‘raw-piece shop’.
c. of leather or hides: Untanned, undressed. Cf. green a. 9 c. Also rawhide, a rope or whip of undressed hide; hence rawhiding, a whipping; also fig.; rawhide vb. trans., to whip; also fig.
1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xiv. 118 Covered wyth lamynes of yron or wyth rawe leder. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. xxxiv. 156 b, Their headpeece was of a raw oxe hide. 1596Spenser F.Q. v. xii. 29 Her lips were, like raw lether, pale and blew. 1704Lond. Gaz. No. 4004/3 A Parcel of Raw Hides. 1829Massachusetts Spy 16 Sept. 2/4 She..took down a raw hide..and..kept the whip moving. 1847Grote Greece ii. xlix. (1862) IV. 306 Hides, raw as well as dressed. 1848Knickerbocker XVIII. 519 The editor, it was predicted, would catch a raw-hiding before sun-set. 1858Spirit of Times 6 Feb. 356/3 One of our citizens was rawhided in the street..by a Mr. Huntington. 1890L. D'Oyle Notches 174 He called to Peters and his companions to slacken the rawhide, and by this means they lowered him. 1935W. Faulkner As I lay Dying 109 Like as not you got to take a rawhiding for thinking they meant it. 1935H. L. Davis Honey in Horn viii. 100 He had been rawhided into a hunt that showed up his lack of endurance. 1944H. Evatt Snow Owl's Secret 85 The huskies do like the sound of the singing rawhide. 1949Sat. Even. Post 7 May 103/1 Joe went along as packer, rawhiding a string of bony horses up into the brownie country. 1979Tucson Mag. Apr. 28/2 Sometimes the whole door was of rawhide.
attrib. (also fig.)1841G. Catlin Lett. on N. Amer. Indians I. x. 71 The raw-hide thong, with which it was tied to a stake. 1878Smithsonian Misc. Collect. XIII. No. 6. 83 Split-leather, grain-leather, rawhide thongs. 1883Sweet & Knox On Mexican Mustang through Texas i. 18 I'm just pining away for a fight. I'm a rawhide Texan, I am. 1897Slocan (B.C.) Pioneer 8 May 1/2 A rawhide and pack trail has been constructed from the town of Brandon to the Two Friends mine. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 704/1 Rawhide hammer, a hammer the head of which consists of a close roll of hide projecting from a short steel tube; used by fitters to avoid injuring a finished surface. 1957J. Kerouac On Road (1958) iii. 21 Here came this rawhide old-timer Nebraska farmer. 1973J. Wainwright Devil you Don't 14 The expensive, rawhide shirt. 1976A. Murray Stomping Blues iv. 51 Down from the cloudlike realms of abstraction and fantasy to the bluesteel and rawhide textures of..the everyday struggle for existence.
d. of other substances (or their qualities), e.g. undiluted (spirits), unrefined (oil), unmalted (grain), undistilled (water), etc. Also not filtered or otherwise treated; unrefined or partly refined (sugar), undeveloped (land) (N. Amer.), untreated (sewage).
