| 释义 |
realization|ˌriːəlaɪˈzeɪʃən|
[f. realize v.2 + -ation.]
The action or result of realizing.
1. a. The action of making real or investing with reality; the process of becoming or being made real; conversion into real fact.
1611Cotgr., Realisation, a realization, a realizing, a making real. 1799W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. XXIX. 148 Conscious of the..value of his lofty views, and desirous of dying for them..to secure the trust of their realization. 1815Wraxall Hist. Mem. I. 243 No reflexions..on the indecorum..in the proceeding interposed to prevent its immediate realization. 1880McCarthy Own Times III. xxxvi. 132 There is as yet no sign of the realisation of the fears which he expressed.
b. A case or instance of this.
1837H. Martineau Soc. Amer. III. 259 Such a realisation of high morals..as the world has not yet beheld. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. v. (1856) 38 The rider seemed one with his craft, an amphibious realization of the centaur. 1966Guardian 1 Sept. 7/3 Ralph Ortiz, American and destroyer of pianos..doesn't call them happenings any more, he drawls them ‘realisations’. 1976Southern Even. Echo (Southampton) 6 Nov. 7/8 Another well-made film, John Huston's realisation of the Rudyard Kipling short story ‘The Man Who Would Be King’, is showing at the end of next week at the Palace, Bordon.
c. Math. An instance or embodiment of an abstract group as the set of symmetry operations or the like of some object or set.
1954Beaumont & Ball Introd. Mod. Algebra & Matrix Theory iv. 135 Find a realization in geometry of the group consisting of the elements e, a, a2, a3, a4, a5 where a6 = e, the identity of the group. 1965Patterson & Rutherford Elem. Abstract Algebra ii. 52 A particular member of an equivalence class is called a realisation..of the corresponding abstract group. 1979Proc. London Math. Soc. XXXVIII. 260 But this coequalizer, if computed in {scrT} (or in {scrF}), would yield precisely the geometric realization {vb}K{vb} of K..so we have simply to prove that the coequalizer is preserved by the embedding {scrF} → {scrE}.
d. Statistics. A particular series which might be generated by a specified random process.
1957Kendall & Buckland Dict. Stat. Terms 242 A realisation of a stochastic process {ob}xt{cb} is one of the series of values (..x–2, x–1, x0, x1, ..) to which it may give rise. The realisation may be regarded as a ‘member’ of the process in the same way that an individual observation is regarded as the member of a population. 1965Cox & Miller Theory Stochastic Processes i. 9 The realization illustrates well the very irregular behaviour of the system. 1975D. R. Brillinger Time Series ii. 18 Once a θ has been generated (in accordance with its probability distribution), the function X(t, θ), with θ fixed, will be described as a realization, trajectory, or sample path of the time series.
2. a. The action of forming a clear and distinct concept, or the concept thus formed.
1828Pusey Hist. Enq. I. 157 His own views were rather dim..conceptions than any full realization of the truths which flashed across rather than dwelt upon his mind. 1874Green Short Hist. vi. §4. 299 His [Colet's] faith stood simply on a vivid realization of the person of Christ.
b. Linguistics. The phonetic, phonological, graphic, or syntactic manifestation of a linguistic unit, structure, or set of features. Also attrib.
1954Pei & Gaynor Dict. Linguistics 6 Actualization, the perceptible result of the articulation of the phonemic variants or of the archiphoneme... Also called realization. 1968Language XLIV. 285 A transformation places an element in position, and a realization rule provides a spelling in terms of the alphabet of the neighboring component. 1971R. Fowler in Archivum Linguisticum II. 131 If I understand the implications of Chomsky's rule, it would seem that his presentation of deep structure has been misleadingly influenced by accidents of surface-structure realization. Ibid. 133 TG theory..offers a pattern for what I call ‘realization rules’—rules which effect the transition between combinations of feature sets and strings of morphemes. 1971B. Mafeni in J. Spencer Eng. Lang. W. Afr. 102 The two words ‘de’ in ‘de way’ and in ‘you de waste’ are spelt alike, but they are actually two different lexical and grammatical items with different phonetic realisations. 1972Language XLVIII. 384 All speakers clearly simplify to a certain extent the phonetic realization of words derived from their own languages, and yet pronounce them with their sound structures more intact than do non-native speakers. 1977Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 1976 XXI. ii. 198 Important questions remain about Halliday's model, particularly as regards the precise relationship between meaning potential and its realization at the level of form and the nature and details of the realization rules which connect the two.
3. a. The action of converting (paper money, property, etc.) into a more available form; in later use chiefly applied to the sale of stock, or of a bankrupt's estate, in order to obtain the money value. b. The action of obtaining or acquiring (a sum of money, a fortune, etc.).
1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 61 In 1777, a judicious realization of the paper took place; and silver, with national bank notes, form a sure medium. 1800Asiat. Ann. Reg., Proc. Parl. 12/2 When the estimate..was brought before the Committee,..doubts were stated as to the realization of the net revenue. 1813Wellington in Gurw. Desp. X. 52 Some authority..which should superintend the realization of the resources of the country. 1881Times 11 Apr. 9/3 Bankruptcy legislation..should intrust the creditors with the realization of the insolvent's estate. 1887Daily News 10 Mar. 6/8 After a rise of nearly one in French Rentes some realisations were inevitable.
attrib.1895Westm. Gaz. 6 June 6/1 The new company was to be a realisation company, and not a trading concern. 1896Ibid. 30 July 6/1 The price of the stock..relapsed on some realisation sales.
4. Mus. The action of completing or enriching the texture of a piece of music left sparsely notated by a composer; also a piece of music so completed or enriched.
1911E. Newman tr. Schweitzer's J. S. Bach II. xxxv. 447 The only original instrument to be considered in connection with the realisation of the thorough-bass is the organ. 1946Penguin Mus. Mag. Dec. 92 There is an atmosphere about these ‘realisations’ by Nadia Boulanger which is usually absent from our choral recordings. 1954Grove's Dict. Mus. (ed. 5) VII. 69/1 Realization, a useful modern term for the setting forth of a thorough-bass in full harmony, with more or less elaborate textures, from a continuo part, either at sight in performance or in editing old music. 1958Listener 4 Dec. 964/3 His [sc. Roman's] realization of Leo's Dixit, which he conducted in 1747, shows how far his predilection for the Italians went. 1959Collins Mus. Encycl. 534/1 Realization, the act of completing the harmony of a 17th- or 18th-cent. work by providing a keyboard accompaniment based on the indications afforded by the figured bass. 1966Listener 10 Mar. 364 Deryck Cooke's fine realization of Mahler's tenth symphony hardly received its due on Wednesday. 1980Early Music Jan. 109/2 The continuo realization by Claire Caillard follows the principles of Saint Lambert.
Hence realiˈzational a.
1965Ld. Northbourne tr. Schuon's Light on Ancient Worlds 66 The Biblical, mystical and ‘realizational’ character of Christianity. 1968Language XLIV. 574 Working with Potawatomi, I found the rewrite format surprisingly easy to set up. The realizational format was rather more difficult. 1972Ibid. XLVIII. 373 The realizational rule that, in his analysis, provides the input for the vowel-reduction rule by also converting o to ö..would have to re-apply in order to convert u to ü again. Ibid. 408 The present article sets the frame for a wider study of suffixal j in Germanic by linking the realizational rules of underlying j in two Germanic dialects—Old English and Gothic. 1979Trans. Philol. Soc. 203 Vowel-inventories are much less varied than those of the consonants, but there is one realizational difference which suggests interesting patterns of historical change. |