| 释义 |
exo-, prefix1|ˈɛksəʊ; before two unstressed syllables ɛkˈsɒ|
(before a vowel sometimes reduced to ex-), repr. Gr. ἔξω, without, in many compounds of modern formation, as ˌexarteˈritis, ˌexo-arteˈritis [see arteritis], Path., inflammation of the outer coat of an artery; exoatmosˈpheric a., occurring or working outside the atmosphere; exobiˈology (see quot. 1960); hence exobiˈologist; exoˈcannibalism, the custom of eating the flesh of persons belonging to another tribe; exophagy; exoˈcardial a. Phys. [cf. cardial], pertaining to the exterior of the heart; ˈexocarp [Gr. καρπ-ός fruit], (in fruits) the outermost layer of the pericarp; = epicarp; exoˈcellular a., outside the cell; exoˈchorion, Anat. [see chorion], the outer layer of the chorion or membrane that encloses the fœtus; exoˈcœlar a. [cœl-om + -ar], pertaining to the outer side of the cœlom or body-cavity; exocœle |ˈɛksəʊsiːl| Zool., the space which lies between different pairs of mesenteries of a zoantharian polyp; also exocœl; so exoˈcœlic a.; exoˈclinal a. Geol., characteristic of or pertaining to an exocline; ˈexocline, an inverted fan-fold (see quot.); exoˈcyclic adj., (a) Zool., of an irregular sea-urchin, having the anus displaced from the apical position in which it is found in the regular forms; (b) Chem., situated outside the ring; exocyˈtosis Biol., the expulsion of matter by a living cell; ˈexoderm [Gr. δέρµα skin], the outer layer of the blastoderm; = ectoderm; also, the external crust of the body of an insect; exo-erythroˈcytic a., existing outside the red blood-corpuscles; ˌexogaˈstritis, Path. [see gastritis], inflammation of the outer coat of the stomach; eˈxogynous a. [Gr. γυνή woman + -ous], having the style projecting prominently out of the flower; exoˈmorphic a. Geol., designating contact metamorphic changes in the surrounding rocks by the intrusion of igneous matter; so exoˈmorphism, the process of causing or undergoing exomorphic changes; exoˈnarthex [see narthex], the outer vestibule of a Greek church (cf. esonarthex); exoˈneural a. [see neural], operating outside the nerves; hence exoˈneurally adv.; exoˈnormative a. Linguistics, of language standardization: drawing on foreign models of usage as a basis for the standard language; contr. with endonormative s.v. endo-; exoˈpathic a. [Gr. πάθ-ος suffering + -ic], (of disease) originating outside the body (cf. autopathic); exoˈpeptidase Biochem., any of a group of proteolytic enzymes which split terminal peptide bonds only; eˈxophagous a. [Gr. ϕαγ-εῖν to eat + -ous], (see quot.); eˈxophagy [as prec. + -y], the habit of being exophagous; exoˈphoria Med., a tendency of the visual axes to diverge laterally from parallelism; latent divergent squint; hence exoˈphoric a. and n.; exoˈphyllous a. [Gr. ϕῦλλ-ον leaf + -ous], (see quot.); ˈexoplasm [Gr. πλάσµα something moulded or formed], the outermost layer of the cuticular protoplasm of some Protozoa (cf. ectoplasm, endoplasm, s.v. ecto-, endo-); exopod |ˈɛksəʊpɒd| Zool., an exopodite; eˈxopodite [Gr. ποδ-, πούς foot + -ite], ‘the outermost of the two processes appended to the basal process of the hinder limbs of some of the Crustacea’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.); hence exopoˈditic a.; eˈxoptile a. Bot. [Gr. πτίλον feather], having a naked plumule; exoˈr(h)eic a. Geogr., characterized by exoreism; exoˈr(h)eism Geogr. [ad. F. exorrhéisme, ‘ou, si l'on admet une orthographe simplifiée’, exoréisme (E. de Martonne 1926, in Compt. Rend. CLXXXII. 