| 释义 |
▪ I. tenant, n.|ˈtɛnənt|
Forms: α. 4–6 tenaunt, -aunte, -ante, Sc. -ente (4 pl. -auns), 5 ten(e)awnte, -awunt, pl. -aunce, 5–6 tennaunte, 6–7 -ant, -ent(e, 7 -ent, 7–8 tenent, 4– tenant. β. Sc. and n. dial. 4– 6 tenand(e, 5 tennend, 5–6 -and, 6 tenaind.
[a. F. tenant n. (12th c. in Godef.), orig. pr. pple. of tenir:—L. tenēre to hold.]
1. Law.
a. One who holds or possesses lands or tenements by any kind of title. (In English Law implying a lord, of whom the tenant holds.)
[1292Britton i. i. §13 En counteez et hundrez et en Court de chescun fraunc tenaunt.] c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 19 Adelwolf of Westsex, after his fadere dede, At Chestre sette his parlement, his tenantz þerto bede. c1375Lay Folks Mass Bk. (MS. B.) 369 Oure frendes, tenandes, & seruandes. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 22 Oþir tenauntis of þe lord shal receyve me into þere housis. c1450Holland Howlat 609 An ilk scheld in that place Thar tennend or man was. c1460Fortescue Abs. & Lim. Mon. x. (1885) 134 By escheittes þer mey not so muche lande fall to any man as to þe kyng, by cause þat no man hath so many tenantes as he. 1563Homilies ii. Rogation Week iv. (1859) 496 Whereby the lord's records, (which be the tenant's evidences,) be perverted..sometime to the disheriting of the right owner. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, iv. iv. 481 Where be thy Tenants, and thy followers? 1607Cowell Interpr. (1672), Tenant or Tenent,..one that holds or possesses Lands or Tenements by any kind of Right, be it in Fee, for Life, Years, or at Will. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. v. 59 The thing holden is therefore styled a tenement, the possessors thereof tenants, and the manner of their possession a tenure. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) II. ix. 129 The military tenants were frequently called upon in expeditions against Scotland, and last of all in that of 1640. 1845Polson Eng. Law in Encycl. Metrop. II. 828/1 He is called tenant [in fee simple] in virtue of the doctrine..which treats the king as the universal landlord—a doctrine so far recognised by our law, that in corporeal inheritances..the tenant in fee simple is formally styled as being seised in his demesne as of fee.
b. With qualifications indicating the species of tenure, the relation between lord and tenant, etc., as customary tenant, kindly tenant, mesne tenant, several tenant, sole tenant, very tenant: see the adjs. Also joint-tenant; tenant in burgage, tenant in capite, tenant in chief, tenant in common, tenant by courtesy, tenant in dower, tenant paravail, etc.: see these words, and quots. here. tenant through law of England = tenant by courtesy; tenant to the præcipe, a tenant against whom the writ præcipe was brought, being one to whom an entailed estate had been granted by the owner in order that it might be alienated by a recovery; see recovery 4. See also tenant at will.
