| 释义 |
extension|ɛkˈstɛnʃən|
Also 4–5 extencioun, 6 extencion, 6–7 extention.
[The two forms extention (ME. extencioun) and extension are ad. L. extentiōn-em, extensiōn-em, n. of action f. extendĕre (pa. pples. extentus, -tensus) to extend.]
1. The action of forcibly stretching or straining; strained state or condition.
†a. Stretching or pulling out to greater length. Obs.
1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 114 b, Thynke on his extension or paynfull straynyng on the crosse. 1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke 207/2 The Paralisis..and extention of the Synnues. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. i. 105 That is an extension of the muscles and organs of motion maintaining the body at length. 1656tr. Hobbes' Elem. Philos. (1839) 344 Removed from their places by forcible compression or extension. 1824Tredgold Ess. Strength Cast Iron p. x, Experiments on the extension of bodies..when the strain exceeds the elastic force.
b. Surg. (See quot. 1860.)
1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 154 You must use extention almost to every Dislocation. 1676Wiseman Chirurg. Treat. vii. i. 467 The extension made, the extenders are to be loosened gently. 1753Chambers Cycl. Supp. s.v., When the fractured parts recede from one another, some degree of Extension is necessary. 1860Mayne Exp. Lex., Extension, the pulling of a fractured limb in a direction away from the trunk, in order to obviate retraction of the lower fragments; also applied to similar treatment in dislocations. 1884Syd. Soc. Lex., Extension apparatus, In case of hip-joint disease extension is employed..to prevent the contact of the two diseased surfaces.
†c. The action of straining the capacity of a vessel, etc.; distension, swelling. Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 98 Þat may be knowen..bi reednesse & extencioun of þe face. 1533Elyot Cast. Helthe iv. iv. (1572) 78 b, An heuinesse with extencion or thrustinge out of the body. 1626Bacon Sylva (1627) vii. 171 Fulnesse of Meat..causeth an Extension of the Stomacke. 1662R. Mathew Unl. Alch. §106. 173 This Powder you may use in all Diseases where Humors do offend..or extention above Nature.
†d. Straining (of the voice). Obs.
a1653Gouge Comm. Hebr. v. 7 We take ‘crying’ for extension of voice.
e. The utmost lengthening of a horse's stride at a particular pace.
1951G. A. Bennett Let's All enjoy Horse Show xii. 107 These exercises are primarily intended to test the horse's extensions. 1953G. Brooke Introd. Riding vii. 72 Extension signifies that a horse is taking its fullest stride at whatever pace it may be moving.
2. a. The action of straightening out, or of placing at full length.
1615Crooke Body of Man 741 The second motion of the Muscle is Extention, which is not proper but aduentitious or accidentall: for when the contracted Muscle is extended it is loosened by another and not by it selfe. 1667E. King in Phil. Trans. II. 426 You may perceive a feeble motion of flexion and extension. 1872Huxley Phys. vii. 174 The levers..are capable of performing..flexion and extension; a limb is extended, when it is straightened out.
b. The action of adding up a horizontal line of figures or computing a sub-total, as on an invoice; the figure thus obtained. Cf. extend v. 2 c.
1861F. H. Carter Book-keeping iii. 40 The book..should be ruled with the debtor and creditor columns on the same page,..no necessity existing for an extension of periodical balances. 1891G. Van de Linde Bookkeeping iii. 88 An extension money column for the total Interest charged.
c. Ballet. The stretching of the leg at an angle from the body.
1934Webster, Extension, in fancy dancing, a posture with one leg extended. 1952Kersley & Sinclair Dict. Ballet Terms 64 An ‘extended’ position can look beautiful with dancers of the jarreté type who are loose enough to sustain such a position without straining too noticeably and are therefore said to have a good ‘extension’. 1957Ballet Ann. XI. 130/1 She has some lovely high, sustained extensions.
3. The reaching or stretching (the arm, hand) out or forth; protrusion (of the tongue, etc.).
1741Betterton Eng. Stage v. 67 This Extension of the Hand [upwards] sometimes signifies Pacification.
4. Law. The ‘extending’ of a protest: see extend 9 c.
1889Case Bp. Lincoln (1891) 51 On which day Brooks and Jenkins..in extension of such their Protest alleged, etc.
5. The fact or condition of extending or reaching to a certain distance or in a certain direction.
1790J. Bruce Source Nile I. i. iii. 52 We entered a large and thick wood of palm-trees, whose greatest extension seemed to be south by east. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. I. xxiii. 309 Showing..the former extension of the Esquimaux race to the higher north.
6. a. The action or process of spreading out in area; the condition of being so spread out. † Also concr. A ‘stretch’, expanse (of country).