1396)], land drainage reaching the sea; exoˈ(r)rhizal a. Bot. [Gr. ῥίζ-α root + -al1], (of plants) having the radicle naked, i.e. not enclosed in a sheath; also exoˈrrhizous a.; exoˈscopic a. [Gr. -σκοπ-ος watching], viewing from the outside; having regard to external appearances or relations; hence exoˈscopically adv.; exoˈseptum Zool., each of the calcareous septa appearing in the exocœle of a coral polyp; exoˈskeletal a. Anat., of or pertaining to the exoˈskeleton, the external integument, whether bony or calcified, as in some animals, or leathery as in others; also fig.; exosoˈmatic a. Biol., designating or pertaining to a device that an animal uses which is not one of its own organs; ˈexosperm, Bot. [Gr. σπέρµα seed]; ˈexosphere, the layer of the atmosphere farthest from the earth; hence exoˈspheric a.; ˈexospore, Bot. [see spore], the outer coat of a spore or oosphere in fungi or lichens; hence exoˈsporal a., pertaining to an exospore; exoˈsporous a., a term applied to fungi whose spores are on the outer surface of the sporangium; ˈexostome, Bot. [Gr. στόµα mouth], the aperture in the outer integument of the ovule; exoˈtentacle Zool., a tentacle arising from an exocœle in certain polyps; exoˈtheca, Zool. [Gr. θήκη case], the hard exterior wall of the gonosome of the Hydrozoa; hence exoˈthecal a., pertaining to the exotheca; exoˈthecium, Bot. [mod.Lat., f. Gr. θήκ-η case], ‘the cuticular or outer layer of the anther’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.); exoˈtoxin, a toxin liberated by a living bacterium or other micro-organism into the medium in which it grows; exoˈtropia, divergent strabismus; hence exoˈtropic a.; eˈxotropism (see quot.).
1966Economist 5 Mar. 898/1 A ‘new, long-range *exoatmospheric interceptor’ to which the short-range Sprint missile would be a supplement. 1967Listener 9 Feb. 185/2 The resulting pulse of radiation should make almost everything in range boil; this would happen beyond the atmosphere and the principle is called exoatmospheric interception.
1964New Scientist 26 Nov. 573/2 One of the greatest difficulties the *exobiologists are up against is that of making sure that their equipment does not carry any extraneous terrestrial bacteria. 1969New Yorker 12 Apr. 85/1 Exobiologists will be looking for traces of life on the moon.
1960Daily Tel. 14 Jan. 11/1 Dr. Lederberg is building up a team for work on *exobiology, as this branch of the study of life on other planets is called. 1960Space Research I. 1153 The problems of exobiology have important applications for the development of theoretical biology and the understanding of the mechanism of the evolution of life. 1969Times 11 Jan. 15/6 The novel feature of the research carried out by staff of the exobiology division of the Nasa Ames Research Centre in California is that the amino-acids discovered in these ancient rocks have the asymmetry characteristic of living things.
1900tr. Deniker's Races of Man 148 ‘*Exocannibalism’, that is to say the habit of eating the flesh of strangers.
1866A. Flint Prince. Med. (1880) 315 The sign is called..sometimes, in contradistinction from the murmur produced by blood-currents within the heart, an *exocardial murmur.
1845Gray Bot. Text-bk. i. x. 252 *Exocarp. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 326 Euphorbia..valves with a coriaceous exocarp.
1946Nature 23 Nov. 745/1 The *exocellular enzymes previously elaborated by the growing myxococci.
1857Bullock Cazeaux' Midwif. 195 The external..also called the *exochorion, is wholly destitute of vessels.
1901*Exoclinal [see endoclinal s.v. endo-].
1889*Exocline [see endocline s.v. endo-].
1940L. H. Hyman Invertebrates I. vii. 568 In the case of paired septa, the space between the members is named endocoel, between pairs, *exocoel. 1967P. A. Meglitsch Invertebrate Zool. vi. 159 (caption) The retractor muscles face the exocoel in directive septa.
1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man I. ix. 271 The *exocœlar, that is, the outer, or parietal cœlom—epithelium.
1885,1963*Exocœle [see entocœle s.v. ento-].
