| 释义 |
tetra-|tɛtrə|
before a vowel tetr-, a. Gr. τετρα-, combining form of the numeral τέτταρες, τέτταρα four, forming the first element of many words adapted from existing Greek compounds, and thence used in new analogous formations, mainly scientific and technical.
1. As a general etymological element.
‖ Tetrabelodon |-ˈbɛlədɒn| [Gr. βέλος a dart, ὀδούς, ὀδοντ- tooth], a genus of extinct elephantine beasts; tetraˈblastic a., Biol. [Gr. βλαστός germ], having four blastodermic membranes or germinal layers, as animals having a true cœlome or body-cavity; teˈtrabolo [f. diabolo by deliberately false analogy (see quot. 1961)], a polyabolo composed of four triangles; ˈtetrabrach |-bræk|, Anc. Pros. (also tetrabrachys) [Gr. τετράβραχ-υς in same sense], a word or foot of four short syllables, as facinora, hominibus; as a foot usually called proceleusmatic; ‖ tetrabrachius |-ˈbrækɪəs|, pl. -ii [Gr. βραχίων arm], a monster having four arms (Billings Nat. Med. Dict. 1890); tetraˈcamarous a., Bot. [Gr. καµάρα vault], having four closed carpels; tetraˈcanthous a. [Gr. ἄκανθα thorn], having four spines, as a fish, etc., or thorns in groups of four, as a plant (Mayne Expos. Lex. 1860); tetraˈcarpellary a., Bot. of a compound fruit: having four carpels; tetracerous |tɪˈtræsərəs|, also † tetraˈceratous, adjs., Zool. [Gr. τετράκερως four-horned], having four ‘horns’ or tentacles; belonging to the Tetracera, a family of four-horned gastropods; ‖ tetrachænium |-əˈkiːnɪəm|, Bot., pl. -ia [see achene], a fruit formed of four adherent achenes. tetrachætous |-ˈkiːtəs| a., Entom. [Gr. χαίτη mane, hair], pertaining to the Tetrachætæ, a division of the brachycerous Diptera, comprising those in which the proboscis is composed of four pieces; ‖ tetrachirus |-ˈkaɪərəs| [L., ad. Gr. τετράχειρ], a monster with four hands (Billings 1890); tetrachroˈmatic a., of, pertaining to, having, or distinguishing four colours; tetrachromic |-ˈkrəʊmɪk| a., of four colours; capable of distinguishing (only) four colours of the spectrum; ˈtetrachromist, one who holds a theory of four colours; cf. polychromist; tetrachronous |tɪˈtrækrənəs| a., Anc. Pros. [Gr. τετράχρονος containing four times], = tetrasemic; ˈtetraclone |-kləʊn| [Gr. κλών twig, spray], a four-rayed sponge-spicule with branched ends (Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909); tetracoccous |-ˈkɒkəs| a., Bot. [Gr. κόκκος berry], having four cocci or carpels; also, applied to bacteria when in four segments (Jackson Gloss. Bot. T. 1900); tetraˈcoccus (pl. -cocci) Biol. [coccus] (see quot. 1968); tetraˈcoral, one of the Tetracoralla, a division of corals (= Rugosa) in which the septa are in multiples of four; so tetraˈcoralline a., of or pertaining to the Tetracoralla; tetracotylean |-kɒtɪˈliːən| a., Biol. [Gr. κοτύλη cup], having four rounded pit-like suckers on the head or scolex, as a tapeworm; tetracrepid |-ˈkriːpɪd| a. [Gr. κρηπίς, κρηπιδ- boot, groundwork], a desmic sponge-spicule formed on a tetract nucleus; teˈtracron, Geom., pl. -a, -ons [Gr. ἄκρον summit], a solid having four vertices or solid angles, a tetrahedron; cf. polyacron; tetraˈdenous a., Bot. [Gr. ἀδήν gland], having four glands (Mayne 1860); tetraˈëterid, also ‖ -is [Gr. τετραετηρίς, -ιδ-, f. ἔτος year], a space of four years, a quadrennium; † tetraˈfoliate, † tetraˈfolious adjs., Bot., four-leaved; = tetraphyllous; bijugate (Mayne); tetragamelian |-gəˈmiːlɪən| [Gr. γαµήλιος bridal], a. belonging to the Tetragamelia, a division of discomedusans (Hydrozoa Acraspeda) having four subgenital pits; n. a member of this division; tetragamy |tɪˈtrægəmɪ| [Byz. Gr. τετραγαµία], a fourth marriage; also, marriage with four women simultaneously; tetragenous |tɪˈtrædʒɪnəs| a., Bacteriol. [-gen1 and -ous], forming square groups of four, as certain micrococci; teˈtragnath [Gr. τετράγναθ-ος], a. having four jaws; n. a kind of spider with four jaws; so † tetraˈgnathian a.; ‖ tetragoˈnidium, Bot., = tetraspore; tetraleioclone |-ˈlaɪəʊkləʊn| [Gr. λεῖ-ος smooth: see tetraclone], a four-rayed sponge-spicule with smooth arms (Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909); tetraˈlemma, Logic [cf. dilemma], a position presenting four alternatives; tetraˈlophodont a. [Gr. λόϕ-ος ridge + ὀδούς, ὀδοντ- tooth], having molars with four transverse ridges, as the sub-genus Tetralophodon of mastodons; tetraˈmasthous a. [Gr. µασθός breast], having four breasts; tetraˈmastigate a. [Gr. µάστιξ, µαστιγ- whip], having four flagella (Cent. Dict. 1891); tetramyrmeclone |-ˈmɜːmɪkləʊn| [Gr. µυρµηκιά wart: see tetraclone], a four-rayed sponge-spicule, the arms covered with tubercles (Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909); tetranephric |-ˈnɛfrɪk| a. [Gr. νεϕρός kidney], having four uriniferous or Malpighian tubes; tetraˈnomial a., Math. [after binomial], consisting of four (algebraic) terms; quadrinomial; tetrapaˈrental a. Biol., (of an organism) produced by the fusion of two embryos; also as n., a tetraparental individual; tetrapaˈresis Path. [paresis], muscular weakness of all four limbs; hence tetrapaˈretic a.; tetraphaˈlangeate a., Comp. Anat., having four phalanges; ‖ tetraˈpharmacon (also in L. form -pharmacum) [Gr. τετραϕάρµακον], a medicine or ointment consisting of four ingredients; hence tetraˈpharmacal a., compounded of four ingredients; tetraˈphonic [Gr. ϕωνή voice, sound], applied to certain forms of quadraphonic recording and reproduction (see quots.); teˈtraphony [Gr. ϕωνή voice], in early mediæval music, diaphony for four voices; tetraphyˈletic a. [Gr. ϕυλετικ-ός, f. ϕυλέτης tribesman, ϕυλή tribe]: see quot.; tetraˈphyllous a. Bot. [Gr. ϕύλλον leaf], having or consisting of four leaves; abbreviated 4-phyllous; tetraploˈcaulous a., Bot. [Gr. τετραπλοῦς fourfold + καυλό-ς stem]: see quot.; tetrapneuˈmonian, Zool., a. of or pertaining to the Tetrapneumones, a division of spiders with two pairs of lung-sacs (Cent. Dict. 1891); n. a spider of this division; tetraˈpneumonous a., Zool., having four lungs or respiratory organs; applied to the Tetrapneumones (see prec.) and to the Tetrapneumona, a group of holothurians (sea-cucumbers); tetraˈpolar a., Biol., having four (instead of only two) poles or centres of radiation: said of a karyokinetic figure; ˈtetrapous a. [Gr. πούς foot], four-footed; tetraprioˈnidian a. [Gr. πρίων a saw: cf. Diprionidian], applied to graptolites having four rows of thecæ showing four serrated edges; tetraprostyle |-ˈprɒstaɪl| a. [Gr. πρόστυλ-ος having pillars in front], of an ancient temple: having a portico with four pillars in front; † teˈtraptative, a. rare [see aptate v.], that combines four things. ˈtetraptote, Gram. [Gr. τετράπτωτ-ος], a noun with (only) four cases; teˈtraptych |-ptɪk|, rare [Gr. πτυχ- fold], a folding picture or the like in four compartments; cf. triptych; tetraˈpylon [ad. Gr. τετράπῡλον], a building or structure with four gates; tetraˈpyramid, Cryst., in the triclinic system, that form in which each of the two faces intercepts the three crystallographic axes; † tetrapyˈrenous a., Bot. [Gr. πυρήν fruit-stone], having four stones, as a fruit; tetraˈquetrous a., Bot. [mod.L. tetraquetr-us four-angled], having four sharp angles; tetrascele: see tetraskele; ‖ tetrascelus |tɪˈtræsɪləs| [Gr. τετρασκελ-ής four-legged], a monster in which the legs are duplicated (Billings 1890); tetraschistic |-ˈskɪstɪk| a., Biol. [Gr. σχιστός cloven], dividing into four by fission; tetraseˈlenodont a. [selenodont], having four crescentic ridges, as a molar tooth; also said of a ruminant that has such teeth; ˈtetraseme, Pros. [Gr. τετράσηµ-ος adj.], n. a foot consisting of or equal to four short syllables; a. = tetrasemic; tetraˈsemic a., Pros., equivalent to four moræ or short syllables; tetraˈsepalous a., Bot., having four sepals; ˈtetraskele, also ˈtetrascele |-siːl| and tetraˈskelion [see tetrascelus], a figure consisting of four limbs radiating from a centre; spec. the fylfot (Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909); ‖ tetraˈspaston [Gr. -σπαστος, -ον, drawn]: see quot.; tetraˈspermous a., Bot. [Gr. σπέρµα seed], having four seeds, or seeds in fours; so tetraˈspermal, tetraˈspermatous adjs.; tetraˈspheric, tetraˈspherical adjs., Math., of or pertaining to four spheres; tetraˈsymmetry, Biol., symmetry characterized by division into four similar parts; † tetraˈsyncrasy [Gr. σύγκρᾱσις: see crasis], a mixture of four elements; ˈtetrateuch nonce-wd., a name for the first four books of the Pentateuch; tetraˈthecal a., Bot. [Gr. θήκη case, cell], four-celled, as an ovary; ˈtetratheism, the doctrine of four persons in the Godhead; ˈtetratheite, a believer in tetratheism; ˈtetratone, Mus., also in form teˈtratonon [ad. Gr. τετράτον-ον], an interval containing four whole tones; an augmented fifth; ˈtetratop [Gr. τόπ-ος place], ‘the four-dimensional angular space inclosed between four straight lines drawn from a point not in the same three-dimensional space’ (Cent. Dict. 1891); tetraˈwickmanite Min., a tetragonal polymorph of wickmanite, MnSn(OH)6, found as yellow crystals; teˈtraxial a., having four axes, as some sponge-spicules; so teˈtraxile a. in same sense; teˈtraxon [Gr. ἄξων axis], n. a sponge-spicule with four axes radiating from a centre; adj. having four axes of growth; hence tetraˈxonian a. = tetraxon adj.; tetraˈzomal a. (n.) Geom. [Gr. ζῶµα girdle], applied to a curve having an equation of the form √U + √V + √W + √T = 0, in relation to which the four curves √U = 0, √V = 0, etc. have properties of the nature of girdling: cf. polyzome; tetraˈzooid, Biol., any one of the four ascidiozooids developed from the germinal disk in the ascidian genus Pyrosoma (Cent. Dict. Suppl. 1909).