1684T. Burnet Th. Earth I. i. vii. 86 This Foundation of the Earth upon the Waters, or extension of it above the Waters, doth agree to the antediluvian earth. 1786Gilpin Mts. & Lakes (1788) II. 76 This extension of wild country we looked at with regret.
†b. Mode of extending superficially. Obs.
1570Billingsley Euclid i. def. vii. 2 A plaine superficies, is the shortest extension..from one lyne to an other.
†c. Extensibility; capability of being extended (by dilution). Obs.
1594Plat Jewell-ho., Chem. Concl. 45 That infinite extention of the glasse of Antimonie.
†7.
a. The amount of space throughout which anything extends; size, extent. Obs.
1614Selden Titles Hon. 14 There were..some Monarchique States, but not of any large extension perhaps. 1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. vii. 187 The quantity or extension of the Body of the Air..commonly called the Atmosphere. a1693R. Hooke in Sir T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. (1693) 202 Though I kept it..red-hot..yet it seem'd not at all to have diminish'd its extention. 1708J. Chamberlayne St. Gt. Brit. i. iii. x. (1743) 204 The City of London is of a vast extention.
b. Physics and Metaph. The property of being extended or of occupying space; spatial magnitude.
1624Gataker Transubst. 162 As if locall extension..and other..sensible properties could not..be severed from his owne bodie. 1647H. More Immort. Soul ii. iii. iv. 35 Extension That's infinite implies a contradiction. 1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. iv. §5 The Extension of Body, being nothing but the cohesion or continuity of solid, separable, moveable Parts; and the Extension of Space, the continuity of unsolid, unseparable and immoveable Parts. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art. I. 270 Extension is another property of matter inseparable from its existence. 1855H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. II. vi. xi. 147 Our perceptions of the specific extension of the body—its size and shape.
c. An extended body or space.
1739Hume Hum. Nat. ii. ii. (1874) I. 337 If..any finite extension be infinitely divisible..a finite extension contains an infinite number of parts. 1813Shelley Q. Mab vi. 231 A shrine is raised to thee..The sensitive extension of the world. 1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. xxvii. (1859) II. 160 The whole primary objects of sight, then, are colours and extensions, and forms or figures of extension.
8. a. Of immaterial things: The range over which anything extends; degree of extensiveness.
1604T. Wright Passions v. 293 The extension or varietie [of the obiects of delight] taketh away a certaine distastfull loathsomenesse which one kind of vniforme pleasure draweth with it. 1605Camden Rem. (1637) 21 This tongue is of that extension at this present, that it reacheth from Suiserland..over all ancient Germany. 1651Hobbes Govt. & Soc. xvii. §26. 330 A Christian City cannot be excommunicated, for a Christian City is a Christian Church..and of the same extension. 1761Jenyns Immort. Soul i. 123 Rate not th' extension of the human mind By the Plebeian standard of mankind. 1782Sir J. Reynolds Disc. xi. (1876) 36 The same extension of mind which gives the excellence of genius. 1846Mill Logic Introd. §7 The extension of Logic as a Science is determined by its necessities as an Art.
b. esp. in Logic. Of a term or concept: Its range as measured by the number of objects which it denotes or contains under it. Opposed to intension or comprehension.
[1677Hale Primitive Origination of Mankind iv. iii. 311 God's Perfections are infinite both in extention and intention.] 1725Watts Logic i. iii. §3 The Extension of an universal Idea regards all the particular Kinds and single Beings that are contained under it..So a Bowl, in its Extension, includes a wooden Bowl, a brass Bowl, etc. Ibid. iii. ii. §2 In all affirmative propositions, the predicate has no greater extension than the subject; for its extension is restrained by the subject. 1864Bowen Logic iv. 66 It denotes a number of objects..This is its Quantity of Extension. 1876Jevons Logic Prim. 22 War-screw-steam-ship is a still narrower term, that is, has much less extension.
9. Enlargement.
a. Increase in length; prolongation, lengthening; spec. in a camera, the distance by which the front part carrying the lens can be drawn away from the back part carrying the photo-sensitive surface. Also attrib.
1796–7Instr. & Reg. Cavalry (1813) 216 Some small increase of distances between squadrons may be permitted..and whatever extension is thereby occasioned, will be immediately corrected. 1839Murchison Silur. Syst. i. xxxiv. 452 A considerable extension is given to the limestone. 1880Hipkins in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 719/1 Broadwood..having carried the compass of the grand piano up to F, found that the wrestplank was so much weakened by this extension that [etc.]. 1893Jrnl. Soc. Arts XLI. 3 Mar. 381/1 With this form of lens system there can be only one definite extension of camera..in which the entire system is aplanatic. 1958M. L. Hall Newnes' Compl. Amat. Photogr. xxiii. 199 Miniature cameras..use extension tubes..between the lens and the camera body.
b. concr. An extended portion; esp. an additional section, a prolongation (of a railway, or the like). Also (orig. U.S.), an addition to (esp. the rear of) a house or other building, usually not so high as the main building; an annex.