1902*Exocœlic [see entocœlic s.v. ento-].
1888Rolleston & Jackson Forms Anim. Life 562 Anus *exocyclic. 1913J. B. Cohen Org. Chem. Adv. Stud. II. iv. 298 Dispersivity..is increased by the double bond in the side-chain (exocyclic) as compared with that in the nucleus (endocyclic). 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xvi. 594 The exocyclic atoms are markedly electronegative. 1966Treat. Invertebrate Palaeontol. (Amer. Geol. Soc.) U.I.U 289/2 This exocyclic tendency was not very successful in the Diadematacea.
1963C. De Duve in De Rueck & Cameron CIBA Symp. Lysosomes 126 The process sometimes referred to as reverse pinocytosis and believed to be involved in secretory mechanisms could be called *exocytosis. 1970Nature 8 Aug. 620/2 He proposed that chromaffin cells released their contents after attaching to the cell membrane, through ‘exocytosis’.
1879tr. Haeckel's Evol. Man I. viii. 197 The protoplasm of the *exoderm cells. 1884Syd. Soc. Lex., Exoderm.
1946Nature 16 Nov. 707/2 Therapeutic potency is..apparent not only against the erythrocytic but also against the *exo-erythrocytic forms of the malaria parasite. 1968J. H. Burn Lect. Notes Pharmacol. (ed. 9) 115 The exo-erythrocytic parasites are very important in the chemotherapy of malaria because they are much more resistant to treatment than the red cell forms.
1888F. H. Hatch in J. J. H. Teall Brit. Petrogr. 430 *Exomorphic, applied by Fournet to contact-metamorphism when produced in the rock through which the molten mass is erupted. Used in contradistinction to endomorphic. Syn. Exogenous. 1903Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CLXV. 280 The density increment due to exomorphic changes. 1931F. H. Lahee Field Geol. (ed. 3) vi. 133 The contact metamorphic zone (exomorphic zone)..varies in thickness from a fraction of an inch to many hundred yards.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Exomorphism, that variety of contact-metamorphism which is developed, in the surrounding walls, by an intruded mass of eruptive rock. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 84/1 The crystallization of the larger intrusives may result in profound alterations in the adjacent wall rocks (exomorphism).
1850Neale Hist. East. Ch. I. 245 The esonarthex opens on to the church by nine doors, to the *exonarthex by five.
1851H. Mayo Pop. Superst. (ed. 2) 73 To denote mental phenomena of the kind I am supposing, I propose the term *exoneural (ἔξω νεῦρον). 1881W. F. Barrett in Nature XXIV. 212 There seemed to be a veritable exoneural action of the mind.
1968,1980*Exonormative [see endonormative s.v. endo-]. 1984English World-Wide V. i. 145 The well-known problem of stylistic invariability in EFL speakers may well be aggravated in ESL countries such as Singapore..where exonormative standards may well be supplied from different sources.
1881J. Simon ibid. 372 We see the various causes of death as under two great heads, respectively autopathic and *exopathic.
1936*Exopeptidase [see endopeptidase s.v. endo-]. 1962A. Spector in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 334 In neither investigation were sufficient substrates studied to indicate that the activity..was associated with a true exopeptidase.
1883Pall Mall G. 30 Nov. 5/1 The Indians are *‘exophagous’, that is, do not eat members of their own tribe.
1886G. T. Stevens in N.Y. Med. Jrnl. 4 Dec. 626/2 The different relations of the visual lines..may be defined and arranged as follows..I. Generic Terms.—Orthophoria: A tending of the visual lines in parallelism. Heterophoria: A tending of these lines in some other way. II. Specific Terms.—Heterophoria may be divided into: 1. Esophoria: A tending of the visual lines inward. 2. *Exophoria: A tending of the lines outward. 3. Hyperphoria: A tending of the right or left visual line in a direction above its fellow. 1964Exophoria [see esophoria].
1906Jrnl. Amer. Med. Assoc. 1 Sept. 674/1 Practically two-thirds of the whole number of *exophorics were what might be called near workers. 1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., Exophoric, adj. 1962H. C. Weston Sight, Light & Work (ed. 2) ii. 41 People who are exophoric for distance are usually progressively more so as the point of fixation approaches the eyes.
