| 释义 |
temperature|ˈtɛmpərətjʊə(r)|
[ad. L. temperātūra the process or result of tempering, due measure and proportion, f. ppl. stem of temperāre: see -ure. Cf. F. température (1539 in Godef.).]
†1.
a. The action or process of tempering, in various senses of the verb; mixing or combination (of elements). Obs.
1550Latimer Serm. at Stamford Serm. (1562) 100 We should learne viam dei, Goddes waye, and that truly, withoute mixture, temperature, blaunching, powderyng. 1569J. Sandford tr. Agrippa's Van. Artes 159 Plinie declareth that, in the time of Tiberius..the temperature of glasse was invented. 1600Holland Livy ix. xlvi. 350 Upon this good temperature of degrees, he purchased the surname of Maximus. 16..Holland (Webster, 1864), Made a temperature of brass and iron together. 1677Cleveland's Poems Life, He was Judge Advocate..and, by an excellent temperature of both, was a just and prudent Judge for the King, and a faithful Advocate for the Countrey.
†b. concr. That which tempers. Obs. rare.
1609Bible (Douay) Ezek. xiii. Comm., A wal of clay or morter without straw or other temperature, is washed away with rayne.
†2. The fact or state of being tempered or mixed, mixture; also, the condition resulting from the mixture or combination in various proportions of ingredients or elements; the composition, consistence, or complexion, so produced. Obs.
1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1541) 8 By the increase or diminution of any of them [the four humours] in quantitie or qualytie, ouer or vnder their natural assignement, inequall temperature commeth into the body. 1538― Dict. Addit., Crasis, a greke worde, sygnyfieth complexion, temperature, or myxture of naturall humours. 1562Turner Herbal ii. 28 b, There is in it a small temperature of the principales of the ayer and fyre. 1601Holland Pliny xxiv. ix. II. 505 The last temperature is that, which in Latine they call Ollaria, as one would say, the pot-brasse, for it taketh the name of that vessell whereto it is most emploied; and this is by tempering with every hundred pound weight of brasse, three or four pound weight of argentine lead or tin. 1602How Man may Chuse Gd. Wife iv. iii, Hath he not..Upon that crimson temperature of your cheeks, Laid a lead colour with his boist'rous blows? 1605Timme Quersit. i. ix. 36 Ashes have not exactly one temperature. 1675Art Contentm. iv. xii, In all the concerns [of human life]..there is such a temperature and mixture, that the good do's more than equal the ill. a1768Secker Serm. (1770) III. i. 6 The first of these, and the Foundation of all the rest, is a proper Temperature of Fear and Love. 1786–7Bonnycastle Astron. xxi. 374 It is not credible that beings of our make and temperature could live upon them. 1826R. Hall Wks. (1832) VI. 53 Such a temperature of light and shade as that which distinguishes all his discoveries of himself.
†3.
a. Due measure and proportion in action, speech, thought, etc.; freedom from excess or violence; moderation. Obs.
1536Cromwell in Merriman Life & Lett. (1902) II. 3 To haue the same vsed and setfurthe in suche a temperature, as by your wisedome ye shall thinke may conduce to thadvauncement of his affayres there. 1539Ibid. 172 Vsing..in the proposicion therof & answers to be geven that sobernes and temperature as he may perceive is to be vsed. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. xxvi. ii. 286 As I hope, Fortune..will give the same unto me, seeking diligently..after a temperature and moderation. 1659C. Noble Mod. Answ. Immod. Queries 14 If he would but say and do with that moderation and temperature as the late Protector..has said and done.
†b. A middle condition or position, a mean between opposites; a middle course, a compromise.
1594Mirr. Policie (1599) D iij, A vertuous temperature betweene two vicious extremities. 1601Holland Pliny (1634) I. 37 In the midst of the earth there is an wholesome mixture from both sides:..the habit of mens bodies of a mean and indifferent constitution, the colour also shewing a great temperature. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 37 To finde..some kinde of temperature, whereby the Republick might receive the Rights belonging thereunto from the Austrian subjects sailing those Seas. 1712? Hughes Spect. No. 467 ⁋9 His Constitution is a just Temperature between Indolence on one hand and Violence on the other.
†4. The character or nature of a substance as supposed to be determined by the proportions of the four qualities (hot or cold, and dry or moist); = temperament 3. Obs.
1533Elyot Cast. Helthe (1539) 17 Of the temperature of meates to be receyued. Ibid. 34 b, Drythe..happeneth in the substance of the body, either by to moche labour, or by the proper temperature of age. 1578Lyte Dodoens lxiv. 95 Hartes Horne is colde and dry in temperature much like Plantayne. 1601Holland Pliny xvii. xxii. I. 529 If the ground be of a middle temperature, there ought to bee a space of fiue foot distance betweene every vine. 1610J. Guillim Heraldry iii. xii. (1611) 120 The general received opinion is that the life of all things doth consist in calido and humido which is the temperature of blood. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 589 As concerning the temperature of beere there is no doubt but that it is hot. [1771Luckombe Hist. Print. 366 An unproper temperature of the Tympan..is, when it is dry in one place and moist in another.]
