| 释义 |
▪ I. † ˈfasten, n. Obs. exc. in Comb.
Fastens-een, Fasten Tuesday, dial. Forms: 1–2 fæsten fæstan, (Northumb. fæstern), 1–3 festen, vesten, 3 fasten, fastin, (fastim), 4– (see Fastens-een).
[OE. fæsten str. neut.:—OTeut. type *fastunjo-m, f. *fast-êjan to fast. Similar but not exactly equivalent derivatives are OS. fastunnia str. fem., Goth. fastubni str. neut. The ONorthumb. form fæstern (cf. éfern, wéstern = WS. ǽfen, wésten) is the source of the Sc. fastryn, fastern, etc.: see Fastens-een.]
1. Fasting; an act of fasting; = fast n.1 1.
c825Vesp. Psalter cviii. [cix.] 24 Cneow min ᵹeuntrumad sind fore festenne. 971Blickl. Hom. 37 Halᵹiaþ eower fæsten & medeme lac bringaþ Drihtne. c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xvii. 21 Soþlice þis cynn ne byþ ut-adryfen buton þurh ᵹebed and fæsten. c1175Lamb. Hom. 37 Ne lipnie ȝe no al to eower festene ȝif ȝe maȝen eni oðer god don. a1225Ancr. R. 138 Vesten, wecchen & oðre swuche..beoð mine sacrefises. a1300Cursor M. 28627 (Cotton Galba) Ogains pride praier may rise, fastin for flesli couatyse.
2. = fast n.1 2.
a725Laws Wihtræd §14 Gif mon his heowum in fæsten flæsc ᵹefe. c1050Byrhtferth's Handboc in Anglia VIII. 311 Þæt ymbren fæstan byð on þissum monðe. c1200Winteney Rule St. Benet (1888) 83 Þa bec synd to syllanne on anginne fæsten[es].
3. Comb., as fasten-day, fasten-tide, fasten-time.
a900Charter xxxvii. in O.E. Texts (1885) 444 Gif hit þonne festendæᵹ sie. a1035Sec. Laws of Cnut §47 Yfel bið þæt man riht fæsten-tide ær mæle ete. a1225Ancr. R. 318 Ich hit dude inne leinten, ine uestendawes, holidawes. a1300Cursor M. 27210 (Cott.) Halitide or fastim dai. Ibid. 28464 (Cott.) Bath lenten tide and fasten day oft haue i broken gain my lay. Ibid. 29071 (Cott.) Yee hele yur aun fastintide. Ibid. 29083 (Cott.) Þai held noght fastin time.
▪ II. fasten, v.|ˈfɑːs(ə)n, -æ-|
Forms: fæstnian, festnian, 3 south. væstn(i)en, Orm. fesstnenn, 3–4 festnen, fastnen, festni, south. vestni, 3–6 festne, festen, festin, 5 festyn, feston, 4–8 fastne, 6 Sc. fessin, -ynn, fassinn, 4– fasten. Also with prefix 1–2 ȝe-, 2–4 pa. tense and pa. pple. i-, y-.
[OE. fæstnian = OFris. festna, OS. fastnôn, OHG. fastinôn, festinôn (MHG. festenen, mod.G. festnen), to make firm, bind fast (cf. also ON. fastna to plege, betroth, Da. fastne to consolidate, Sw. fastna intr. to stick fast):—OTeut. *fastinôjan, f. *fast-u- fast a. See -en5.]
To make fast (cf. senses of the adj.).
†1.
a. trans. To make firm or stable; to establish, settle, confirm. to fasten the feet: to give or obtain sure foothold. Obs.
a1175Cott. Hom. 221 Þa ȝefestnede se ælmihti god þa nigen angle wærod. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 57 Þe holie man is ned þat he [? insert bie] festned on his holinesse. a1225Leg. Kath. 2011 To festnin ham in treowe bileaue. a1300E.E. Psalter xcii[i]. 1 He festned werld of erthe al. 13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 273 Þer he [Ionas] festnes þe fete. c1340Cursor M. 27898 (Fairf.) Alle þat euer festenis witte drunkenis scailis hit. a1400Prymer (1891) 38 So in syon y was fastned. 1535Coverdale Song Sol. viii. 8 Yf she be a tower, we shal festen her with bordes of Cedre tre. ― Ecclus. xl. 25 Golde and syluer fasten the fete [Vulg. est constitutio pedum]. a1569A. Kingsmill Comf. Afflict. (1585) F iv, The faithful are fastened and confirmed therein most unfaignedly. 1643Plain English 22 Men walking among Quagmires, know not where to fasten a foot.