1567J. Maplet Gr. Forest 3 b, [The beryl] is first found also raw and rude without eyther good looke or pleasant shewe. 1626Bacon Sylva §347 Distilled Waters will last longer than Raw waters. 1651Publ. Gen. Acts 1336 Melting down Iron, Oare and Sinders into Raw Iron. 1787Winter Syst. Husb. 9 The application of raw dung unmixed with earth. 1797Raw sugar [see sugar n. 1 b]. 1830M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 247 New spirit is stored in wooden vessels until the raw flavour is ameliorated. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 1017 It existed, no doubt, in the raw grain, but underwent considerable modifications during the process of malting. 1839Ure Dict. Manuf. (1853) II. 75 The raw oil is converted into a drying oil of a pale straw colour. 1845McCulloch Taxation ii. x. (1852) 361 Raw spirits could not be purchased..for less than 4s. 6d. 1868Chem. News 20 Nov. 248/2 Several accidents happened; one..by which no less than 150,000 gallons of raw sewage were pumped into a tank holding 430,000 gallons of purified sewage. 1882C. G. W. Lock et al. Sugar Growing & Refining p. vii, Sugar⁓cane..is extensively cultivated, and the manufactured product, under the name of ‘raw sugar’, forms the staple produce of many of our colonies. 1883Sweet & Knox On Mexican Mustang through Texas xxi. 282 [He] came to Atascoso County, Texas, and bought a piece of raw land. 1925G. Fairrie Sugar vii. 151 At the commencement of the nineteenth century the methods of converting the juice of the cane into raw sugar and the process of refining the raw sugar were very different from what they are to-day. 1930Engineering 25 July 121/1 The net quantity of raw water distilled and passed into the feed line as make-up amounts to 1,138 tonnes per day. 1939Sun (Baltimore) 11 Apr. 3/2 His agency is not interested in the price paid for the ‘raw land’ on which such developments were built. Ibid. 28 Sept. 12/1 The work might be done in part by carrying raw sewage lines to Colgate creek. 1956Jrnl. Amer. Water Works Assoc. XLVIII. 1281 (heading) Relation of treatment methods to limits for coliform organisms in raw waters. 1958Raw sewage [see recirculate v.]. 1972Works Engineer Nov./Dec. 32/1 Raw feed may contain domestic detergents, in which case, antifoaming agents must be added to the treated water. 1973Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 7 July 3/1 Speculation in raw land is a major contributor to high housing costs..according to Mayor Art Phillips. 1976Chem. in Brit. XII. 375/3 A recent exercise which nicely illustrates the applications of radiotracers in large systems was carried out, in a raw-water reservoir of capacity 3.106 m3. 1978Daily Tel. 7 July 19/1 The slide in the daily price of raw sugar on the London futures market continued yesterday. 1978Oxford Times 15 Dec. 4/6 Raw sewage has been bubbling up through manhole covers.
e. with general terms, as raw commodity, raw material, raw produce, etc. (Freq. in 19th and 20th c.)
1738Burke Rep. Aff. India Wks. 1842 II. 28 This forced preference of traffick in a raw commodity. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. Pref. 8 The raw materials, or necessary instruments of all manufactures. 1825McCulloch Pol. Econ. iii. v. 273 A farmer who rents a farm,..employing upon it such a capital as will, at the existing prices of raw produce, enable him to pay his rent. 1846― Acc. Brit. Empire (1854) I. 109 The earths, the metals, and other substances..sent abroad, either in a raw or manufactured shape. 1864J. H. Newman Apologia vii. 392 The raw material of human nature. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. App. 675 Here is quite raw material enough for a legend-maker. 1930R. Campbell Poems 12 Taking as raw material for his lays The good old English beer he loves to praise. 1971I. G. Gass et al. Understanding Earth i. 26/2 The processes of erosion, which provide the raw materials of the sedimentary rocks.
f. Of measurements, data, or the like: not yet subjected to a process giving them significance; unadjusted; naïvely calculated.
1904Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. XV. 263 Weight..has a raw correlation of 0.34, after correction we eventually get 0.43. 1920Yoakum & Yerkes Mental Tests iii. 78 The result of examination alpha is expressed in a total score which is the sum of the raw scores of the several tests. 1945Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. XXXV. 46 Only the general problems involved in the evaluation of the raw data will be treated in this paper. 1950Sun (Baltimore) 11 May 4/3 McCarthy's frequent statements that the proof of his charges of Communist infestation in the State Department lies..in the ‘raw files’ of the FBI. 1954A. Anastasi Psychol. Testing ii. 24 The ‘raw score’ on the test..may be expressed as number of correct items, time required to complete a task, number of errors, or some other objective measure appropriate to the content of the test. Such a raw score is meaningless until evaluated in terms of a suitable set of norms. 1971World Archaeol. III. 120 Naroll's formula..shows too much variation in raw numbers of population and square meters. 1974Nature 1 Nov. 27/1 A raw spectrum was obtained by averaging the values for a given grating position weighted according to the reciprocal of their variances. 1975Ibid. 31 Jan. 327/2 The raw magnetic field data are translated to a Jupiter centred spherical coordinate system. 1977Time 4 Apr. 13/2 The console operators do not see a raw radar picture. The information is translated into digital bits and then filtered through complicated computer programming. 1978Daily Tel. 16 Jan. 2/1 Sir Charles..said he had been given warnings as far back as April about the deteriorating situation but had not been prepared to release what he felt were ‘raw’ forecasts about losses.
g. Of manufactured material: unused.