1839Lindley Introd. Bot. i. ii. 252 *Exophyllous; because the young leaves of..dicotyledons are always naked.
1888Athenæum 4 Feb. 151/1 The granulated structure of its *exoplasm..was described.
1893,1959*Exopod [see endopod s.v. endo-]. 1927Geogr. Rev. XVII. 399 The boundary between the endoreic and the exoreic regions can be drawn without hesitation.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life 92 The anterior extremities of the palpiform *exopodites. 1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. vi. 281 The exopodite, metamorphosed into another such bowl shuts down over the endopodite.
1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. iv. 226 The *exorheic regions contain the main lake districts of the world.
1927*Exorheism [see endoreism s.v. endo-]. 1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation 404 Exorheism, drainage towards the oceans surrounding a land mass.
1870Bentley Bot. 120 Such a mode of root-development has been called *exorhizal.
1884Syd. Soc. Lex., *Exorrhizous.
1816Bentham Chrestom. Wks. 1843 VIII. 94 Division of Politics and Government into Esoscopic..and *Exoscopic, i.e. external-concerns-regarding, viz. International Government and Politics. 1853Sylvester in Phil. Trans. CXLIII. i. 409 The method becoming as it may be said endoscopic instead of being exoscopic as in the first section.
Ibid., The subject is treated..*exoscopically in the first and last sections.
1885,1903*Exoseptum [see entoseptum s.v. ento-]. 1904Biol. Bulletin July 82 The dorsal and middle pairs of exosepta arose bilaterally in advance of the two ventral pairs.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life Introd. 57 *Exoskeletal ossifications. 1877Huxley Anat. Inv. Anim. i. 55 From the epidermis, all cuticular and cellular exoskeletal parts..are developed.
1847Todd Cycl. Anat. III. 846/2 *Exoskeleton. 1864H. Spencer Illustr. Univ. Progr. 409 In the highest Annulosa, the exo-skeleton and the muscular system, never lose all traces of their segmentation. 1872Nicholson Palæont. 187 The Mollusca..commonly possessing an exoskeleton or shell. 1888J. Jacobs Bidpai lii, These are the facts that form the exoskeleton of his life.
1945A. J. Lotka in Human Biol. Sept. 188 In place of slow adaptation of anatomical structure and physiological function in successive generations by selective survival, increased adaptation has been achieved by the incomparably more rapid development of ‘artificial’ aids to our native receptor-effector apparatus, in a process that might be termed *exosomatic evolution. 1951New Biol. XI. 21 Exosomatic adaptations. Ibid., Most exosomatic organs are instruments or tools..like spectacles, radio sets,..hammers, scalpels, motor cars and guns.
1951Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. X. 18 The atmosphere can conveniently be divided into four parts, the troposphere, the stratosphere, the ionosphere and the *exosphere. 1955E. Burgess Frontier to Space 150 The density and extent of the exosphere. 1969Sci. Jrnl. May 67/1 The lunar atmosphere is a true exosphere in direct communication with space, to which its molecules can escape freely unless inhibited by gravity.
1951Jrnl. Brit. Interplan. Soc. X. 18 The exospheric gases.
1859Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 246/2 The *exosporal membrane dehisces in three valves.
Ibid. V. 246/1 The sporangium..burst by the swelling of the *exospore. 1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 325 The exospore is usually smooth and often variously coloured.
1884Syd. Soc. Lex., *Exosporous.
1845Gray Bot. Text-bk. i. ix. 241 The orifice of the primine is called the *Exostome, that of the secundine of the inner Endostome; literally the outer and the inner orifice. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 81 The arillus being produced from the exostome.
1904Biol. Bulletin July 88 The *exotentacles in Siderastrea radians have been found to appear throughout in advance of the entotentacles.
1877Nicholson in Encycl. Brit. VI. 374 They [the costæ of the coral]..may be united by transverse plates (‘*exothecal dissepiments’) which run horizontally across the intercostal spaces.