1904Athenæum 4 Aug. 133/3 Prof. Lankester gave a curious theory of his own as to the derivation of the elephant's trunk from the soft upper jaw and nasal area of the extinct *Tetrabelodon.
1891Cent. Dict., *Tetrablastic.
1961New Scientist 21 Dec. 752/3 Mr. S. J. Collins..has experimented with the various plane shapes that can be formed by edgewise joins of four isosceles right-angled triangles; for these he most ingeniously suggests the name ‘*tetraboloes’. His excuse is that a ‘diabolo’ has two such triangles in its cross-section (joined pointwise, not edgewise: but no matter!). 1967Tetrabolo [see polyabolo s.v. poly- 1].
[1860Mayne Expos. Lex., *Tetracamarus,..applied by Mirbel to the etairium which is composed of four camaræ.] 1891Cent. Dict., Tetracamarous. 1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms.
1860Mayne Expos. Lex., Tetraceratus,..*tetraceratous.
1891Cent. Dict., *Tetracerous.
1856Henslow Dict. Bot. Terms, *Tetrachænium.., a fruit formed by the separating of a single ovary into four nuts; as in the Labiatæ.
1902Baldwin Dict. Philos. & Psychol. II. 793 Ordinary vision, which is *tetrachromatic,..was called, under the dominance of the colour-triangle, trichromatic.
190219th Cent. Apr. 605 The vision of the second eye was *tetrachromic. 1903Nature 19 Nov. 71/2 The second class of the colour-blind see five, four, three, two, or one colour, according to the degree of their defect, and are called pentachromic, tetrachromic, etc.
1842Wornum in Smith's Dict. Grk. & Rom. Antiq. s.v. Painting §3 Ancient *tetrachromists or polychromists.
1891Cent. Dict., *Tetrachronous.
a1864A. Gray cited in Webster for *Tetracoccous.
1893W. R. Dawson tr. Schenk's Man. Bacteriol. i. 2 Cocci are..found either singly or united in groups... If the elements are joined in pairs and fours we distinguish respectively, according to the number, diplococci and *tetracocci. 1907Practitioner Apr. 488 Two diplococci are frequently seen together, giving a tetra⁓coccus form. 1968M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 9) i. 1 Cocci which divide regularly in two planes at right angles to one another result in collections of four organisms, and are known as tetrads or tetracocci. [1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 743 The Palæozoic Corals are for the most part classified as Rugosa s. *Tetracoralla... The septa are arranged in four systems, which are either disposed in a bilaterally symmetrical manner..or else are regularly radiate.] 1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Tetracotylean.
1888Sollas in Challenger Rep. XXV. p. lix, It..is in some cases difficult to say, in the absence of a visible crepis, whether a desma is rhabdocrepid or *tetracrepid. Ibid. p. lx, Tetracrepid Desma.
1678Phillips New World Wds. (ed. 4), *Tetraeterid,..the space of four years, a word used by Astronomers, and Astrologers. a1727Newton Chronol. Amended i. (1728) 75 [The Greeks] omitted an intercalary month once in eight years, which made their Octaeteris, one half of which was their Tetraeteris.
1881Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XII. 557/1 In the *Tetragamelian Rhizostomæ these pits remain distinct from one another.., but in the Monogamelian Rhizostomæ they unite to form one continuous sub-genital cavity.
1862J. C. Robertson Hist. Christ. Ch. iv. v. II. 402 note, He [Symeon Magister] says that the lawfulness of ‘*tetragamy’ was believed to have been revealed to Euthymius. 1907W. De Morgan Alice-for-Short xviii. 203 Charles had said to his friend, jokingly, that if he had fifty sisters, single ones, Johnson was welcome to make offers to them all round.—‘But then, my dear Paracelsus, that was to be if I had fifty. That would leave me forty-nine—or in case of bigamy, forty-eight; or quadrogamy—tetragamy—whatever it ought to be—forty-six. 1918R. A. Knox Spiritual Aeneid x. 166 We could always split the difference between monogamy and tetragamy by having two wives all round.
1888Science 15 June 283/2 The constituents of the colony turned out to be a *tetragenous microbe quite distinct from the plain atmospheric micrococcus.