1917Bennett & Heron Guide to Kinematogr. i. 12 Raw stock is divided broadly into two classes, Ordinary and Non Flam. 1934Tit-Bits 31 Mar. 12/2 Exposed film is ‘stuff’; unexposed film is ‘raw stock’. 1968Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 27/3 She paints on the floor of her..studio, beginning with raw canvas. 1971W. G. Salm Stereo in your Home xii. 168 Prerecorded open-reel tape production line in Ampex plant records all four tracks simultaneously, taking raw tape from large blank pancake. 1973Center City Office Weekly (Philadelphia) 9 Oct. 5 We could not shoot today. No money to buy the raw stock film. 1979N. & Q. Aug. 348/2 Print-outs from the raw text tapes.
h. Of a glaze: (see quot. 1934).
1934Webster, Raw glaze, a glaze made from materials which need no preparation, but can be bought ready for use. 1964H. Hodges Artifacts ii. 46 Any glaze in which the raw materials are simply ground up and applied in this way is called a raw glaze.
3. a. Crude, not brought to perfect composition, form or finish. (In mod. use chiefly of colouring.) raw sienna, raw umber, sienna and umber which have not been calcined; also, the colours of these pigments; raw deal: see deal n.2 4 c; raw edge, the unfinished edge of a cut piece of fabric; also fig.; (cf. raw-edged, sense 9); † to leave raw, to leave unfinished (cf. rawly adv. 1).
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iv. ix. (1495) 94 His vryne is white and thycke, rawe and euyll coloured [L. cruda et discolorata]. 1526Skelton Magnyf. 71 Softe, my frende; herein your reason is but rawe. 1551T. Wilson Logike 86 b, The Judges..left the matter raw without judgement for that time. 1607Norden Surv. Dial. iii. 137 Some Surueyors ouer credulous, will take their raw reports for matter of record. a1715Burnet Own Time iv. (1724) I. 629 A raw rebellion would soon be crushed. 1720Waterland Farther Vind. Christ's Div. viii. §7 To set his raw conceptions and fond reasonings about the meaning of a word, against such valuable authorities. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) III. 10 The colouring of the Saturn [was] too raw, and his figure too muscular. 1869Bradshaw's Railway Man. XXI. 460/1 (Advt.), Raw Turk. Umb. 1871L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) I. v. 183 The..scenery, so provokingly raw and deficient in harmony. 1876E. Jenkins Blot on Queen's Head 13 That great raw pretentious building. 1886H. C. Standage Artists' Man. Pigments iv. 43 Yellow ochres (these include Jaune de Mars, Sienna, or Raw Sienna). c1890tr. T. de Dillmont's Encycl. Needlework 6 Rounded seam.—Back-stitch your two edges together..then..roll the outer one in, with the left thumb, till the raw edge is quite hidden, hemming as you roll. 1895Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 252/3 Artists tube oil colors... Prussian blue. Raw sienna. Raw umber. Roman ochre. 1906R. Fry Let. 17 Apr. (1972) I. 263, I did the wood-work in one coat, pure raw umber and white over a burnt sienna stain. 1908M. Morgan How to dress Doll ii. 20 Overcasting is only used to keep raw edges on a seam..from fraying. 1948F. A. Staples Watercolour Paintings (1951) iv. 49 Raw sienna. Bright yellow with slight reddish tone. Transparent. 1951R. Mayer Artist's Handbk. ii. 59 Raw umber... Its composition is similar to that of sienna but it contains no manganese. A dark brown, its tones vary from greenish or yellowish to violet-brown. 1978Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. d9/1 Stitch a one-inch item on each side, turning under raw edge. 1979A. V. Badgley Rembrandt Decisions (1980) viii. 108 Hot cups of coffee.. slowly salved the raw edges of Duncan Forbes' departure.
b. Uncultivated, uncivilized, brutal. rare.