†b. To make sure, confirm, ratify (an agreement). Obs.
a900Charter xli. in O.E. Texts 448 Ic abba ᵹeroefa ðis write & festnie mid kristes rodetacne. a1000Byrhtnoth 35 (Gr.) We willað wið þam golde grið fæstnian. a1175Cott. Hom. 219 Þa þe hi alle hafeden þisne red betwuxe ham ȝefestnod. c1205Lay. 29061 Ȝif hit þi wille weore..þas spechen uæstnien. a1225Ancr. R. 62 Ich habbe ivestned, seið Job, foreward mid min eien. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 327 Bot my forwarde with þe I festen on þis wyse. 1382Wyclif Jer. xxxv. 16 Fastneden therfore the sonus of Jonadab [Vulg. Firmauerunt igitur filii Ionadab], sone of Recab, the heste of their fader. c1425Wyntoun Cron. vi. xii. 80 In-to þat place, Quhare festnyd all þare Cownandis was. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 41 Matrimonie, whiche the creatour of all thynges did..fasten and make holy.
†2.
a. To make firm or solid; to strengthen, harden. Obs.
c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 52 Þis medicyn fastneþ þe place & defendiþ him fro putrefaccions. c1440Giraldus' Hist. Irel. (E.E.T.S.) 22 Lasers to clense, paralys to festnen, y-dropesie..to helen. c1440Secrees, Prose Version (E.E.T.S.) 149 Mete and drynke þat he was costomed to byfore norisshed by, & þat has festnyd his substance. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. (1856) 106 The force of the aire in Winter doth fasten and make sounde the Trees.
†b. intr. To become firm; to ‘set’. Obs.
1660England's Monarchy Freest State in World 7 How is it probable..that any Government..can ever subsist and fasten, without an exorbitant and all-devouring power..to uphold..it. 1726Leoni tr. Alberti's Archit. I. 36 b, Buildings..are taken with the Frost..before ever they have fasten'd. 1730A. Gordon Maffei's Amphith. 285 The rough part of them fastens very well with Mortar.
†c. trans. To fortify. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) II. 109 Edward þe Eldere fastened a castel at the Mamcestre in Norþumberlond.
†3.
a. To make fast (in fetters); to set fast, render unable to move. Obs.
a1000Andreas 49 (Gr.) Hie þam halᵹan þær handa ᵹebundon and fæstnodon. a1300E.E. Psalter lxviii. 3 [lxix. 2], I am festened in slime depe. 1632Lithgow Trav. v. 223 Such..deep carouses of wine that both hee and I were almost fastned in the last plunge of understanding.
b. intr. To become fast or unable to move.
1742Young Nt. Th. vi. 397 We leap at stars, and fasten in the mud. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. x. (1856) 71 We fastened in the ice.
4. a. trans. To make fast to something else; to attach, more or less securely, by a tie or bond of any kind. Const. to, occas. on, upon; also with advbs. on, together, up. Formerly often, now rarely, with immaterial object.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 121 Mid irenen neilen he wes on þere rode ifestned. c1200Vices & Virtues (1888) 95 To hire bieð ifastned alle ðe raftres of ðe hali mihtes. a1225St. Marher. 19 Festne wið fulht mi sawle to þe seoluen. 1340Ayenb. 221 Hy byeþ y-uestned to-gidere be spoushod. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. iv. iii. (1495) 82 Moysture..fastnyth the partyes togider. c1400Destr. Troy 2849 Þai..festonit the flete. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 3498 Hevenly thinges and erthly hym liked eft festyn to gidere. 1483Act 1 Rich. III, c. 8 Preamb., Dyers..upon the Lists of the same Clothes festen and sowe great Risshes. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 77 Samekil is the lufe of God & our nychbour fessinit and linkit togiddir. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. i. i. 86 My wife and I, Fastned our selues at eyther end the mast. 1662J. Davies tr. Mandelslo's Trav. E. Ind. 10 To fasten and cement them together. 1696Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 497 Men that are fastned to the Country by visible estates. 1759tr. Adanson's Voy. Senegal 74 When they saw it [my hair], really fastened to my head. 1796Jane Austen Pride & Prej. (1885) II. v. 185 The chaise arrived, the trunks were fastened on. 1837Dickens Pickw. iv, Fastened up behind the barouche was a hamper. 1840E. Howard Jack Ashore III. xv, He consented to be again fastened up, but he walked about as much as the limits of his chain would permit. 1849James Woodman vii, The visitor proceeded to fasten his horse to a large iron hook. 1852Motley Corr. (1889) I. v. 137 The canvas..had been fastened on a pole.
b. absol. or intr. To make one's boat fast. In whale-fishing: to fasten to (see quot. 1820); also in indirect pass.