1608Topsell Serpents (1658) 771 Nicander..confesseth, that the Ash-coloured *Tetragnath, doth not by his biting infuse any venom or like hurt.
Ibid., If a man be wounded of the *Tetragnathian Spider, the place waxeth whitish, with an intolerable, vehement, and continual pain in it. 1835Kirby Hab. & Inst. Anim. II. xvi. 85 Those Phalangians which are denominated Tetragnatha, or having four jaws.
1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 289 The asexual organs of reproduction are gonidia: since four are usually formed in a mother-cell, they are termed *Tetragonidia... When the thallus consists of rows of cells, the tetragonidia are produced in the apical cell of lateral branches.
a1856W. Hamilton Lect. Metaphysics & Logic (1860) III. xviii. 352 If it [sc. the syllogism] has three, four, or five members, it is called trilemma (tricornis), *tetralemma (quadricornis), pentalemma (quinquecornis). 1867Atwater Logic 151 The names Trilemma, Tetralemma, Polylemma have been sometimes given to this sort of Syllogism according to the number of members or horns.
1889Nicholson & Lydekker Palæont. (ed. 3) II. 1398 In the *Tetralophodont group the number of ridges in the cheek-teeth is greater than in the former group.
1860Mayne Expos. Lex., *Tetramasthous. 1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., Tetramasthous, having four breasts.
1898A. S. Packard Text-bk. Entomol. 355 In at least one case (Melolontha), the *tetranephric is ontogenetically derived from the hexanephric condition by the suppression of one pair of tubules.
1817H. T. Colebrooke Algebra, etc. 280 Put the binomial root for first term;..then put the trinomial, and afterwards the *tetranomial, for first radical term; until the proposed number be exhausted.
1970Nature 31 Jan. 462/2 *Tetraparental mice are produced by fusing two eight-cell stage embryos. Ibid., Allelic differences between the strains produce mosaic patterns in the adult tetraparental which make possible inferences about development. 1971New Scientist 8 Apr. 72/1 One of the most fascinating tools employed in studying these processes [of tissue differentiation]..is provided by ‘tetra⁓parental’ mice. 1979Nature 11 Oct. 429/1 B. Mintz (Institute for Cancer Research, Philadelphia)..pioneered the use of allophenic mice (formed by aggregating cells from two 8-cell embryos from two different pregnant mice, hence tetraparental).
1972New Gould Med. Dict. (ed. 3), *Tetraparesis, weakness of all four extremities. 1980Brit. Med. Jrnl. 29 Mar. 902/2 She was anarthric and bedridden with spastic tetraparesis and twitching tremors.
1978Jrnl. R. Soc. Med. LXXI. 449 A woman..who was *tetraparetic following operation for a cerebral tumour.
1898Nature 3 Feb. 319/1 In the full-grown fœtus of a Vespertilio the fourth digit of the manus is *tetraphalangeate.
1657Tomlinson Renou's Disp. 143 The *Tetrapharmacal unguent, which consists..of Wax, Rosine, Pitch and Bulls fat.
1727–41Chambers Cycl., *Tetrapharmacum,..denotes any remedy consisting of four ingredients. 1842Brande Dict. Sc., etc., Tetrapharmacon, an ointment composed of four remedies; namely wax, resin, lard, and pitch.
1969db Mag. Dec. 23/2 Microphones are placed so channels 1 and 3, and 2 and 4 will operate as pairs to give three walls of sound... In addition, channels 3 and 4 operate as a stereo pair to sharpen the directionality of the reflected sound... When we discovered this..we called it *Tetraphonic Sound. 1974Wireless World July 236/2 Gerzon's assertion that ‘the optimum characteristic is not known’ in regard to a particular tetraphonic technique could be equally well applied to any quadraphonic system. 1977Daily Tel. 4 May 18 ‘Tetraphonic’ has already been given the technical meaning of a set of signals giving complete first-order directional information including height.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, *Tetraphyletic, applied to hybrids with four strains in their descent.
1731Bailey vol. II, *Tetraphyllous. 1775J. Jenkinson Descr. Brit. Pl. 158 The cup [of Charnock] is tetraphyllous and erect.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, *Tetraplocaulous, having quaternary axes.
1842Brande Dict. Sc., etc., *Tetrapneumonians, Tetrapneumones,..a section of spiders..comprehending those which have four pulmonary sacs.
1902D. J. Hamilton in Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 514/1 (Description of Plate) D. *Tetrapolar karyokinesis. E. Another form of tetrapolar division. [1890Billings Nat. Med. Dict., Tetrapus, having four feet.]
1899Syd. Soc. Lex., *Tetrapous.
1888Cassell's Encycl. Dict., *Tetraprionidian.
1891Cent. Dict., *Tetraprostyle.
1471Ripley Comp. Alch. iv. viii. in Ashm. Theat. Chem. Brit. (1652) 146 The thyrd manner and also the last of all, Fowre Elements together whych joynyth to abyde, *Tetraptative certainely Phylosophers doth hyt call.
1656Blount Glossogr., *Tetraptote, declined in four cases. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Tetraptotes,..such defective Nouns, as have only four Cases; as Plus, which wants the Dative and Vocative Singular.