1577Harrison England in Holinshed Chron. (1587) I. 2/2 Men, being as then but raw and void of all ciuilitie. 1847Tennyson Princ. ii. 106 The man..Raw from the prime, and crushing down his mate. 1865Bushnell Vicar. Sacr. ii. iii. (1868) 182 When raw force was everything.
c. Psychol. raw feel, a term for the immediate impression evoked by a stimulus, prior to conscious evaluation.
1932E. C. Tolman Purposive Behavior in Animals & Men 250 The dyed-in-the-wool mentalist will again protest. Such discrimination-box experiments..will not and cannot convey what may be called the ‘raw feel’ of these discriminanda. Ibid. 452 Raw feel, a name for the peculiar quale of experience. 1950Mind LIX. 174 What a psychology of discriminations leaves out..he calls ‘raw feels’. 1956Meehl & Sellars in Feigl & Scriven Minnesota Stud. Philos. Sci. I. 249 To suppose that ‘raw feels’ as we shall call them, will be found to be emergent..is to suppose that raw feels..are the a's and b's in the generalized function. 1969H. D. Lewis Elusive Mind ix. 181 There seems, in short, to be some ‘immediate data of first person experience..(e.g. directly experienced sensations, thoughts, feelings..etc.)’. These are also described in many places as ‘raw feels’, a somewhat inelegant but suggestive term made popular, I believe, by Professor R. W. Sellars.
†4.
a. Unripe, immature. Chiefly fig. Obs.
1477Norton Ord. Alch. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 47 For foule and cleane by naturall lawe Hath greate discord, and soe hath ripe and rawe. 1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. xvii. ii. (W. de W.) 596 The last frute rypeth nat, but abydeth rawe and grene. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 357 Alowing one anothers weakenesse of wit, which, though it bee but rawe, yet in tracte of time..it wil waxe riper. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, ii. iii. 41, I tender you my seruice, Such as it is, being tender, raw, and young, Which elder dayes shall ripen. 1652Bp. Patrick Funeral Serm. in J. Smith's Sel. Disc., etc. 526 Holy and pious counsels for the teaching of rawer and greener heads.
†b. New, unfamiliar. Obs. rare—1.
1447–8J. Shillingford Lett. (Camden) 38 The ijde Chif Justise..to whom oure mater myche was rawe.
5. a. Of persons: Inexperienced, unskilled, untrained; quite new or fresh to anything.
1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. iv. 23 They so framed them from their tender age, that they shoulde not come vnskilfull and rawe to the executyng of their office. 1652–62Heylin Cosmogr. ii. (1682) 33 The ill smells..are ready to stifle and choak up the Spirits of raw Travellers. 1712Steele Spect. No. 288 ⁋1 A raw, innocent, young Creature, who thinks all the World as sincere as herself. 1791Cowper Iliad xi. 866 He supposed me raw As yet, and ignorant. 1826Disraeli Viv. Grey ii. xvi, Surely, my Lords, you will not unnecessarily entrust this great business to a raw hand! 1867Trollope Chron. Barset I. xv. 122 It was remembered..how raw a lad he had been when he first came there.
b. esp. of soldiers without training or experience in fighting.
1577J. Northbrooke Dicing (1843) 107 This is the cause why there are found so many rawe captaines and soldiers in Englande. 1685Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 352 The horse (being most raw and badly mounted) never stood one shock. 1761–2Hume Hist. Eng. (1806) IV. lvi. 302 Raw troops, conducted by unexperienced commanders. 1807Crabbe Par. Reg. ii. 195 Like raw recruits drawn forth for exercise. 1879Froude Cæsar xxii. 394 With a raw and inexperienced army he engaged legions in perfect discipline.
c. Const. at, in, † to.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Mark ii. 23 The disciples, who were as yet rawe in their profession. 1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. ii. 109 So that when they are called, they be not altogether rude and raw to discipline. a1668Davenant Man's the Master v. i, I have been a raw fellow at fighting. 1697Dryden æneid xi. 235 Young as thou wert in Dangers, raw to War. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. ii. (1827) I. 398 So raw and unexperienced in naval affairs. 1790Wolcott (P. Pindar) Wks. 1812 II. 259 Stiffer than Recruits so raw at drill. 1842Barham Ingol. Leg. Ser. ii. Black Mousquetaire, But painting's an art I confess I am raw in.
d. of things, qualities, actions, etc. rare.