a1325MS. Rawl. B. 520 lf. 17 b, Þat is i-seid for women holdinde in dowere, ant tenauns þoru lawe of yngelonde. 1461Rolls of Parlt. V. 485/2 The same halfendele..enjoye to hym, for terme of his lyf, as Tenaunt by the Curtesie. 1475Ibid. VI. 149/1 That the said Maude have..actions by Writts of Dower,..ayenst all persones Tenaunt or Tenauntes of the Frehold. 1495Ibid. 508/2 Discontinuances made by Tenauntes in Dower. [1602Coke Reports iii. Case of Fines 88 Entant qu'il ne fuit tenant al Precipe.] 1607Cowell Interpr. (1672), Tenant per Statute-Merchant, that holds Land by vertue of a Statute forfeited to him... Tenant in Frank-marriage.., he that holds Lands or Tenements by vertue of a Gift thereof made to him upon Marriage between him and his Wife... Tenant by Elegit, that holds by vertue of the Writ called an Elegit. Tenant in Mortgage, that holds by means of a Mortgage. Tenant by the Verge in ancient Demesne.., is he that is admitted by the Rod in a Court of ancient Demesne. Tenant by Copy of Court-Roll, is one admitted Tenant of any Lands, &c. within a Mannor, which time out of mind have been demisable, according to the Custome of the Mannor... Tenant by Charter, is he that holdeth by Feoffment in Writing, or other Deed... Tenant in Chief, that holdeth of the King in Right of his Crown... Very Tenant, that holds immediately of his Lord... For if there be Lord, Mesne and Tenant, the Tenant is very Tenant of the Mesne, but not to the Lord above... There are also Joynt-tenants, that have equal Right in Lands..by vertue of one Title... Tenants in Common, that have equal Right, but hold by divers Titles... Sole tenant.., he that hath no other joyned with him. Several tenant is opposite to Joynt-tenant, or Tenants in Common. Tenant al Præcipe is he against whom the Writ Præcipe is to be brought... Tenant in Demesne.., is he that holdeth the Demeans of a Mannor for a Rent without Service. Tenant in Service.., is he that holdeth by Service... Tenant by Execution.., that holds Land by vertue of an Execution upon any Statute, Recognisance, &c. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) V. 333 So that he could make a good tenant to the præcipe. 1827Jarman Powell's Devises (ed. 3) II. 113 It was held that the reversion in the settled lands passed, although the wife was tenant for life, and the daughter tenant in tail, in those lands under the settlement. 1844Sir J. Stephen Eccl. Biog. (1850) I. 26 And held them [their crowns and mitres]..immediately, as tenants in capite, from the one legitimate representative of the great postle. 1863H. Cox Instit. i. iii. 11 The right of all tenants-in-chief of the Crown..to be summoned to a common council of the realm.
2. One who holds a piece of land, a house, etc., by lease for a term of years or a set time. (The ordinary current sense. Correlative of landlord.)
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xv. 305 To take of her tenauntz more þan treuth wolde. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 414 He begges not þis rent of þo lordis tenaunte. 1479–81Rec. St. Mary at Hill 110 Yevyn to ther tenauntes at the Receyvyng of the Rentes, and in potacions amonge them..x s. v d. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §123 Than shall his farme be twyse so good in profyte to the tenaunt as it was before. 1526Tindale Mark xii. 2 When tyme was come he sentt to the tennauntes a servaunt that he myght of the tenauntes receave of the frute of the vyneyarde. 1639Horn & Rob. Gate Lang. Unl. xxxii. § 386 He is a tenant, to whom house and grounds, and hired farms are, for a certain rent, let out to farm for a set time. 1770Junius Lett. xxxvi. (1820) 179 Like broken tenants, who have had warning to quit the premises. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. xvi, Of this chamber, Nicholas became the tenant; and having..paid the first week's hire in advance [etc.]. Mod. (Title) The Law of Landlord and Tenant.
3. transf. and fig. One who or that which inhabits or occupies any place; a denizen, inhabitant, occupant, dweller.
1388Wyclif Job xix. 15 The tenauntis of myn hows, and myn handmaydis hadden me as a straunger. 1602Shakes. Ham. v. i. 50 That Frame [the gallows] outliues a thousand Tenants. 1728–46Thomson Spring 788 While thus the gentle tenants of the shade Indulge their purer loves. 1764Goldsm. Trav. 65 The shudd'ring tenant of the frigid zone. 1774― Nat. Hist. (1824) II. 327 One of the most splendid tenants of the Mexican forests. 1799Campbell Pleas. Hope i. 268 The dim-eyed tenant of the dungeon gloom. 1827Scott Highl. Widow v, As if sorrow, or even deep thought, should as short a while as possible be the tenant of the soldier's bosom. 1879Daily News 27 Sept. 6/3 Tenants of our British waters. 1882Daily Tel. 19 May, Mr. Bettesworth was the incoming tenant [i.e. batsman], and, after some slow play, the 50 went up.
4. attrib. and Comb. Simple attrib., as tenant-holding (holding vbl. n. 3), tenant-risk, tenant-system; appositive, as tenant-cultivator, tenant-farmer (hence tenant-farming n. and adj., and as back-formation, tenant-farm vb. trans., tenant farm n.), tenant-occupier, tenant-purchaser, tenant-soul; also tenant-sted a. Sc., occupied by a tenant. See also tenant-right.
