| 释义 |
▪ I. tiller, n.1 Now literary or arch.|ˈtɪlə(r)|
Forms: 3–4 tiliere, 4 teoliare, telier, tylier, tileer, 4–5 tilier, tylyer, tilyer, 5 tylyar, telar, tillour, tylere, tyllare, 5–6 tyllar, 6 tyller, Sc. telare, 5– tiller.
[ME. tiliere, taking the place of OE. tilia (tilie), f. tilian, till v.1 + -ere, -er1; subseq. spelt conformably to the verb.]
One who tills the soil, or cultivates any crop or plant; a husbandman, cultivator; a farmer or farm labourer. See also earth-tiller, land-tiller (land n.1 10 b).
c1250Gen. & Ex. 1482 Esau wilde man huntere, And Iacob tame man tiliere. c1300Life Jesus (Horstm.) 589 Ich am, he seide, a riȝt soth vine, and mi fader teoliare is. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiii. 239 For alle trewe trauaillours and tilieres of þe erthe. c1400Plowman's T. 453 What knoweth a tillour at the plow The popes name? c1412Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 4418 The Tylere [v.r. tilyer] with his pore cote and land. 1530Palsgr. 187 Uigneron, a tyller of vygnes. 1661J. Childrey Brit. Baconica 11 The tiller can commonly take but two crops of wheat. 1767A. Young Farmer's Lett. People 74 The little farmer is always considered as the chief tiller of his land. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. iii. I. 418 The remuneration of workmen employed in manufactures has always been higher than that of the tillers of the soil.
▪ II. ˈtiller, n.2
Forms: (4 AF. teiler), 5 telor, tiler, 6 tyller, -our, 6–7 tillar, 6– tiller.
[a. OF. telier (a 1200 in Godef.), tellier, in sense 1; orig. a weaver's beam (telier des tisserands, Godef.), med.L. tēlārium, f. L. tēla web: see -ary1.]
†1.
a. Archery, etc. In a cross-bow: The wooden beam which is grooved for reception of the arrow, or drilled for the bolt or quarrel; the stock. Obs.
[1353Mag. Rot. 27 Edw. III in Archæol. Jrnl. (1862) XIX. 72 In..xl. lignis vocatis cost' pro balistis inde faciendis, xl. lignis pro telar' balistarum..cxx. clavis vocatis somernailes pro telar'. 1361Indenture 35 Edw. III ibid. (1854) XI. 385, xxiiij. arc pur arblastes de corn saunz teilers.] 1412–20Lydg. Chron. Troy iv. 1370 He..hent a bowe þat passingly was stronge, And with an arwe to his tiler longe. 14..Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 615/44 Tenorcula, a telor of an arblast. c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 914 Tyller of a crosbowe, cormier. 1544in Lett. & Pap. Hen. VIII (1905) XIX. ii. 405 Oon tyllour, oon paire of chekes, and oon bender,..oon crossbowe case and oon dosen di of crossbowe stringes. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. 221 An expert..workeman..cunningly bestoweth in the hollow passage of the beame or tiller [of a balista] a shaft of wood. 1611Cotgr., Arbrier, the Tillar of a Crosse-bow. a1618Sylvester Woodman's Bear xliv, Eyes that arme Love's Arches tillar.
†b. A stock or shaft fixed to a long-bow to admit of its being used as a cross-bow, for greater convenience or precision of aim. Obs.
1590Barwick Briefe Disc. 11 Whether a Cros-bowe, or a Long-bowe in a Tyller, shoot more certainly. 1611Beaum. & Fl. Philaster ii. ii, Use exercise, and keep a Sparrow⁓hawk, you can shoot in a Tiller.
†c. transf. A bow fitted with a tiller. Obs.
1572J. Jones Bathes Buckstone 12 Rather wyth longe Bowe, than wyth Tyller, Stone bowe or Crosse bowe. 1598Florio, Balista,..a crosse bow, a stock-bow or tillar. 1616Surfl. & Markh. Country Farme 508 Neither is the crosse⁓bow so daungerous, whether it be the tiller, or the bullet. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. xvi. (Roxb.) 77/1 The Tiller hath the Bow of wood either Ash or Yew whose string is held vp (when..drawne) by a wooden Nutt as it is called, and a handle to let it off.
d. (See quot. 1801.)
1545[app. presupposed in tillering vbl. n.1]. 1801T. Roberts Eng. Bowman 295 Tiller, an instrument made of a straight piece of wood, with a notch at the end, and notches on the upper side; in which a bow is placed and drawn, to try how it bends.
†e. A stock or shaft in the earliest forms of hand-gun or cannon. Obs.[1353Mag. Rot. 27 Edw. III in Archæol. Jrnl. (1862) XIX. 74 Pro..portagio x. gunn' cum telar'. 1885Dillon Fairholt's Costume II. Gloss., Telar, the stock of a hand gun (with above reference).] 2. Naut. A horizontal bar or beam attached to the rudder-head, acting as a lever by means of which the rudder is moved in the act of steering.