1870Bentley Bot. 239 An outer which..is called the *exothecium.
1920H. Zinsser in Jrnl. Immunology V. 286 There was much unclearness..regarding the so-called *exotoxins of bacteria. 1964M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) vi. 67 The reaction between endotoxins and their antibodies does not follow the law of multiple proportions which is so characteristic of exotoxin-antitoxin reactions.
1897G. T. Stevens in Norris & Oliver Syst. Dis. Eye II. viii. 172 The class Heterotropia..may be divided into two sub-classes... The specific divisions of the sub-class a are—1. Esotropia, a deviation of the visual lines inward. 2. *Exotropia, a deviation of the visual lines outward. 3. Hypertropia (right or left), a deviation of one visual line above the other. 4. Hyperesotropia and Hyperexotropia are the compound deviations. 1961Lancet 7 Oct. 812/1 Increase of the interpupillary distance with exotropia.
1906G. T. Stevens Motor Apparatus of Eyes iii. xlviii. 384 *Exotropic persons are, much more than esophoric subjects, accustomed to close one eye when reading or working.
1898H. C. Porter tr. Strasburger's Text-bk. Bot. 258 A torsion must..occur when a geotropic organ, which has become curved over toward its parent axis, turns itself about so as to face outwards (*exotropism).
Add: ˈexoglossic a. Linguistics, of, pertaining to, or characterized by the use of a language or variety which is not native to a region, but which nevertheless exercises cultural, political, or economic influence, esp. as an official norm; opp. endoglossic adj. s.v. *endo-.
1975Linguistics 15 Aug. 23 The importance of English to the average Nigerian pre-adolescent is mainly *exoglossic and limited to formal education. 1984English World-Wide V. 250 Margie S. Berns..introduced the foreign language varieties, focusing on the tendency in Germany for AmE to replace BrE as the dominant exo-glossic model in many domains and registers.
eˈxophora n. Gram., a mode of reference in which the significance of a substitutional element or pro-form is determined by situational knowledge on the part of the reader or listener; opp. endophora n. s.v. *endo-.
1976Halliday & Hasan Cohesion in Eng. ii. 33 We shall find it useful..to have a special term for situational reference. This we are referring to as *exophora, or exophoric reference. 1984Discourse Processes VII. i. 58 The register characteristic of speakers sharing many common assumptions conveys meaning contextually and is characterized by a greater incidence of exophora; for example, Hand it over, where the meaning of it is conveyed by a gesture.
exophoric a., (b) Gram., of, pertaining to, or constituting exophora.
1974Foundations of Lang. July 507 Mood in sentential complements is endophoric, while in adverbial and relative clauses it is *exophoric. 1984Lang. & Communication IV. 257 The second utterance is a more explicit version of the first, not only in terms of making clear the threat element but also in substituting ‘in this court to explain why’ for the exophoric ‘here’.
hence exoˈphorically adv.
1974Foundations of Lang. July 510 The question arises..as to the circumstances under which mood is interpreted endophorically or *exophorically. 1984Lang. & Communication IV. 262 The crucial implicitness is achieved exophorically, with a direct appeal to situational knowledge.
Add: ˈexodermis n. Bot. [cf. earlier F. exoderme (coined by P. Vuillemin in De la Valeur des Caractères Anatomiques..Tiges des Composées (1884) iii. 52)], a protective outer layer formed beneath root epidermis, as it breaks down, from the outermost cortex.
1889D. H. Scott in Ann. Bot. IV. 149 What we generally term epidermis is here an absorptive structure, but this is only the case in young roots. The older roots cease to be absorptive and require, like sub-aërial organs, a protective dermal structure... This epidermoidal layer, or better *exodermis, is especially evident in monocotyledonous roots, which have a persistent cortex, and often no periderm, so that the exodermis here has to form a permanent protective structure. 1919F. O. Bower Bot. Living Plant v. 72 The outermost layer, lying directly below the piliferous layer, and with its cells alternating with these, is called the exodermis. 1976Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (rev. ed.) 172 The rhizodermis dies with the root hairs, and its place is taken by a typical secondary boundary tissue, the exodermis. |