1904H. C. Butler Archit. & Other Arts xii. 393 Conjectured to have been vaulted *tetrapylons at the crossing of the thoroughfares. [1727Bailey vol. II, *Tetrapyrenos, which has four Seeds or Kernels, as Agrifolium, Holly, &c.] 1882Maw in Jrnl. Bot. XI. 88 The Scape..is either *tetraquetrous or triquetrous.
1885Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 834/2 They [chlorophyll corpuscles] multiply by fission, usually *tetraschistic, independently of the general protoplasm.
1890Amer. Nat. May 471 To sustain the view that the *tetraselenodont forms are the descendants of the pentaselenodont Artiodactyla.
1895Gildersleeve Lat. Gram. (ed. 3) 459 *Tetraseme long.
1891Cent. Dict., *Tetrasemic.
1829Loudon Encycl. Pl. (1836) 1069 A *tetrasepalous tetrapetalous flower.
1842Brande Dict. Sc., etc., *Tetraspaston, in Mechanics, a machine in which four pulleys all act together.
1860Mayne Expos. Lex., Tetraspermatus,..four-seeded: *tetraspermal: *tetraspermatous.
1760J. Lee Introd. Bot. ii. viii. (1765) 89 Monopetalous *Tetraspermous.
1889F. A. Bather in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XLV. ii. 362 The structure above described for Eugeniacrinus is..also found..with the necessary modifications due to *tetrasymmetry, in Tetracrinus.
1651Biggs New Disp. §246 If they will have the pus to be made out of a *Tetrasyncrasy or commixture of the humors.
1906Rev. of Theol. & Philos. Jan. 457 An elaborate work on the Pentateuch (or rather the *Tetrateuch, since Deuteronomy is lightly passed over).
1849Balfour Man. Bot. §405 A quadrilocular..or *tetrathecal..anther. 1899Syd. Soc. Lex., Tetrathecal, Biol., applied to a four-chambered ovary.
1874J. H. Blunt Dict. Sects & Heresies s.v. Damianists, Their theory led to the conclusion that there are four Gods, the three separate and subordinate Hypostases and the one superior αὐτόθεος, hence they were also named *Tetratheites.
1740J. Grassineau Mus. Dict. 276 *Tetratonon; the superfluous fifth may be thus called, as containing four tones. 1775Ash, Tetratonon, the superfluous fifth. 1801in Busby Dict. Mus.
1973White & Nelen in Mineral. Rec. IV. 24/1 The mineral..was not wickmanite, but its tetragonal dimorph! To emphasize this dimorphic relationship the mineral has been named *tetrawickmanite. 1978Ibid. IX. 41/2 The Langban tetrawickmanite occurs as bright yellow euhedra implanted on magnetite.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 810 Tetractina: spicules to a great extent *tetraxile.
1886Proc. Zool. Soc. 21 Dec. 581 Spicules more or less clearly *tetraxon, often branched. 1887Sollas in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 416/2 (Sponges) Tetraxon Quadriradiate Type (Calthrops).—Growth from a centre in four directions inclined at about 110° to each other.
1867Cayley Math. Papers VI. 485 On the Trizomal Curve and the *Tetrazomal Curve. Ibid. 486 The tetrazomals are each of them a curve of the order 4r, and they intersect therefore in only 16r2 points.
2. In Chemical nomenclature, in the names of compounds and derivatives with the general sense of ‘four-’, ‘four times’.
a. In substantives: (a) Prefixed to names of binary compounds of elements or radicals, names of salts, etc., to signify four atoms, groups, or equivalents of the element or radical in question; as tetrachloride, (see below); so tetrasulphide, tetriodide, tetroxide, tetrahydroxide, tetramethide, tetracetate, tetraphosphate, etc. (b) Prefixed to names of elements or radicals (or the combining forms, as bromo-, nitro-, oxy-, phospho-, azo-) entering into the name of a compound, to signify that four atoms or groups of the element or radical are substituted in the substance designated by the rest of the name, as tetrabromobenzene, C6H2Br4, in which four of the hydrogen atoms of benzene, C6H6, are replaced by four bromine atoms; so tetramethylbenzene, C6H2(CH3)4. (c) In some words used irregularly, as tetrasalicylide, C28H18O9: see quot. 18752.