1700S. L. tr. C. Fryke's Voy. E. Ind. 207 As soon as we could come to fasten by her [the Ship's] side. 1820Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. II. 534 Each boat ‘fastens to’, or strikes a distinct fish. 1839T. Beale Sperm Whale 46 ‘Fastened to’..means, when a harpoon with a line attached is fixed in his body. Ibid. 165 The two boats that have not yet ‘fastened’..give chase.
5. a. To bind (a servant, an apprentice) by a contract or agreement (dial.); cf. fastening penny. †b. To join in a contract with (obs.).
1362Langl. P. Pl. A. ii. 51 In Mariage..To beo fastnet with fals. 1425Sc. Acts, 1st Parl. Jas. I c. 20 Þe schiref sall assigne xl dais to sic ydil men to get þaim masteris, or to festyn þaim to leful craftes. 1632Lithgow Trav. viii. 353, I fastned Iohn Browne with him to accompany his returne. Mod. (Sheffield) He's a sort of a prentice, but he's not fastened.
6. To attach together the parts of (a fabric or structure). Obs. exc. Naut.
1562Turner Baths 16 a, They that are..not well fastened together, ought not to tarye so long in the bath. 1609Skene Reg. Maj., Chalmerlan Air c. 27 §2 They festen and bindes them not with lether or glew. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ii. iii. 71 Their ships are fastened not with Iron but wood. 1860Merc. Marine Mag. VII. 284 A ship fastened with yellow metal.
7. a. To make fast, secure (a tie, band); to secure (an article of dress), e.g. with a clasp, pins, buttons, etc. Also, with pregnant sense, to fasten (a person) in a garment.
a1300Cursor M. 1728 (Cott.) [Noe] he self festnid bath band and lace. c1350Will. Palerne 1720 Sche..festened hire in þat fel wiþ ful god þonges. 1600J. Pory tr. Leo's Africa ii. 24 The corners of which mantle are..fastened about their shoulders. 1696tr. Du Mont's Voy. Levant 130 Breeches fasten'd with Buttons. 1727De Foe Hist. Appar. iv. (1840) 31 No chain can bind him, but the chains fastened on him by Heaven. 1767J. Byron Voy. round World 51 Skins..fastened about their necks by a thong.
b. to fasten off (a thread): to fix with a knot or extra stitches.
1893Mrs. Leach's Fancy-work Basket May 146/2 Run ribbon through holes..and fasten it off at wrist with neat bow.
c. intr. To admit of being fixed or fastened.
1850F. E. Smedley F. Fairlegh iv, The macintosh..fastening round the neck with a hook and eye. 1924A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl ii. viii, A dark silk dress fastening at the breast with a great old clasp of wrought gold.
8. a. trans. To make fast (a door, etc.) with a latch, bolt, etc., or (an envelope, etc.) with a seal. Hence, to fasten (a person or animal) in or out. Also with up.
1749Fielding Tom Jones viii. vi, I will fasten the door. 1764Lloyd Rhyme 153 Colts..Clapt up and fasten'd in the pound. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian xii, I have not caused this gate to be fastened. 1801Southey Thalaba ix. xxii, Her ears are closed with wax, And her prest finger fastens them. 1819Byron Juan i. cxxxvi, The door was fastened. 1833H. Martineau Tale of Tyne vi. 103 The lattice was not quite fastened. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxvii. 216 The rooms were swept..the shutters fastened. 1868Atkinson Cleveland Gloss., To fasten out, to turn the Moor-sheep to the moor for the season, excluding them for good from the enclosed land. 1908J. S. Fletcher Paradise Crt. v. ii, Was he..to be fastened up there like a rat in a trap for—how long?
b. intr. To admit of being closed with fastenings.
1829Scott Old Mort. Note x, The iron hasps [of the window]..fastened in the inside. 1862G. Macdonald D. Elginbrod ii. xxiv, He could find no fastening upon it [sc. a door]. ‘No doubt,’ thought he, ‘it does fasten, in some secret way or other.’