1602Shakes. Ham. v. ii. 129 [Q.] The concernancy, Sir? why do we wrap the gentleman in our more rawer breath? 1672Otway Titus & Berenice i. i, His Fancy does with wild Distraction rove, which thy raw Ignorance interprets Love. 1823Lamb Elia Ser. ii. Old Margate Hoy, The raw questions which we..would be..putting to them.
6. a. Having the skin removed, so that the flesh is exposed; excoriated. Also transf. of the eyes: Unprotected. raw side, the flesh side of a skin. Obs.
14..Lat. & Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 589/25 Incrudo, to make rawe. c1410Lydg. Lyfe Our Ladye xxi. i. (Bodl. MS. 75) 25 Eyen raw may not abyde ffor to behold aȝens her bemys briȝt. 1550Crowley Epigr. 323 Sore legges, most lothsome to se; al rawe from the fote. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 28 The woundes which..haue beene healed vp and couered ouer with skinne, beginne a fresh to waxe rawe and greene. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 186 The man..in Winter time, turneth the hairy side next to his body,..and in Summer the raw side. 1719Young Busiris i. i, Felt him as the raw wound the burning steel. 1788A. Falconbridge Afr. Slave Tr. 41 They were both flogged till their backs were raw. 1886Burton Arab. Nts. (abr. ed.) I. 70 She.. flogged him cruelly... Then she drew the cilice over his raw and bleeding skin.
fig.1864Trevelyan Compet. Wallah (1866) 263 Always sore upon the question of the..native, he now became positively raw and festering.
b. Painful, as when the raw flesh is exposed.
1590Spenser F.Q. i. x. 2 All his sinewes woxen weake and raw, Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint. 1898Allbutt's Syst. Med. V. 11 It [the local pain in bronchitis] is variously described as ‘sore’, ‘raw’, or ‘burning’.
c. Showing through the skin (obs.); raw-boned.
1596Spenser F.Q. iv. xii. 20 His wonted chearefull hew Gan fade,..His cheeke-bones raw, and eie-pits hollow grew. 1849E. B. Eastwick Dry Leaves 75 They were..miserably mounted on raw nags, that looked as if they had fed on sand for the last year.
†d. Affected with indigestion = crude 3 b. Obs.
1574Homilies ii. Sacrament 412 Wholesome meate receiued into a rawe stomacke corrupteth and marreth all. 1591[cf. raw-stomached in 9]. 1621Fletcher Pilgrim iii. vi, Gent. Have you no fearfull dreams? Schol. Sometimes, as all have That go to bed with raw and windy stomacks.
e. Of a person: naked (esp. when sleeping). colloq.
1931D. Runyon in Hearst's International May 64/2 He puts her in the ‘Vanities’ and lets her walk around raw. 1952M. R. Rinehart Swimming Pool xx. 185 Or maybe she sleeps raw. 1962J. F. Straker Coil of Rope vii. 69 Did I shock you? I always sleep raw. 1974H. Waugh Parrish for Defence (1975) lxvii. 309 She didn't own any nightgowns. She slept raw.
7. Of the weather, etc.: Damp and chilly; bleak.
1546St. Papers Hen. VIII, XI. 162 Mr. Wotton beyng so weake, and the wethur so rawe foule and fervent cold. 1601? Marston Pasquil & Kath. v. 70 The evening's raw and danke; I shall take cold. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 673 When the raw Rain has pierc'd them to the quick. 1729Savage Wanderer i. 42 Raw clouds, that sadden all th' inverted year. 1773Goldsm. Stoops to Conq. i. i, You shan't venture out this raw evening. 1822Scott Pirate xxix, The young ladies spend the night under cover from the raw evening air. 1876J. R. Hind in Chambers' Astron. 197 The weather..was raw and uncongenial.
