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establishment|ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt|
[f. as prec. + -ment. Cf. OF. establissement (late AF. establishement), Fr. établissement.]
I. Action or means of establishing.
1. The action of establishing; the fact of being established: in various senses of the vb.
1596J. Norden Progr. Pietie (1847) 117 An establishment of concord amongst ourselves [is] to be sought and heartily prayed for. 1688Col. Rec. Penn. I. 226 That such Sanction and Establishment may be as Effectual and binding as any Law. 1739Butler Serm. Wks. (1874) II. 225 The bare establishment of Christianity in any place..is a very important and valuable effect. 1788W. Gordon (title) The History of the rise, progress and establishment of the United States of America. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. i. 192 The establishment of Christianity in Scotland. 1871Figure Training 38 A most awkward and clumsy figure is in a fair way towards formation and permanency of establishment. 1875Fortnum Maiolica 37 The establishment of the ducal court at Urbino.
2. esp. The ‘establishing’ by law (a church, religion, form of worship). (See establish v. 7.)
†a. In early use, the settling or ordering in a particular manner, the regulating and upholding of the constitution and ordinances of the church recognized by the state.
†b. In 17th–18th c. occasionally the granting of legal status to (other religious bodies than that connected with the state).
c. Now usually, the conferring on a particular religious body the position of a state church.
a.1640–1Ld. Digby Sp. in Rushw. Hist. Coll. (1721) IV. 172 A Man..that made the Establishment by Law the Measure of his Religion. 1706–7Act 5 Anne c. 5 Securing Ch. Eng., Acts of Parliament now in Force for the Establishment and Preservation of the Church of England.
b.1731E. Calamy Life (1830) I. v. 401 The allowance of the law is of necessity a sufficient establishment [of dissenting worship]. 1792Coke & Moore Life Wesley ii. iv. (ed. 2) 355 Mr. Wesley's great desire to remain in union with the Church of England..would not allow him to apply for a legal establishment.
c.1662–3Addr. of Commons to King 27 Feb. in Cobbett Parl. Hist. (1808) IV. 262 In time, some prevalent sect will..contend for an establishment. 1788Priestley Lect. Hist. v. lvii. 449 There is no place where there are more forms of religion openly professed, and without the establishment of any of them than Pennsylvania. 1792Burke Let. Sir H. Langrishe Wks. VI. 318 The perpetual establishment of the confession of Faith, and the Presbyterian church government. 1813Mrq. Lansdowne in Ho. Lords 8 Mar., They [Catholic Petitioners of City of Limerick] asked for no establishment of their own Church. a1832Mackintosh Causes Revol. Wks. 1846 II. 227 Toleration..was sometimes sought by Dissenters as a step to⁓wards establishment. 1886Earl Selborne Def. Ch. Eng. i. iv. 77 All such relations of the Church to the State as those which are summed up in the term ‘Establishment’.
†3.
a. Established or stable condition; settlement, permanence; also, settled condition of mind, calmness, confidence. Obs.
1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. 15 For it is merueilous, how great establishment groweth hereof. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 228 A succession of three good Princes together doth notably contribute to establishment, and felicity of a Kingdome. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. xvi. (1704) III. 603 If God shall be pleased to add Establishment and Perpetuity to the Blessings he then Restored. 1674Owen Holy Spirit (1693) 69 Our Permanency and Establishment in the Truth. 1777Priestley Mart. & Spir. (1782) I. Introd. 6 Truth will..gain a firm establishment in the minds of all men.
†b. Manner in which anything is established; organization, ‘footing’. Obs.
1799Wellington in Owen Disp. 106 The improved establishment on which he had placed their garrisons.
†4. A means of establishing; something that strengthens, supports, or corroborates. Obs.
1561T. Norton Calvin's Inst. i. 17 So many and so notable miracles..are euen as many establishments of the law. 1581Marbeck Bk. of Notes 210 Truth is the piller and establishment of the church. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xx. 155 Their hornes..being a weake and hollow body, require some inward establishment, to confirme the length of their advancement.
5. a. Settlement in life; formerly often (now rarely) in the sense of marriage.
1684Prideaux Lett. 12 Nov. (1875) 138, I..wish with that you had all the other satisfactions you can desire, especially a good establishment in England. 1734tr. Rollin's Anc. Hist. IV. ix. 345 You owe..to them, birth, nurture, education and establishment. 1769Robertson Chas. V, III. xi. 365 To acquire an establishment of such dignity and value for one of his sons. 1800E. Hervey Mourtray Fam. I. iii. 259 Her chief solicitude was to procure an affluent establishment for her daughter. 1815Jane Austen Emma ii. vi. 173 Whenever he were attached, he would willingly give up much wealth to obtain an early establishment. 1825Lytton Falkland 16, I saw in the notes of the mothers their anxiety for the establishment of their daughters.
b. Settled income, provision for a livelihood.