†9. To close (the hands, teeth) with a grip. to fasten hold: to take hold firmly. Obs.
1530Lyndesay Test. Papyngo 354 Fassinnyng ȝour fingaris faste. 1585T. Washington tr. Nicholay's Voy. Turkie iv. xxx. 153 To the end their adversaries should fasten the lesse hold upon them. 1596Spenser F.Q. v. iv. 15 This threasure..well I proue..To be this maides with whom I fastned hand. 1599Minsheu Dial. Sp. & Eng. (1623) 51 Two hands fastned together, alwaies hath beene a token of friendship. 1607Topsell Serpents (1653) 750 When it once biteth and fasteneth teeth, it never letteth go.
10. a. To fix or hold securely in position; to make fast (what is loose).
a1300Cursor M. 8223 (Cott.) Bot þat þa wandis þan had rote, þat festind ware in erde sua fast. c1400Apol. Loll. 86 Festining it wiþ irne þat it fal not. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 156 For to fastne þe schuldre þis boon rostral is putt in maner of a wegge. c1440Gesta Rom. i. 1 (Harl. MS.) Þis nigromancien..fastenyd it [ymage] in þe wall afore him. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. lxxxv. 264 Axen of Rosemarie burnte, doth fasten loose teeth. 1662J. Davies Voy. Ambass. 24 A great Cross, fasten'd in a great piece of timber. 1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 223 Pitch the other sides to be Turned flat carefully against the Hole..fastning them with Wax. 1821Shelley Boat on Serchio Poems (1891) 586/2 Sit at the helm—fasten this sheet.
b. with immaterial object; also with inf. as obj.
c1200Ormin Ded. 219 He wollde fesstnenn swa Soþ trowwþe i þeȝȝre brestess. ibid. 2441 Icc hafe fesstnedd i min þohht To libbenn i clænnesse. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xiii. 9 Freres wollen..fastne þe in here fraternite. c1430Hymns Virg. (1867) 26 Fastne þere in þee my þouȝt. 1513More Rich. III Wks. 45/1 Suche euyll oppinyon once fastened in mennes heartes. 1611Shakes. Wint. T. ii. iii. 15 He..Fasten'd, and fix'd the shame on't in himselfe. 1683Pennsylv. Archives I. 74 Time will..fasten things as they are and should be. 1818Cruise Digest 481 When once a trust is sufficiently created, it will fasten itself upon the estate.
c. to fasten down: to fix (a thing) so as to prevent its rising: fig. to fix definitely.
1731Medley Kolben's Cape of G. Hope I. 68, I have..rescued the character of the Hottentots from the brutish stupidity to which it has been fastened down by all the authors. 1876Gladstone in Contemp. Rev. June 12 To fasten down its sense, the affix ‘Evangelical’ may suffice. Mod. The lid of the box is fastened down.
†d. intr. To take hold; to attach oneself; to make one's abode. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 1429 Of a sparke unaspied..May feston vp fyre. 1590Spenser F.Q. iii. ii. 26 The Damzell well did vew his Personage And liked well, ne further fastned not, But went her way. 1625Fletcher & Shirley Nt.-Walker i. i, A very pretty girl she was..But he was too wise to fasten. a1657R. Loveday Lett. (1663) 258 We are here in London, where I think we shall fasten for most part of this ensuing Summer. 1742Young Nt. Th. iii. 531 We..Spring from our fetters; fasten in the skies.
†11. trans. To deliver effectively (a blow); to imprint (a kiss). Const. on. Obs.
c1500Lancelot 850 Strokis festnit in the shelde. 1531Elyot Gov. i. xvi, Or he coulde fasten on the other any violent stroke. 1613Purchas Pilgrimage iv. vii. (1614) 370 A mutuall kisse..is fastened on the cheeke. 1632J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Eromena 170 Wee could never come once to fasten a blow on him. 1633T. Stafford Pac. Hib. ii. xxiii. 243 I could never fasten a salley yet upon him, but with losse to myselfe. 1697Dryden Virgil Ded. E j, Cou'd he fasten a blow..when not suffer'd to approach.