†8. Hoarse. (Perh. after obs. F. rau.) Obs. rare.
1474Caxton Chesse iii. vi. (1883) 132 Luxurye..blyndeth the syght, and maketh the woys hoors & rawe. 1480― Ovid's Met. xiv. xi, There was seen a fowle fleying & fyrst knowen, whyche hade a rawe voys.
9. Comb., as raw-coloured, raw-devouring, raw-edged, raw-headed, raw-jawed, raw-looking, raw-mouthed, raw-nosed, † raw-reeked, raw-ribbed, raw-seamed, raw-skinned, raw-smelling, † raw stomached adjs.
1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent (1826) p. vii, A *rawe coloured portraiture that lacketh licking.
1848Buckley Iliad 404 The *raw-devouring dogs whom I have nourished in my palaces.
1828W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) II. 75 *Raw-edg'd, not hemmed, without a selfedge. 1847Halliwell, Raw-edged, not hemmed. 1876Mrs. Whitney Sights & Ins. viii. 92 A newness of oldness; there was nothing raw-edged; nothing unmellowed. 1920E. Sitwell Wooden Pegasus 105 Where raw-edged shadows sting forlorn As dank dark nettles. 1972Ulster (Sunday Times Insight Team) ix. 151 How raw-edged the relationship was..was demonstrated by..the first Army ‘victory’ in Ulster.
1586E. K. in Spenser's Sheph. Cal. Feb. (Emblem), The old man checketh the *raw-headed boy.
1932Flynn's 24 Dec. 136/1 They..resort to what they call a ‘cold-turkey’ heel or a ‘*raw-jawed clout’... They refer to the act of going into a store and carrying out several articles without using any finesse at all. 1967R. Lowell Near Ocean 13 The chinook Salmon..Raw-jawed, weak-fleshed.
1827Scott Chron. Canongate i. iv, A broad, *raw-looking, new-made road.
1508Dunbar Flyting 27 *Ramowd rebald. Ibid. 401 Raw-mowit ribald.
1679Lond. Gaz. No. 1423/4 A white Gelding..*raw-nosed, tender-footed.
1432Nottingham Rec. II. 132 Dimidietatem unius quarterii brasii ordei *rawe reket.
1638Ford Lady's Trial iii. i, The *raw-ribb'd apothecary. 1922Blunden Shepherd 81 The young black heifer and the raw-ribbed mare.
1957T. Hughes Hawk in Rain 51 Suddenly he awoke and was running-raw In *raw-seamed hot khaki.
1922Joyce Ulysses 233 A *rawskinned crown, scantily haired.
1906Macmillan's Mag. Apr. 476 Next morning I woke in the *raw-smelling dawn, feeling like a corpse.
1591Percivall Sp. Dict., Ahitado, *rawe stomacked, crudus.
B. Ellipt. or absol. uses passing into n.
†1. An unfulled portion of a cloth. Obs.
1463–4Rolls of Parlt. V. 501/2 In case that eny such diversite, or rawe, scawe, kokell or fagge happen to be in eny part of the seid Clothes.
2. a. the raw, the exposed flesh. Chiefly in phrases to touch, etc. (one) on the raw (usually fig.); in the raw (see quot. 1934); also, naked.
1823Byron Juan viii. l, The veriest jade will wince whose harness wrings So much into the raw. 1837Marryat Dog-fiend xxxvii, This was touching up Vanslyperken on the raw. 1866W. E. Forster 31 Oct. in T. W. Reid Life (1888) I. x. 387 Obliging me to take any number of newspaper hits..and these, too, on the raw. 1915W. S. Maugham Of Human Bondage 71 He had a knack of saying bitter things, which caught people on the raw. 1926A. Bennett Lord Raingo ii. lxxiv. 341 What got 'im on the raw was Tommy Hogarth going against 'im in that business. 1934Webster s.v. Raw n., In the raw, in one's natural or crude state; hence, in one's or its true nature or character; in naked truth; as, to present life in the raw. 1941B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? viii. 188 To go swimming in the raw. 1942R.A.F. Jrnl. 27 June 24 There is a long tale of other victims of nature in the raw. 1944E. Waugh Diary 16 Apr. (1976) 561 Auberon surprised her in her bath and is thus one of the very few men who can claim to have seen his great-great-grandmother in the raw. 1959Times 9 Nov. 6/7 That is an argument which gets me very much on the raw. 1961New Eng. Bible Acts v. 33 This touched them on the raw, and they wanted to put them to death. 1970V. Canning Great Affair iv. 68 As Xavier's pyjamas were much too small for me I slept in the raw. 1972L. P. Davies What did I do Tomorrow? vii. 93 My, my. Village life in the raw.
