| 释义 |
realism|ˈriːəlɪz(ə)m|
[f. real a.2 + -ism; perh. after F. réalisme or G. realismus.]
1. Philos.
a. The scholastic doctrine of the objective or absolute existence of universals, of which Thomas Aquinas was the chief exponent; (opposed to nominalism and conceptualism). Also in later use: The attribution of objective existence to a subjective conception.
1826R. Whately Logic 299 Nothing, perhaps, has contributed more to the error of Realism than inattention to this ambiguity. Ibid. 300 All these absurdities are in fact but the extreme and ultimate point of Realism. 1828J. S. Mill in Westm. Rev. IX. 155 Their [sc. Aristotelian logicians'] classification of names according to the mode of their signification (of which the doctrine of the Predicables forms a part) when purified from the taint of Realism which adheres to the expression but without infecting the substance, constitutes a prodigious step in the theory of naming. 1838–9Hallam Hist. Lit. I. i. iii. 187 Scotus and his disciples were the great maintainers of Realism. 1846Wright Ess. Mid. Ages I. vi. 236 The struggle between nominalism and realism, under different forms, has continued even to the present day. 1874Fiske Cosmic Philos. II. 401 By a subtle realism, he projects the idea of himself out upon the field of phenomena, and deals with it henceforth as an objective reality. 1948C. Hartshorne Divine Relativity iii. 122 Even if one takes the ‘conceptualist’ solution of the problem of nominalism and realism, one need not therefore deny that God may have something corresponding to concepts. 1970N. Wolterstorff On Universals vii. 170 Our position is that of realism and ‘nominalism’. Is rapprochement between two such ancient armies possible?
b. (a) Belief in the real existence of matter as the object of perception (natural realism); also, the view that the physical world has independent reality, and is not ultimately reducible to universal mind or spirit. (Opposed to idealism 1.)
1830W. Hamilton in Edin. Rev. LII. 169 If the veracity of consciousness be unconditionally admitted..the doctrine is established which we would call the scheme of Natural Realism or Natural Dualism. Ibid. 180 The scheme of Natural Realism, which it is Reid's immortal honour to have been the first..to embrace. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xvi. (1859) I. 293, I would be inclined to denominate those who implicitly acquiesce in the primitive duality as given in consciousness, the Natural Realists or Natural Dualists, and their doctrine, Natural Realism or Natural Dualism. 1872H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. II. vii. xix. 491 It cannot..construct its argument, without making many times over that assumption which Realism makes but once. 1881R. Adamson Fichte 219 The opposition between Hegelianism on the one hand, and scientific naturalism or realism on the other.
(b) In the 20th century, applied to philosophical theories reacting against 19th-century idealism which, while they agree in affirming that external objects exist independently of the mind, differ in their accounts of appearance, perception, and illusion. More recently (opp. to verificationism), the theory that the world has a reality that transcends the mind's analytical capacity, and hence that propositions are to be assessed in terms of their truth to reality, rather than in terms of their verifiability. Cf. also naïve realism s.v. naïve a. 1 b, New Realism.
The quotations are chosen to give some idea of the range and diversity of views in modern theories of realism.
1906Mind XV. 308 Some of the leading supporters of the new Realism (especially Mr. Moore and Mr. Russell) connect it with an extremely nominalistic type of Logic... This Logic, however, seems to be quite capable of recognising types such as those of Plato. 1920D. Drake et al. Ess. Critical Realism p. vi, Our realism is not a physically monistic realism, or a merely logical realism... To find an adjective that should connote the essential features of our brand of realism seemed chimerical, and we have contented ourselves with the vague, but accurate, phrase critical realism. 1920J. Laird Stud. in Realism i. 13 Any realism of this kind, even if it defends common sense, defends a common sense which is very sophisticated indeed. 1938G. D. Hicks Critical Realism p. xiii, Realism, as Professor Perry has defined it, stands for the principle that ‘things may be, and are, directly experienced without owing either their being or their nature to that circumstance’. 1954M. R. Cohen Amer. Thought ix. 271 The practical consequence of Peirce's realism is his sharp distinction between what is useful and what is true. 1963J. Macquarrie Twentieth-Cent. Relig. Thought xvii. 259 In German realism, which stands rather apart from the Anglo-American brand, the influence of phenomenology is noticeable. 1967Encycl. Philos. VII. 80/2 Representative realism also accounts for illusions, dreams, images, hallucinations, and the relativity of perception... [It] is the easiest inference from the scientific account of the causal processes up to the brain in all perceiving and fits other scientific evidence. 1969L. W. Forguson in K. T. Fann Symposium on J. L. Austin iii. 328 Austin's purpose with regard to both the sense-datum theory and philosophic realism was entirely negative... In his view, the problems..either aren't problems at all or..aren't philosophical..but scientific problems. 1972K. R. Popper Objective Knowl. p. vii, While I am prepared to uphold to the last the essential truth of commonsense realism, I regard the commonsense theory of knowledge as a subjectivist blunder. 1973M. Dummett Frege: Philos. Lang. xiii. 466 The fundamental tenet of realism is that any sentence on which a fully specific sense has been conferred has a determinate truth-value independently of our actual capacity to decide what truth-value is. 1979Sci. Amer. Nov. 139/1 Realism can be stated formally as the belief that a mere description of data is not all that should be required of a theory.