1852Congress. Globe 24 Mar. 845/2 A statement of the materials to be used in the construction..of the proposed extension [of the Capitol]. 1854Act 17–8 Vict. c. cxxxiii, An Act to alter the Line of the London, Tilbury, and Southend Extension Railway. 1863Bradshaw's Railway Man. §288. 271 By subsequent acts, an extension from Chepstow to Grange Court was authorised. 1867[see extension-room in 10]. 1880Haughton Phys. Geog. vi. 300 The Alpine Flora occupies the extension southwards of the Arctic regions. 1889Century Mag. Mar. 781/1 They were making beds together in the extension. 1889Century Dict. s.v., A dining-room extension. 1891Bradshaw's Railway Man. §179. 231 The extension was opened for traffic on the 1st of March 1880. 1903R. Hall Pine Grove House 12 The tin roof blew off the extension one windy night.
c. Gram. A word or words serving to amplify a subject or predicate; also an extended form (of a word) produced by the addition of a suffix.
d. Enlargement in duration. spec. Permission for the sale of alcoholic drinks until a later time than is usual at a particular place. Also attrib., as extension night.
extension of time: (Comm.) the concession by a creditor of a later date than that stipulated for the payment of a debt. Also in Law, a grant of additional time for the fulfilment of legal formalities.
a1631Donne in Select. (1840) 30 This better resurrection is..an extension even of that eternity of happiness. 1880Hipkins in Grove Dict. Mus. II. 722/1 In 1835 Pierre Erard obtained an extension of his patent. 1923Wodehouse Inimitable Jeeves xvi. 213 We will toddle along to Ciro's after dinner. It's an extension night, isn't it? 1930A. Bennett Imperial Palace lxiv. 522 I've seen enough alcohol drunk to-night to float a company. And I hear this is what you call your extension night, and you keep it up till two o'clock. 1936‘G. Orwell’ Diary 15 Mar. in Coll. Ess. (1968) I. 200 About 200 people there, all busily tucking into beer and sandwiches, though it was only 4.30 pm—they had got an extension for the day. 1965New Statesman 14 May 753/1 To mark the sense of public joy.., the nightclubs in Bonn have got a late extension until 11 p.m. 1967Listener 7 Sept. 297/2 At Bath,..where the pubs normally shut at 10.30, they all have an extension till 11.
e. Enlargement in area.
1841–71T. R. Jones Anim. Kingd. (ed. 4) 563 The extension of the shell is entirely effected by the margin of the mantle. 1854Act 17–8 Vict. c. cxxv. (title), An Act for..the Extension of the Boundaries of the said Borough. 1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. & Ferns 581 When the normal cambium has begun its growth at the outer side of the ring of wood, radial extension..begins in a middle layer.
f. Enlargement in scope or operation.
1590Swinburne Testaments 181 b, Which conclusion is diuersly..extended..The first extension is, that [etc.]. 1660R. Coke Power & Subj. 222 The Sacriledge and extention of the civil Jurisdiction in giving the civil Magistrate licence to take cognizance of the publique Liturgy. 1791Boswell Johnson an. 1712, What no child..could produce, without an extension of its faculties. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India III. 164 The great extension of agriculture that followed the re-establishment of peace. 1853O. Gordon in Report Recomm. Oxf. Univ. Comm. 198, I look for the extension of the University to the poor. 1862Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. II. i. 7 A question whether..the extension of human knowledge really leads to an extension of human happiness.
g. University Extension: the extending of the scope and work of the universities, esp. by affording some of the advantages of university teaching and examination to non-resident students. Also attrib. (freq. ellipt.), as (university) extension course, extension lecture, extension lecturer, extension student. Also transf. and fig.