1727Swift Gulliver's Travels (1731) 104 His Excellency, who had the sole Disposal of the Emperor's Revenue, might easily provide by gradually lessening your establishment. 1776Gibbon Decl. & F. I. xviii. 484 For each of these princes a suitable establishment was provided. 1776Cowper Wks. (1837) XV. 34 It will afford me some sort of an establishment, at least for a time. 1832H. Martineau Life in Wilds vii. 94 Providing a permanent establishment for the captain as their chief magistrate.
6. establishment of a port [Fr. établissement d'un port]: (see quot.).
1833Herschel Astron. xi. 337 That deviation of the time of high and low water at any port or harbour, from the culmination of the luminaries..which is called the ‘establishment’ of that port. 1875Bedford Sailor's Pocket-bk. v. (ed. 2) 168 The time of high water at any particular place is the same on the days both of New and Full Moon, and is termed the ‘Establishment of the Port’. 1886H. Godfray Astron. App. (ed. 4) 200 The interval between the instant of the moon's transit across the meridian on the day of new or full moon, and the subsequent high water, is called the vulgar establishment of the port.
II. Something that is established.
†7.
a. A settled arrangement; a settled constitution or government. Also, a legal enactment. Obs.
1481Caxton Godfrey (E.E.T.S.) 42 Helde a counseyl..of the prelates of ytalye at playsance, where he made..establischemens tamende the maners of the Clergye. 1596Spenser State Irel. (J.), Bring in that establishment by which all men should be contained in duty. 1605Verstegan Dec. Intell. iii. (1628) 63 Aduanced to the honourable titles of Earles and Lords, with Establishment for the continuall remaining of these titles. a1655Vines Lord's Supp. (1677) 418 Not that I would encourage any man to break a wholsom order or establishment. 1714Fr. Bk. of Rates 5 That so much talk'd of Establishment, call'd the Tariff of 1664. 1793Smeaton Edystone L. §134 Our establishment respecting seamen was as follows.
b. spec. in Fr. Hist. (transl. of Fr. établissement).
1818Hallam Mid. Ages (1872) I. 244 When St. Louis enacted that great code which bears the name of his Establishments. 1873G. W. Kitchin Hist. France I. iii. viii. 343 The royal ‘Establishments’ or codes of law.
†c. The ‘estimates’ for public expenditure. Obs.
1672Earl of Essex in Essex Papers 31 Aug., Upon the closing of the Establishment for this Kingdome [Ireland], five hundred Pounds a year were reserved with intention that if I should find cause to move the King in behalf of this City of Dublyn, it should be restored to them agen..I desire that I may have an order to insert them [the {pstlg}500] into the Establishment.
8. a. The ecclesiastical system established by law; more fully Church Establishment. Hence the Establishment often occurs as a distinctive name for the established church (esp. of England, Scotland, formerly Ireland), in contradistinction to the non-established churches or sects.
[1667J. Corbet Disc. Relig. Eng. 28 The Setling of a Nation may be made up of an Establishment, a Limited Toleration, and a Discreet Connivence, etc.] 1731E. Calamy Life (1830) I. v. 469 There was a variety of sentiments amongst those out of the Establishment, as well as those under it. 1786W. Pitt in Ld. Stanhope Life (1879) I. 252 It is certainly a delicate thing to meddle with the Church Establishment in the present situation of Ireland. 1795J. Aikin Manchester 241 Chaderton contains a chapel of the establishment. 1806–31A. Knox Rem. (1844) I. 93 These teachers have generally been found..within Establishments. 1824Syd. Smith Wks. (1859) II. 51/1 America..has no Establishment. 1829Gen. P. Thompson Exerc. (1842) I. 22 Half the people in England dislike the church establishment. 1869Times Ann. Summary 306 The Irish Church Establishment has been abolished.
b. Esp. as the Establishment: a social group exercising power generally, or within a given field or institution, by virtue of its traditional superiority, and by the use esp. of tacit understandings and often a common mode of speech, and having as a general interest the maintenance of the status quo. Also attrib. Hence establishment-ˈminded adj., establishment-ˈmindedness. Cf. anti-Establishment (anti-1 4).