12. In various fig. applications of senses 4, 7, 10: To fix (something) upon (a person, etc.).
a. To direct (feelings, thoughts, attention, etc.) intently or keenly towards.
a1400Prymer (1891) 53 Y schal fastne myn eyen op on þe. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 793 Hire hert vpwards on heven was festined nyght & day. 1568E. Tilney Disc. Mariage B vj, If she once fasten hir eyes on a nother, he shall enjoy hir. 1603Shakes. Meas. for M. iii. i. 203 Fasten your eare on my aduisings. 1611Bible Luke iv. 20 The eyes of all..were fastened on him. 1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts 320 To that man whose heart is fastned upon thee. 1840Dickens Old C. Shop xli, The attention of the sly little fiend was fastened upon them. 1850Hawthorne Scarlet L. Introd. (1883) 50 My eyes fastened themselves upon the old scarlet letter. 1885Manch. Exam. 10 July 572 A madman armed with a knife, upon whom a steady eye must be fastened.
b. To fix (a nickname, imputation, etc.) on a person; to impute or attach to.
1615Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 38 Thinke how little paines Doth fasten credit upon lucky straines. 1638Wilkins New World ii. (1707) 20 Some of the Ancients have fasten'd strange Absurdities upon the Words of the Scripture. 1672Cave Prim. Chr. i. v. (1673) 12 To form and fasten this charge upon them. Ibid. iii. v. (1673) 368 The story..fastened upon Philip the Emperor. a1674Clarendon Surv. Leviath. (1676) 304 He hath not been able..to fasten the least reproch upon them. 1722Sewel Hist. Quakers (1795) I. Pref. 18 To fasten doctrines upon them which they never approved. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 310 Those very Londoners..now fastened on the prince..the nickname of Butcher.
†c. To induce acceptance of (a gift, etc.); to propose (a health). Obs.
1604Shakes. Oth. ii. iii. 50 If I can fasten but one Cup vpon him. 1615Stephens Satyr. Ess. (ed. 2) 256 If you fasten a guift upon him, his thankes bee liberall. 1632Lithgow Trav. x. 431, I neuer saw one..to pledge or present his Maiesties health; but as many other healths as you list; they will both fasten, and receiue from you. 1673Ray Journ. Low C. 435 We could scarce fasten any mony upon them. 1726Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 354, I did not know how to fasten a Present upon Mr. Ratcliff.
d. To impose (something unwelcome) on a person. Now chiefly in to fasten a quarrel upon: to drag into a quarrel against his inclination. Also with to.
1663Dryden Wild Gallant ii. i, He..could never fasten a quarrel upon you. 1682Enq. Elect. Sheriffs 8 Endeavouring..to fasten such a Sheriff upon them. 1718Freethinker No. 41. 294 Divert her Malice by fastening a new Spark upon her. 1797Godwin Enquirer i. vi. 36 No practice..fastened upon us by decrees and penalties. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. 325 The..Macdonalds..fastened a succession of quarrels on the people of Inverness. 1861Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. v. (1889) 36 He..had fastened himself upon him. 1881Mrs. J. H. Riddell Sen. Partner xxxv, One of the nephews..insisted on fastening himself to Mr. Snow.
e. = fix v. 6 c.
1881Mrs. J. H. Riddell Sen. Partner xvi, Fastening her kinsman with a cold steely eye.
13. intr. to fasten on, fasten upon:
†a. to obtain a firm hold upon, become fixed on (obs.);
b. to seize on, lay hold of; to single out for attack or censure; to avail oneself eagerly of (a pretext, etc.).
a1225Leg. Kath. 1180 O godd..ne mei nan uuel festnin. c1230Hali Meid. 15 Þe fiends arrow..ne wundeð þe nawt bute hit festni oþe. 1513More in Grafton Chron. II. 783 No colour could fasten upon these matters. 1590Shakes. Com. Err. ii. ii. 175, I will fasten on this sleeve of thine. 1607Rowlands Famous Hist. 48 Experience often hath..taught, that when advantage I do see, To fasten on occasion and begin. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xl. (1739) 60 Yet could not that custom fasten upon the Saxons. 1662J. Davies Voy. Ambass. 57 They break down the houses adjoyning..that it [fire] may not fasten on other more solid structures. 1726Adv. Capt. R. Boyle 230 An English Mastiff..had the Impudence to fasten upon my Rival by the Arm. 1844Thirlwall Greece VIII. 389 The senate..viewed Perseus as a prey, on which it resolved to fasten. 1844Stanley Arnold (1858) I. ii. 25 One object on which our..imaginations may fasten. 1847L. Hunt Men, Women, & Books I. ii. 20 He is fastened upon by the man with the bundle. 1855Motley Dutch Rep. ii. vii. (1866) 282 The whole mob..fastened upon the company of marble martyrs. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) IV. 285 Sickness..has fastened upon him. |