1949Time 27 June 84/2 The 1,600 acres he *tenant-farms. 1979P. Theroux Old Patagonian Express xvii. 263 These are tenant farms..these people own nothing but the clothes on their backs.
1748Richardson Clarissa V. 208 Attended by Susan Morrison, a *tenant-farmer's daughter. 1860All Year Round No. 71. 485 Those down-trodden vassals, the tenant farmers.
1861Trans. Illinois Agric. Soc. IV. 203 On the greater part of this farm are the usual indices of *tenant farming. 1887Edin. Rev. Oct. 301 In Rhône..tenant-farming is unprofitable. 1891Daily News 11 Dec. 6/4 He came of a tenant farming race.
1591in A. McKay Hist. Kilmarnock (1880) 359 We give and grant all the *tenant-holdings, free holdings [etc.].
1906Westm. Gaz. 7 Nov. 9/2 Entitled to be on the list as the *tenant-occupier of a dwelling-house, being part of a house, and such part being separately occupied.
1895J. E. Redmond in 19th Cent. Dec. 913 The *tenant-purchasers have been remarkably punctual in their payments.
1880A. Arnold Free Land 68 *Tenant-risk and the absence of tenant-right have contributed to drive capital away from agriculture.
1710Ld. Fountainhall Decis. (1761) II. 568 The rest of the rooms were lying waste, and this was only *tenant-sted.
1906Daily Chron. 13 Sept. 5/7 The canteen is run on the *tenant system.
▪ II. tenant, v.|ˈtɛnənt|
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. To hold as tenant, to be the tenant of (land, a house, etc.); esp. to occupy, inhabit.
1634Habington Castara (Arb.) 125 To the cold humble hermitage Not tenanted but by discoloured age. 1667Primatt City & C. Build. 34 Houses..without Tenants, decay sooner than those which are Tenanted. 1711Steele Spect. No. 107 ⁋5 The greatest Part of Sir Roger's Estate is tenanted by Persons who have served himself or his Ancestors. 1795Southey Vis. Maid of Orleans i. 96 Damsel, look here! survey this house of death; O soon to tenant it. 1830Lyell Princ. Geol. (1872) I. i. xiv. 300 Birds, quadrupeds, and reptiles, which tenanted the fertile region. 1855Tennyson Brook 222 We bought the farm we tenanted before.
b. fig. To occupy, fill, take up (a space, etc.).
1670J. Newburgh Observ. Cider in Evelyn Pomona 54 A Barrel newly tenanted by small Beer. 1806–7J. Beresford Miseries Hum. Life (1826) vi. x, A pair of boundless slippers that have been tenanted by a thousand feet. 1873R. Broughton Nancy II. 183 Alternate clouds and sunshine tenant the sky.
2. intr. To reside, dwell, live in. rare.
1650Weldon Crt. Jas. I 133 Surely never so many brave parts, and so base and abject a spirit tenanted together in any one earthen Cottage. 1851S. Warren Lily & Bee ii. 190 A sparrow..In yonder tree he tenanteth alone.
†3. trans. To let out to a tenant or tenants. rare.
1721Strype Eccl. Mem. I. xvi. 123 Three acres more he converted into a highway..; and the rest he tenanted out. 1776Adam Smith W.N. v. iii. (1869) II. 536 The lands in America and the West Indies, indeed, are in general not tenanted nor leased out to farmers.
Hence ˈtenanted ppl. a., held by a tenant or tenants, occupied; ˈtenanting vbl. n. and ppl. a. So ˈtenanter, one who tenants, an occupant.
1798J. Hucks Poems 43 The little family of hope, The young-ey'd tenanters of happiness. 1886Pall Mall G. 22 Apr. 8/2 The immediate landlord of any tenanted estate. 1903Morley Gladstone I. ii. 38 An eager pilgrimage to the newly tenanted grave of his hero.
▪ III. tenant
obs. form of tenent, tenon1. |