†5.
a. The combination of ‘humours’ in the body; also, the bodily habit or constitution attributed to this; = temperament 6. Obs.
1561Hollybush Hom. Apoth. 15 b, To know by what complexion or temperatur y⊇ diseases are caused. a1577Sir T. Smith Commw. Eng. (1609) 5 In a mans body foure complexions or temperatures, as cholericke, sanguine, flegmatique & melancholique. 1600Hakluyt Voy. (1810) III. 340 The victuall of the countrey..might have been thought to have altered our temperatures. a1618Raleigh Rem. (1644) 134 It is evident also, that men differ very much in the temperature of their bodies. 1750Johnson Rambler No. 43 ⁋1 There is no temperature so exactly regulated but that some humour is fatally predominant. 1837T. Jones Chr. Warrior iv. vi. 97 He [Satan] observes the temperature and complexion of such a man. If he be sanguine..he tempts him to incontinency.
†b. Constitutional bent of mind; disposition; = temperament 7. Obs.
1594Spenser Amoretti xiii, In that proud port..Most goodly temperature ye may descry; Myld humblesse, mixt with awfull majesty. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. iii. §4 As touching the manners of learned men..no doubt there be amongst them, as in other professions, of all temperatures. 1610P. Barrough Meth. Physick i. xxviii. (1639) 45 It..is chiefly engendred of melancholy occupying the mind, and changing the temperature of it. 1768Sterne Sent. Journ. (1778) I. 167 Any one may do a casual act of good-nature, but a continuation of them shews it is a part of the temperature.
†6. A tempered or temperate condition of the weather or climate; also, a (qualified or specified) condition of these. Obs.
1531Elyot Gov. iii. xxvi, The temperature or distemperature of the regions. 1578T. N. tr. Conq. W. India 217 Desiring of Him by Prayers to give raine and temperature, that the Earth may bring foorth Corne, Fruite, Hearbes,..and all other necessaries. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. iv. xxiv. 139 Thracia..[is] of an yll temperature, the ayre being vnwholesome, & not healthfull. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia ii. 21 The temperature of this Country doth agree well with English constitutions. 1697W. Dampier Voy. I. xix. 529, I look upon this latitude [the Cape of Good Hope] to be one of the mildest and sweetest for its temperature, of any whatsoever. 1727Swift State Irel. ⁋35 A country so favoured by nature..both in fruitfulness of soil, and temperature of climate.
7. a. The state of a substance or body with regard to sensible warmth or coldness, referred to some standard of comparison; spec. that quality or condition of a body which in degree varies directly with the amount of heat contained in the body, and inversely with its heat-capacity; commonly manifested by its imparting heat to, or receiving it from, contiguous bodies, and usually measured by means of a thermometer or similar instrument. (Now the ordinary sense.)
1670Boyle (title) Of the Temperature of the Submarine Regions as to Heat and Cold. Ibid. iii, This person I diligently examined..as to the temperature of the lower parts of the sea (the knowledge of which is that alone that concerns us in this place); he several times complained to me of the coldness of the deep water. 1710Steele Tatler No. 179 ⁋7 A moderate Expence of Fire,..serves to keep this large Room in a due Temperature. a1743G. Martine Ess. & Obs. Thermometers (1772) 46 There is a Thermometer in frequent use in England, wherein they conceive the middle temperature of the air as neither hot nor cold, which..they mark Gr. o, and number both above and below. 1791tr. Pictet's Ess. Fire 11 The thermometer will show, by the degree observed on its scale, the temperature of the liquid. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art II. 47 The cause of them is, the difference in temperature between the air over the land and that over the water. 1820W. Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. I. 48, I have determined the mean temperature of the month of May. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xvi. 113 To record the lowest winter temperatures at the summit of the mountain. 1876J. S. Bristowe The. & Pract. Med. (1878) 99 The normal temperature of the body has been variously estimated; but, on the average, seems, in the adult, to range between 98·4° and 99·5°. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 72 A comparison of the temperatures shown by the two thermometers. 1888M. E. Braddon Fatal Three i. v, I took their temperatures this morning before I went to church.
fig.1862Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xiv. 272 The temperature of the zeal of the different portions of the nation.
b. (colloq.) to have a temperature, i.e. one higher than the normal, as in fever.
1898P. White Millionaire's Dau. (ed. Tauchn.) 88 Do you think I have a temperature? 1904E. F. Benson Challoners (ed. Tauchn.) 318 He has..had a temperature for nearly a week.
†8. The temper of steel; = temper n. 5. Obs.
1580Frampton Iron & Steele in Joyf. News (1596) 145 Iron so harde..that being wrought, it serueth for Steele, chiefly with a temperature that is giuen to it. 1601Holland Pliny xxxiv. xiv. II. 514 All our steele is of a more soft and gentle temperature than that of the Levant. 1603[see temper v. 14]. 1630R. Johnson's Kingd. & Commw. 249 Giving them the Iron Mines of Biskay..with the temperature of Baion, Bilbo, Toledo, and Calataiut.