ˌtetraalkylˈlead [alkyl], any compound in which the molecule consists of four alkyl radicals bonded to an atom of lead; tetraˈbenazine Pharm. [f. benzo(a)quinolizin-2-one, f. benzene + -izine, denoting two fused rings with a nitrogen atom common to both], a tricyclic compound, C19H27NO3, used in the treatment of chorea; tetrachloride, a compound of four atoms of chlorine with some other element or radical; carbon tetrachloride, a dense, colourless liquid, CCl4, used chiefly in the manufacture of refrigerants and aerosols and in fire extinguishers, and also as a solvent; tetraˌchlorodiˌbenzo(para)diˈoxin, (in strict technical use written with italic -p- in place of para), a polychlorinated tricyclic hydrocarbon, C12H4O2Cl4, that is carcinogenic and teratogenic in animals and is formed in the manufacture of chlorinated phenols; also called dioxin; abbrev. TCDD (see T 6 a); ˌtetrachlor(o)ˈethane, either of two isomeric compounds, C2H2Cl4, that are dense colourless liquids; spec. the symmetrical isomer, which is used chiefly in the manufacture of solvents and is toxic; ˌtetradecaˈpeptide, a polypeptide having fourteen amino-acid residues in the molecule; ˌtetraˌethylaˈmmonium Chem. (also † teˌtrethyl-), the quaternary ion (C2H5)4N+, which is a ganglion-blocking agent and has been used (in the form of its chloride or bromide salt) in the treatment of hypertension; tetraethyl lead, a poisonous oily liquid, Pb(C2H5)4, which is added to petrol as an anti-knock agent making possible higher compression ratios; = lead tetraethyl s.v. lead n.1 12 b; tetraˌethylpyroˈphosphate, a colourless, hygroscopic liquid, (C2H5)4P2O7, that is a cholinesterase inhibitor and is used as a garden insecticide and formerly to relieve the symptoms of myasthenia gravis; tetraˈhydrate, a hydrate containing four molecules of water; ˌtetraˌhydroˈcannabinol, a hydrogenated derivative of cannabinol that is the active principle in cannabis and hashish; ˌtetrahydroˈfuran, a colourless liquid, C4H8O, used as a solvent for plastics and other polymers and as an intermediate in the manufacture of organic chemicals; ˌtetraˌhydroˈfurfuryl, the monovalent radical C4H7O.CH2{b1}; ˌtetraˌhydroˈnaphthalene, any compound derived from naphthalene by the addition of four hydrogen atoms; spec. 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, a colourless liquid used as a solvent for hydrocarbons, esp. varnishes, lacquers, etc.; = tetralin; ˌtetraiodoˈthyronine Biochem. [thyronine] = thyroxine; tetraˈmethylene, the gaseous alicyclic compound (CH2)4; also, (a compound containing) the bivalent straight-chain radical {b1}CH2(CH2)2CH2{b1}; teˈtramisole Pharm. [f. imide + thia)zole s.v. thio- 1, with alteration of z], an anthelminthic drug used in man and animals, usu. as the hydrochloride, 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole, C11H12N2S; tetraˈpeptide Biochem. [ad. G. tetrapeptid (see peptide)], an oligopeptide in which there are four amino-acid residues in the molecule; tetraˈpyrrole [pyrrol], any compound containing four pyrrole nuclei, esp. when in the form of a ring (cf. porphin); hence tetrapyˈrrolic a.
1923Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. July 1821 The method used by Krause..always yields a *tetra-alkyl lead compound when an alkyl halide is used. 1978Nature 26 Oct. 738/1 Particulate lead and tetraalkyllead in the atmosphere are due principally to emissions from vehicles fuelled by leaded petrol.
1958Federation Proc. XVII. 404/1 (heading) Inhibition of reserpine tranquilizing effects by *tetra⁓benazine, a synthetic tranquilizing agent. 1974Lancet 26 Jan. 107/1 Tetrabenazine is the drug of first choice for the suppression of chorea in patients with Huntington's chorea.
1880Athenæum 11 Dec. 781/3 The Formation of Carbon *Tetrabromide in the Manufacture of Bromine.
1888Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. I. 555 *Tetrabromobenzene, C6H2Br4; from p-nitro-benzoic acid and Br at 280°.
1900Jrnl. Soc. Dyers XVI. 7 The solutions of the *tetracetate in chloroform.
1866Odling Anim. Chem. 59 CCl4, Carbon *tetrachloride. 1930Engineering 26 Dec. 814/2 The use of chemical cleaners, such as..carbon tetrachloride,..is more effective. 1947J. C. Rich Materials & Methods of Sculpture v. 94 The wax is placed in the carbon tetrachloride and set aside for about two days to dissolve, after which it can be used. 1972Materials & Technol. IV. vi. 201 Carbon tetrachloride was originally made from coke and chlorine, carbon disulphide being used as an intermediate, but is now mainly produced by the chlorination of methane, or the chlorinolysis of higher hydrocarbons.
1959Jrnl. Pharm. Soc. Japan LXXIX. 188 (caption) 2,3,7,8-*Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. 1970Kirk-Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. (ed. 2) XXII. 180 Dioxins, including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, have been detected as contaminants in samples of 2,4,5-T. 1976Daily Tel. 2 Aug. 11/8 He is to attempt to clean an experimental patch of land 100 yards square by the introduction of healthy micro-organisms of yeast and mould, which he hopes will ‘seed’ upon the poisonous substance, breaking down the molecules of TCDD (Tetrachlorodibenzo-dioxine). 1977New Yorker 25 July 30/1 The samples of the chemical used in the experiments had contained uncharacteristically high levels of a toxic contaminant, 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin—commonly referred to as TCDD, or, by chemists familiar with the subject, either as tetra dioxin or simply as dioxin. 1978Price's Textbk. Pract. Med. (ed. 12) iii. 284/2 Under conditions of high reaction temperatures in the manufacture of 2,4,5-T there has been formed tetrachlorodibenzoparadioxine (dioxine) which has produced chloracne in laboratory workers. 1980National Geographic Aug. 181 TCDD—shorthand for 2,3,7,8-tetra⁓chlorodibenzoparadioxin, frequently simply called dioxin—is the inevitable by-product of the manufacture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and silvex.