b. A raw place in the skin, a sore or sensitive spot. Freq. fig.
1825Scott Fam. Lett. II. 235 Using the hackney coach⁓man's phrase of a raw. 1840Mrs. Gore in New Monthly Mag. LX. 470 Susceptibility on such points is an almost unfailing symptom of a raw. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. (1883) 243 Parties of travellers have a morbid instinct for ‘establishing raws’ upon each other. 1883H. W. V. Stuart Egypt 12 Sundry awful raws which stood revealed now that their saddle cloths were removed.
c. the raws, the bare fists. slang.
1899C. Rook Hooligan Nights ii. 27 The average Hooligan..has usually done a bit of fighting with the gloves... But he is better with the raws.
3. the raw, applied to any raw article (esp. raw spirits) or quality. Also transf.
1844J. Ballantine Miller of Deanhaugh v. 100 After swallowing a single glass of the ‘raw’. 1864Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xv. xii. IV. 182 The raw of a September morning. 1928Daily Mail 16 Aug. 19/3, I am not at all sure that here is not a star in the raw.
4. a. A raw person, article, product, etc.; spec. in pl. raw sugars, or raw oysters. Also Comb. in raw bar U.S., a bar selling raw oysters.
1868Chamb. Jrnl. 15 Feb. 110/2 Soft-going raws an' delicate boys with romantic heads. 1884New York Herald 27 Oct. 6/2 Sugar—Raws steady but inactive. 1943Sun (Baltimore) 5 Oct. 16/6 The boys at the raw bar in the end of Bill's place last night said the way oysters are this season a feller'll have to eat shells and all to get a mess. 1973Washington D.C. Yellow Pages 1314 Chuck O'Brien's Riverboat. Featuring fine seafood and steaks. Informal raw bar. Cocktail lounge.
b. U.S. An untrained pony.
1895Outing (U.S.) XXVI. 389/2 The animals are mostly from the Texan and New Mexican mustang herds. They pay for a ‘raw’ on an average fifty dollars.
Add:[A.] [6.] [b.] Freq. fig. or in fig. context.
1933G. Greene in Spectator 8 Dec. 854 A raw sensibility, a bundle of shrieking nerves which barred the possessor hopelessly from any easy comfort. 1962[see fetishized a.]. 1984Weekend Australian 10/11 Nov. 6/5 None [of the banners] has been disturbed,..perhaps because public sensitivities are too raw. 1987J. Smith Masculine Ending vi. 84 ‘Wild goose chase,’ he said grumpily. It appeared she had touched a raw nerve.
▪ III. raw, v.1|rɔː|
[f. raw a.]
†1. intr. To become raw. Obs. rare.
1483Cath. Angl. 301/1 Rawe as flesche, crudere, crudescere. 1765Compl. Maltster & Brewer p. xxii, Acrospired malts..are not subject to raw nor rope.
2. trans. To make raw, to excoriate.
1593Nashe Christ's T. (1613) 135 Some of them haue grated and rawed their smooth tender skinnes, with haire shirts and rough garments. 1613Heywood Braz. Age Wks. 1874 III. 250 Helpe me to teare this infernall shirt, Which rawes me where it cleaues. 1893Black & White 4 Mar. 262/1 He..carries his head a little forward, just where the collar raws him. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VI. 646 The ends of the nerve being rawed and brought together by suture.
▪ IV. raw
obs. or dial. form of row. |