2. a. Inclination or attachment to what is real; tendency to regard things as they really are; any view or system contrasted with idealism 2.
1817Coleridge Biog. Lit. 127 It is only so far idealism, as it is at the same time, and on that very account, the truest and most binding realism. 1851Carlyle Sterling iii. ii. (1872) 180 Faithful assiduous studies..of which, knowing my stubborn realism,..he told me little. 1858J. Martineau Stud. Chr. 274 The realism of his mind makes him a better critic of the hard Judaical element. 1860Emerson Cond. Life vi. (1861) 126 Let us replace sentimentalism by realism, and dare to uncover those simple and terrible laws which, be they seen or unseen, pervade and govern.
b. The principle of giving practical subjects the chief place in education. (Cf. real a.2 10.)
1836Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1852) 270 One..with a stronger bias to realism, in the higher instruction, than is of late..easily to be found in Germany.
c. orig. U.S. (a) In legal theory, the doctrine that the law is to be discovered by studying actual legal decisions and procedures, rather than by recourse to enactments or statutes; (b) more loosely in political theory, the view that actual political power is the subject-matter of politics, as opp. to doctrine, law, rights, or justice.
1930J. Frank Law & Modern Mind v. 42 (heading) Legal realism. 1930K. N. Llewellyn in Columbia Law Rev. XXX. 449 A sophisticated reversion to a sophisticated realism. Gone is the ancient assumption that law is because law is. Ibid. 461 (heading) Realism as to ‘society’. 1951J. H. Herz Polit. Realism & Polit. Idealism ii. 24 Political Realism has at all times insisted that the nature of politics is fundamentally determined by the struggle for power. 1959B. Crick Amer. Sci. of Polit. v. 85 The popular character of pragmatic realism as reformism can be seen most vividly in the literature of the era. 1960G. Schubert Public Interest iv. 148 A second thread of Legislative Realism emphasizes the effect of each chamber..in conditioning the behavior of the individual members. 1961O. Kirchheimer Polit. Justice v. 216 Through the psychological variant of legal realism we have become conscious of all the numerous factors in the judge's personality structure which might become determinative factors of judicial action. 1962B. C. Borning Polit. & Soc. Thought C. A. Beard ii. 19 The very spirit of science that stimulated Beard and others to aim at realism was closely related to the premise that man by using reason could not only understand but also control his environment. 1968W. Twining Karl Llewellyn Papers I. ii. 5 At Oxford, American Realism was just another Aunt Sally. 1977M. Clanchy in E. Attwooll Perspectives in Jurisprudence x. 176 Realism has been given a special meaning in jurisprudential thinking to distinguish between real rules of law and paper rules.
3. a. Close resemblance to what is real; fidelity of representation, rendering the precise details of the real thing or scene.
In reference to art and literature, sometimes used as a term of commendation, when precision and vividness of detail are regarded as a merit, and sometimes unfavourably contrasted with idealized description or representation. It has often been used with implication that the details are of an unpleasant or sordid character.
1856Ruskin Mod. Paint. iv. viii. §8 (1883) III. 103 To try by startling realism to enforce the monstrosity that has no terror in itself. 1863D. G. Mitchell Sev. Stor., My Farm of Edgewood 236 Let me illustrate by a little talk, which I think will have the twang of realism about it. 1878Gladstone Prim. Homer 27 There is a curious realism in the difficulties which beset the re-establishment of Odusseus in his dominions. 1880Swinburne Stud. Shak. 136 The one is a typical example of prosaic realism, the other of poetic reality. 1894C. L. Morgan Psychol. for Teachers ix. 203 Realism..involves the introduction of such details as shall assimilate the representation to actual fact, and the incorporation of the results of generalisation in individual persons or concrete things. 1912Laran & Gaston-Dreyfus Courbet 51 Gautier was astonished at seeing Realism in a shed. 1924[see expressionism]. 1937H. Read Art & Society iv. 180 My underlying contention, that there is an inherent contradiction between art and vulgarism (or, to confine ourselves to æsthetic terms, between art and realism). Ibid. vii. 247 There are, in fact, only these three basic modes—realism, idealism and expressionism. 1957B. S. Myers Art & Civilization xxvi. 645 The late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century realism reappeared in the United States during the depression years after 1929 as a school of Social Realism. 1957Observer 3 Nov. 14/2 Realism was Courbet's answer to the quarrelling schools of French Classicism (Ingres) and Romanticism (Delacroix). 1970F. Marti-Ibañez Adventure of Art xii. 571/1 Some interpreters regard personal intimacy as the catalyst for Picasso's return to realism. 1977T. Neville Challenge of Mod. Thought xix. 117 It is precisely by means of this extreme realism that Kafka points the inadequacy of the known facts as a guide to ultimate truth.
b. A real fact or experience.
1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. x. i. II. 558 A life-pilgrimage consisting..of realisms oftenest contradictory enough. |