1871Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XXIV. 1191 The former has the composition of *tetra⁓chlorethane, C2H2Cl4, and is formed, according to the usual reaction of phosphorus pentachloride on aldehydes, by the substitution of 2 at. Cl. for 1 at. O in dichloraldehyde. 1922Encycl. Brit. XXX. 35/1 Tetrachlorethane was tried with success, but it proved dangerous to the operatives applying it in enclosed places. Moreover, sun⁓light decomposed tetrachlorethane. 1933Jrnl. R. Hort. Soc. LVIII. 282 Tetrachlorethane as a Greenhouse Fumigant. 1934H. Hiler Notes on Technique of Painting iii. 235 Dissolve hard copal resin in tetra-chlor-ethan [sic]. 1963A. J. Hall Textile Sci. vii. 307 Dry cleaning involves the extraction of dirt, and grease, oil, fat and wax stains from all kinds of textile materials by treatment with a hot organic solvent such as..tetrachloroethane. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia IX. 910/3 The other isomer, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane,..has no commercial application.
1973Science 5 Jan. 79/1 The linear *tetra⁓decapeptide was synthesized by solid-phase methodology. 1979Nature 8 Nov. 208/2 A tetradecapeptide originally isolated from amphibian skin.
1852A. W. Hofmann in Q. Jrnl. Chem. Soc. IV. 306 For this [organic] metal I propose..the name *Tetrethylammonium..which implies that it is built up by the intimate union of nitrogen with four equivalents of the hypothetical hydrocarbon called ethyl. 1940Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) IV. 355/2 Tetraethylammonium hydroxide, NEt4·OH, known only in solution or as solid hydrates. 1962J. H. Burn Drugs, Med. & Man vi. 65 Two American workers attempted to use..tetraethylammonium to reduce blood pressure in patients in 1946, and then two workers in England introduced hexamethonium which was much more powerful and acted for a much longer time.
1923Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. July 1821 *Tetra-ethyl lead was prepared by P. Pfeiffer by the action of lead chloride on ethyl-magnesium iodide. 1940Economist 30 Mar. 586/2 The 87-octane spirit is generally obtained by the addition of small quantities of tetra-ethyl lead to good-quality ‘straight-run’ petrol. 1970Nature 14 Mar. 990/1 Lead, in the form which it is added to petrols—tetraethyl lead, Pb(C2H5)4—is undoubtedly poisonous.
1947Ibid. 29 Nov. 760/1 During the War, the Germans introduced as insecticides a series of phosphate esters, including *tetraethylpyrophosphate and hexaethyltetraphosphate. 1952H. Beckman Pharmacol. in Clin. Pract. 568 Prostigmin may usually be discontinued at this point and tetraethylpyrophosphate cautiously increased..until there is maximal relief of symptoms without toxic effects. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia IX. 911/3 Tetraethyl pyro⁓phosphate is extremely poisonous to humans, the toxic effects being similar to those of parathion.
1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. xi. 121 Fluorine forms, with the silicon contained in the glass, a volatile compound called Silicon *tetrafluoride.
1886Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLIX. 418 The thermal reaction..is made up of two distinct quantities—(1) the decomposition of the trihydrate, (2) the formation of the *tetrahydrate. 1951[see hexahydrate s.v. hexa-]. 1963Acta Crystallogr. XVI. 376 (heading) Refinement of the structure of potassium pentaborate tetrahydrate.
1940Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 1121 The compounds prepared include 6{pp}-hydroxy-2:2:5′-trimethyl-4{pp}-n-amyl-3′:4′:5′:6′-tetrahydrodibenzopyran.., which may be a *tetrahydrocannabinol. 1967New Scientist 31 Aug. 436/1 The classical analysis of hashish..yielded three types of related compound as the characteristic components of the drug. These were cannabidiol, cannabinol and tetrahydrocannabinol. 1980Daily Tel. 19 Sept. 11/2 If the female is pollinated, it uses some of its resinous tetrahydrocannabinol [printed -cannibol]—the stimulant in marijuana—to produce seeds.
1908Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XCIV. i. 280 When furan is hydrogenated at 170° by Sabatier and Senderens' method, the principal product consists of *tetrahydrofuran. 1956Nature 21 Jan. 128/2 Both the nylon 6:6-cyclic monomer..and the cyclic dimer from caprolactam..were reduced by lithium aluminium hydride in boiling tetrahydrofuran without difficulty. 1978Further Perspectives Organic Chem. (CIBA) 23 Why should the gas phase be a better model for enzymic reactions than a solvent which is more protein-like than, say, water..or tetrahydrofuran?
1928Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. L. 1821 α-*Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol will shortly be available on a commercial scale from the catalytic reduction of furfural. 1951Kirk & Othmer Encycl. Chem. Technol. VI. 1004 In the United Kingdom, tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate has been used as a lipstick ingredient, based on the high solubility of eosin in it. Ibid., Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol is used in the preparation of esters, especially tetrahydrofurfuryl oleate, which is almost colourless and has excellent light and heat stability.