1850Mansel Evid. Oxf. Univ. Comm. 19, I do not think that any great scheme of University extension is practicable in the present day. 1867N. Brit. Rev. Mar. XLVI. 224 The various schemes of University extension which have been suggested. 1871J. Stuart (title), A letter on University Extension. 1885Moulton Univ. Extension Movement 4 University Extension is mainly occupied with carrying, by itinerant teachers, University teaching to the doors of the people who cannot come up to the Universities. Ibid. 45 Chesterfield University Extension Association..Northampton University Extension Society. Ibid. 27 To assign one-half of a winter's session to a University Extension Course..University Extension Certificates in Science subjects. 1890Mackinder & Sadler University Extension i. 37 Cambridge Extension Lecturers do much of the work at University College, Nottingham. Ibid. ii. 77 Patience to wait until the public mind had caught the desire for University Extension courses. Ibid. 79 Four Extension students. Ibid. iii. 92 The towns which find it most difficult to raise funds for Extension Lectures are generally those for which an experienced lecturer is most needed. 1892E. J. James in Proc. First Ann. Mtg. Nat. Conf. on Univ. Extension (Philad.) 29–31 Dec. 101 The University Extension Lecturer... There is no greater opportunity of showing his skill open to the Extension lecturer than is open to him in the conducting of a class [etc.]. 1934C. Day Lewis Hope for Poetry vi. 29 Life for the average child of the twentieth century becomes an endless series of extension-lectures on everything under the sun. 1936C. S. Lewis Allegory of Love iii. v. 142 It was the tendency of the age to make every lengthy poem something of an encyclopedia... It may be thought that this extension-lecture function of the medieval poets has nothing to do with their poethood. Ibid. 144 The roles of poet and extension lecturer are no longer habitually doubled. 1959H. Nielsen Fifth Caller xii. 178 His name was on the roster of an extension course in anthropology.
h. A subsidiary telephone, loudspeaker, etc., connected to, but placed at a distance from, the main instrument; also, the number of such a telephone. Freq. attrib.
1906Ann. Rep. Amer. Teleph. & Telegr. Co. 14 There have been developed to a substantial extent new classes of service..such as..extension sets. 1908Sears, Roebuck Catal. 204/1 Telephone Parts{ddd}80-ohm Extension Bell. 1914A. B. Smith & W. L. Campbell Automatic Telephony iii. 82 Arrangements for connecting up a wall telephone with an extension. 1924S. R. Roget Dict. Electr. Terms 85 Extension bell, an additional bell arranged to ring at the same time as the ordinary telephone or other bell. Ibid., Extension lines, lines radiating over a telephone installation from a private switchboard to the various extension instruments. 1928Delineator July 78 Extension telephones are important in many other ways. 1959A. Lejeune Crowded & Dangerous v. 56 You ring the War Office and ask for this extension. 1959G. Freeman Jack would be a Gentleman iv. 66 She enjoyed owning the extension more than the actual telephone. 1966N. Freeling Dresden Green i. 16 There was a record-player with an extension speaker. 1970A. Price Labyrinth Makers ix. 125 Audley..[made] a reversed call to the department... Extension 28 eventually brought him Stocker.
10. attrib.
a. (sense 1 b) as extension-apparatus, extension-splint.
b. (sense 2) as extension-motion.
c. (sense 9 a) as extension-ladder, extension-pedal, extension-table, etc. extension bag U.S., a bag that can be extended; extension lens, a lens that may be used in a combination to increase its focal length (see quot.).
d. (sense 9 b) as extension-room.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 818/2 *Extension-apparatus, an instrument designed to counteract the natural tendency of the muscles to shorten when a limb has been fractured or dislocated.
1897Outing (U.S.) XXX. 386/1 Utensils and food for two days in an *extension bag. 1904Delineator Oct. 547 With the genial season arrived every kind of drummer. They came with extension bags filled with samples.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 818/2 *Extension-ladder, a ladder having a movable section, which is projected in prolongation of the main section.
1902Nature 17 July 280/1 The replacement of the back component by a lens of greater focal length, increasing the focal length of the objective by about 50 per cent. we referred to some time ago, the alternative back lens being known as an ‘*extension lens’.
1859Field Exerc. Infantry i. §4. 7 In order to supple the soldier..the following *extension motions will be practised.
1867F. H. Ludlow Brace of Boys 288 He heard an earnest, boyish voice in the *extension-room.
1884Syd. Soc. Lex., *Extension splint.
1864Webster *Extension table, a table that can readily be extended or contracted in length.
1884N.Y. Herald 27 Oct. 1/2 *Extension Top Phaetons.
▸ attrib. Designating an electrical cable designed to be attached to the end of an existing cable (on a telephone, appliance, etc.) in order to provide additional length. Freq. in extension cord, extension lead.
1918F. A. Olds in Amer. City Nov. 366/2 The pictures can be shown in the handsome brick schoolhouse or the simple wooden one, and the equipment has long extension cords, which can be led thru a door or a window into any building. 1928Times 17 Apr. 5/3 The twisted flexible wire that is so often used for extension leads. 1979Amateur Photographer 10 Jan. 73/2 It's..dangerous, and illegal, to have permanent power points in a bathroom, so you must reel in an extension cable each time so you can use your enlarger, safelights, etc. 1998Skydiving Mar. 42/2 There are no showers, but the Verners welcome camping. Restrooms are available and the DZ can provide electrical power via an extension cord. |