†9. Music. = temperament n. 10. Obs. rare—1.
1592Lyly Gallathea iii. iii, An Organist to tune your temperatures.
10. attrib. and Comb., as temperature-compensator, temperature control, temperature correction, temperature-dependence, temperature-dependency, temperature-independence, temperature log, temperature sense; temperature-controlled, temperature-dependent, temperature-independent, temperature-regulating, temperature-sensitive adjs.; temperature-alarm: see quot. 1877; temperature-chart, (a) a chart or card containing a temperature-curve or its equivalent; (b) a chart of a region indicating temperatures at different points, as by isotherms; temperature coefficient Physics, a coefficient expressing the relation between a change in a physical property and the change in temperature that causes it; temperature-curve, a curve showing variations of temperature, usually in relation to equal periods of time, esp. in clinical use; temperature gradient, a gradient (sense 2) of temperature; temperature inversion Meteorol., the phenomenon of an increase of temperature with height above the ground; temperature-regulation Biol. = thermoregulation; temperature-salinity adj. phr., relating to the temperature and salinity of water; spec. applied to a diagram in which both are plotted as a function of depth.
1877Knight Dict. Mech., Temperature alarm, a device which automatically makes a signal when the temperature of the place where it is exceeds or falls below a determinate point.
1888H. Morten Hospital Life 29, I admire her neat temperature chart, and then pass on to Nurse Lorna.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 8/1 The quantity a is then called the temperature-coefficient, and its reciprocal is the temperature at which the resistivity would become zero. 1962Newnes Conc. Encycl. Nucl. Energy 791/2 For the practical operation of a reactor the temperature coefficient of reactivity should be small so that a steady power can be maintained by moving control rods at a moderate speed.
1901Daily News 12 Jan. 6/2 All the levers,..connecting rods, carriers, supporting rods, bell cranks, temperature compensators.
1923Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics III. 582/1 (heading) Temperature control. 1959E. T. Hall Silent Language iii. 79 Clothes and houses are extensions of man's biological temperature-control mechanisms.
1935Discovery Nov. 322/1 The centres are passed by an automatic feeding attachment through a curtain of temperature-controlled chocolate. 1970Jrnl. General Psychol. Oct. 163 They were housed in individual cages in a temperature-controlled laboratory.
1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 639 A high temperature, marked fluctuations in the temperature curve, a rapid pulse.
1946Nature 7 Sept. 333/1 Experiments on the temperature-dependence of the breakdown strength F. 1974J. W. Drake in Carlile & Skehol Evolution in Microbial World 53 The temperature-dependencies of the Neurospora and T4 rates differed markedly.
1962Simpson & Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors ix. 200 The most important temperature-dependent property of transistors is the collector cutoff current.
1882,1962Temperature gradient [see gradient n. 2]. 1978Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts CXXVI. 683/1 Structures of supersonic aircraft are subject to thermal stresses due to temperature gradients.
1965Math. in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) vi. 256 The same difficulty arose with the temperature-independence of temporal rhythms.
1946Nature 7 Sept. 333/1 The latter is temperature-independent but increases with the concentration of foreign atoms.
1945E. Bollay in F. A. Berry et al. Handbk. Meteorol. x. 758 (caption) Characteristic properties of nonfrontal temperature inversions. 1977I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere viii. 252 A further circumstance of temperature inversion occurs where there is an enclosed valley in which cold air..tends to collect.
1911J. A. Thomson Biol. Seasons iv. 338 It represents an interesting reminiscence of a more primitive physiological state when the temperature-regulating mechanism was not yet well established in the ancestral mammals. 1957J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation (rev. ed.) ix. 216 The temperature-regulating mechanism of higher mammals.
1927Haldane & Huxley Animal Biol. xi. 240 The mammals..possess proper temperature-regulation.
1930Rep. ‘Michael Sars’ N. Atlantic Deep-Sea Exped. 1910 I. i. 19 The ‘normal’ temperature–salinity curve is reproduced..in such a way that the corresponding values of temperature and salinity can easily be read off. 1942H. U. Sverdrup et al. Oceans iv. 141 Water masses can be classified on the basis of their temperature–salinity characteristics. 1959H. Barnes Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 157 As one passes across the Gulf Stream there is a fairly sharp temperature–salinity boundary between Gulf Stream water and the so-called Slope water lying over the Continental Shelf.
1893A. S. Eccles Sciatica 59 It appears to be possible, by close attention to the distribution of hyperæsthesia, temperature-sense for heat, and loss of cutaneous temperature, to localize in a measure the extent to which the nerve-trunk or its branches is involved.
1962Science Survey XX. 308 The surface of the body contains a number of temperature-sensitive patches which produce patterns of nerve impulses related to the ambient temperature.
1871W. Squire (title) Temperature Variations in the Diseases of Children.
Hence ˈtemperatured a., in comb., having temperature of a stated kind.
1892Temple Bar Mag. Nov. 444 The inner door shuts her..into this pleasant-temperatured privacy. |