1887Abstr. Proc. Chem. Soc. III. 88 At the next meeting..the following Papers will be read... ‘Derivatives of Hydrindonaphthene and *Tetrahydronaphthalene’. By W. H. Perkin, jun. 1904[see decahydronaphthalene]. 1935Industr. & Engin. Chem. (News Ed.) 20 Aug. 332/1 The merit of tetrahydronaphthalene for town gas mains lies in the fact that, being a close chemical relative of naphthalene it has the power of absorbing larger quantities of naphthalene than any of the other solvents in present use. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Organic Chem. xix. 391 Naphthalene quite readily undergoes addition reactions. For example at 200° catalytic hydrogenation over nickel yields tetrahydronaphthalene (‘tetralin’). 1969N. A. J. Rogers in S. Coffey Rodd's Chem. Carbon Compounds (ed. 2) IIc. x. 71, 1,4,5,8-Tetrahydronaphthalene, ‘isotetralin’.., m.p. 58°, may be prepared by the reduction of 1,4-dihydronaphthalene by the ‘metal in ammonia’ method.
1880Roscoe & Schorlemmer Treat. Chem. II. ii. 434 Rhodium *tetrahydroxide Rh(OH)4..this compound separates out as a green powder.
1928*Tetraiodothyronine [see thyronine]. 1974D. & M. Webster Compar. Vertebr. Morphol. xiii. 310 The two hormones, triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine), are iodinated amino acids.
1899Smith Richter's Org. Chem. I. 187 Lead *tetramethide, Pb(CH3)4, boils at 110°.
1885W. H. Perkin in Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XLVII. 806 It was thought that the simplest method would be to regard the saturated hydrocarbons themselves as multiples of methylene, CH2, and thus name them di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, &c., methylene, as is easiest seen from the following table:—..*Tetra-methylene. 1898J. Wade Introd. Study Org. Chem. xxxv. 219 The tetramethylene compound..is formed by the reduction of ethylene cyanide with sodium amalgam in alcoholic solution. 1909[see pentamethylene s.v. penta-]. 1944S. J. Smith Princ. Org. Chem. x. 197 Both their methods of preparation and their parachors..show them to be cyclic compounds containing no unsaturated linkage:..Cyclobutane tetramethylene. 1966[see ethylene 2]. 1971N. L. Allinger et al. Org. Chem. iv. 63 Frequently occurring hydrocarbon groupings that have more than one site for the attachment of substituents are also given common or trivial names..ICH2CH2CH2CH2I 1,4-Diiodobutane (Tetra⁓methylene iodide).
1966D. Thienpont et al. in Nature 12 Mar. 1084/1 This article reports the discovery of *tetra⁓misole.., a new, potent broad spectrum anthelmintic. 1978Ibid. 22 June 629/1 Tetramisole and/or its levorotatory isomer levamisole is used in many countries against a broad range of nematodal infections in birds, pigs, ruminants and man.
1906Jrnl. Chem. Soc. XC. i. 810 Triglycylglycine methyl ester, prepared by esterifying the *tetra⁓peptide with methyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride, crystallises in microscopic, glistening needles. 1927P. A. Levene Chem. Relationships of Sugars 2 in Contemp. Devel. in Chem., A tetrapeptide composed of naturally occurring amino acids is hydrolyzed by trypsin. 1970R. W. McGilvery Biochem. iv. 51 Peptide subunits join to make the tetrapeptide because of interactions between side chains of residues exposed at the meshing surfaces.
1875Watts Dict. Chem. VII. 1032 When the barium salt [of pyromucic acid] mixed with soda⁓lime is heated, a compound called *tetraphenol, C4H4O, distils over.
1917Chem. Abstr. XI. 452 Baeyer's method..gives the cryst[alline] substance C28H36N4..which may be named *tetrapyrroletetracetone. 1968[see prodigiosin]. 1976Ann. Rev. Microbiol. XXX. 410 Relatively general metabolic criteria, such as..tetra⁓pyrrole biosynthesis..have proven useful in defining taxonomic relationships.
1944Ann. Reg. 1943 358 Vitamins operate as coenzymes in plant respiration, which is catalysed by the same types of *tetrapyrrolic compounds as are present in animal tissues. 1975Nature 22 May 357/2 The Hans Fischer school which then dominated tetrapyrrolic chemistry.
1875Watts Dict. Chem. VII. 1067 Schiff..prepares salicylide, C7H4O2, and *tetrasalicylide, C28H18O9, by the action of phosphorous oxychloride on salicylic acid.
b. Prefixed to adjectives, in the names of acids, alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, salts, etc.; as tetrasodic, containing four sodium atoms; so tetraboric, etc.; tetrethylic, containing four ethyl groups; so tetramylic, etc.
1868Watts Dict. Chem. V. 730 Tetraphosphamic acids..are amic acids derived from tetraphosphoric acid. 1868Fownes' Chem. (ed. 10) 347 Tetrasodic Phosphate or Sodium Pyrophosphate is prepared by strongly heating common disodic orthophosphate..and re-crystallising. 1888Morley & Muir Watts' Dict. Chem. I. 528 Pyroboric (or tetraboric) acid, 2B2O3·H2O (= H2B4O7).
c. In verbs and their pples. derived from ns. as in a., as tetrabrominated, tetra-chlorinated, tetra-hydrated (containing 4 molecules of water).
1857Miller Elem. Chem. III. 46 Tetrachlorinated Hydrochloric Ether, C4HCl.Cl4. 1873Watts Fownes' Chem. (ed. 11) 767 Propyl-benzene..forms with excess of bromine a viscid tetrabrominated compound. |