Quot. 1955 is the locus classicus for this modern sense though occasional earlier uses are recorded.
1923R. Macaulay Told by an Idiot ii. xiv. 117 The moderns of one day become the safe establishments of the next. 1936H. Pearson Labby x. 260 They spoke the common language, the Esperanto, of the Establishment. 1945D. Goldring Nineteen Twenties i. viii. 110 It was a head-on collision between two acknowledged leaders of the literary avant-garde and the powerful forces of what Ford Madox Ford used to call the Establishment. 1955H. Fairlie in Spectator 23 Sept. 380/1 By the ‘Establishment’ I do not mean only the centres of official power—though they are certainly part of it—but rather the whole matrix of official and social relations within which power is exercised. 1957Ld. Altrincham in National & Eng. Rev. Sept. 108/2 He delivered his well-known attack on ‘the Establishment’, a term generally taken to denote those elements in society and politics which are self⁓satisfied and opposed to all radical change. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Jan. 26/3 Sir Maurice Bowra, in his dexterous résumé of what might be called the Establishment view of the ancient Greek world. 1958Listener 6 Nov. 716/1 In Russia, Mr. Khrushchev has been trying with some success to shake up an ossified Communist Establishment. 1958C. P. Snow Conscience of Rich xxxiv. 254 ‘That gang’ meant the people who had the real power, the rulers, the establishment. 1959Encounter Dec. 57/1 The charge of being Establishment-minded. 1959C. Hollis in H. Thomas Establishment 181 The power of the Establishment..comes..from the fact that there is in all of us a degree of establishment-mindedness—that we feel it right that the opinions of such persons should have attention paid to them. 1962Listener 8 Feb. 269/1 Always ready for a dig at the musical establishment. 1969Mind LXXVIII. 26 Where scepticism is thorough and pervasive it is usually directed against some entrenched intellectual Establishment. 1969Oz May 19/1 The Establishment is IBM, Xerox, the Kennedys, the London and New York Times, Harvard University, LSE, the Courts.
9. a. An organized body of men, maintained at the expense of the sovereign or of the state for a specific purpose; orig. said of the military service, but applied also to the naval and civil. b. The quota of officers and men in a regiment, ship, etc., complement. Also in peace establishment, war establishment; cf. 3 b.
1689Luttrell Brief Rel. (1857) I. 518 What forces shall be sent to the Low Countries..shall be continued in English pay, and on the English establishment. 1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 266 The support of the civil, military and naval establishments. 1800Dundas in Owen Wellesley's Disp. 558 The establishment does not seem to have exceeded eighty thousand men. 1828J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner (ed. 2) 69 The usual establishment of officers for ships of the same class. 1848Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 295 These gallant brigades..had been placed on the English establishment. 1853Stocqueler Mil. Encycl., Peace Establishment is the reduced condition of an army suited to a time of peace. War Establishment is the augmentation of regiments to a certain number..to meet war exigencies. 1884Pall Mall G. 12 Sept. 10/2 Lieutenant-Colonel ― formerly H.E.I.C.S., Bengal establishment.
10. An organized staff of employés or servants, often including, and sometimes limited to, the building in which they are located:
a. A public institution, a school, factory, house of business, etc.
establishment hand (colloq. stab hand): among printers, an employé on weekly wages as distinguished from one on piece-work.
1832G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries I. 188, I now perceived..the high road passed close to the establishment [Pestalozzi's schools]. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. iv, We don't consider the boys' appetites at our establishment. 1842J. Bischoff Woollen Manuf. II. 33 The British manufacturers..have been compelled to seek markets, and form establishments in..the most distant parts of the globe. 1845Stocqueler Hand-bk. Brit. India (1854) 74 Of these establishments the Bishop's College Press, at Calcutta, unquestionably stands at the head. 1851D. Wilson Preh. Ann. (1863) II. iv. i. 192 The religious establishment founded at Iona. 1873Act 36 & 37 Vict. c. 76. §6 The..insufficiency of the establishment for working such railway.
b. A household; a family residence.
separate establishment: a phrase often used when it is indicated that a married man maintains a paramour.
1803Mod. Paris, Two or three families long connected with mine, have still establishments here. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, II. i. 3 Even long after this period, the poverty of the royal establishment was observed. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) II. vii. 174 Her establishment was broken up, and she was sent to reside..in the household of the Princess Elizabeth. 1862Trollope Orley F. i, His wealth would have entitled him to the enjoyment of a larger establishment. a1891Mod. Newspaper, Everybody but his wife seems to have known that he had a separate establishment. |