(Not in Fr., where the tiller is ‘barre du gouvernail’.)
a1625Nomenclator Navalis s.v. (Harl. MS. 2301), The Helme and Tiller is all one..only the word Tiller is properlie used for that which we steere the Bote by. 1627Capt. Smith Seaman's Gram. ii. 12 The Tiller is a strong peece of wood made fast to the Rudder..whereby the Rudder is so turned to and fro as the Helmesman pleaseth. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Tiller, the very same with the Helm of a Ship: It is most properly used in a Boat where that which would be the Helm in a Ship, is called the Tiller. 1743Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas 17 The Ship struck a second Time, which broke the Head of the Tiller. 1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xix, Easy wrested the tiller from Gascoigne's hand. 1875Helps Soc. Press. vi. 76 You are either..a slave at the oar, or a serf at the tiller. 1905A. C. Benson Upton Lett. (1906) 39 Not fit..to take the tiller.
b. Also loosely, the steering-gear of a rowing-boat; cf. tiller-line, -rope in 4.
3. In various technical uses: see quots.
1630J. Taylor (Water P.) A Thiefe Wks. ii. 119/2 As once a Windmill (out of breath) lack'd winde A fellow brought foure bushels then to grinde, And hearing neither noyse of knap or tiller, Laid downe his corne, and went to seeke the miller. 1789Brand Hist. Newcastle I. 687 note, A piece of wood, called a tiller, is..applied to one wheel, and pressed thereon. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Tiller, the handle of a spade. 1877Knight Dict. Mech., Tiller. 1. A transverse handle at the upper end of a pit saw. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Tiller. See Brace-head.
4. attrib. and Comb.: † tiller-bow = sense 1 c; tiller-chain, a chain answering the same purpose as a tiller-rope; on steamships, used in conjunction with steel-wire to connect the rudder with the steam steering-gear; tiller-head, the extremity of the tiller to which are secured the two ends of the tiller-rope or -chain; tiller-lines, two lines or ropes fastened each to one arm of the tiller-yoke in a boat; also called yoke-lines, yoke-, tiller-ropes; tillerman U.S., a fireman who controls the rear portion of a fire-engine; tiller-post, the upper part of the rudder-stock; tiller-rope, (a) the rope (now usually a chain) connecting the tiller-head with the drum or barrel of a ship's steering-gear; (b) a rope leading from the tiller-head to each side of the deck, to assist in steering in rough weather; (c) pl. = tiller-lines; tiller soup, the minatory wielding of a tiller by the coxswain to encourage his boat's crew; tiller-steerage, -steering, the arrangement for steering a motor-car by means of a lever (as distinct from wheel-steerage); tiller-wheel, a wheel by which a rudder is actuated, a steering-wheel; tiller-yoke, a yoke fixed on the rudder-head of a boat and serving as a tiller.
1583W. M. Remembr. in Roberts Eng. Bowman (1801) 261 Every one bearing a *tiller-bow or cross-bow, and broad arrows. 1590Barwick Disc. Weapons 11 He..then can either loose Long-bowe, Tiller-bowe, or Cros-bowe. 1591Percival Span. Dict., Zebretana, a tiller bowe, balistæ genus.
1841R. H. Dana Seaman's Man. Dict. s.v. Tiller-ropes, Ropes leading from the *tiller-head round the barrel of the wheel.
1905Westm. Gaz. 3 Jan. 4/2 With one hand on the *tiller-lever he can perform all the functions of driver and steersman at once.
1889J. K. Jerome Three Men in Boat 76 Harris at the sculls and I at the *tiller-lines.
1968L. Lokos House Divided vii. 226 A hook and ladder truck went to answer the alarm without the *tillerman aboard to control the rear portion.
1890Daily News 9 Jan. 6/3 Her *tiller post had been carried away, and other damage done to the stern.
1745P. Thomas Jrnl. Anson's Voy. 148 Our old *Tiller-Rope being much worn, we unreev'd it, and reev'd a new one. 1872Black Adv. Phaeton v, Bell pulled the white tiller-ropes over her shoulder.
1929F. C. Bowen Sea Slang 141 *Tiller soup, the man-handling with the tiller by threat of which a coxswain encourages his boat's crew. 1947Sea Breezes III. 151 We boys got a few gentle taps with the boat's tiller, too. We called it ‘tiller soup’.
▪ III. ˈtiller, n.3 Now dial.
Forms: 1 (see etymol.); 7– tiller, 8–9 tillar, tellar, teller; 9 dial. tellow, tillow, telly.
[App. repr. OE. telᵹor, tealᵹor str. m., also telᵹra wk. m. (see sense 1), extended forms of telᵹa wk. masc., ‘branch, bough, twig’ = ON. tjalga fem., MLG., LG., Du. telg, MDu. telch, telg-, m. and n., MHG. zelch, zelge, zilge m.:—OTeut. *telgo(n), telgôn- twig, branch, sprout. Not found in Eng. between 1100 and 1660; the phonetic history is obscure. The dial. tellow, tillow may repr. OE. telᵹa.]
†1. (In OE.) A plant, a shoot, a twig; esp. a shoot or sucker from the root. Obs.
a1000Blickl. Glosses (E.E.T.S.) 261/2 Tealᵹras, propagines. c1000ælfric Gen. ii. 5 And ælcne telᵹor on eorðan ær ðam þe he uppasprunge on eorðan. a1050Herbarium in Sax. Leechd. I. 276 Ðeos wyrt. of anum wyrttruman maneᵹa telᵹran asendeþ. Ibid., Hypericon..Of anum stelan maneᵹa telᵹran weaxaþ. Ibid. 324 Heo eal..wið þa eorðan hyre telᵹran tobrædeþ. a1050Medicina de Quadrup. ibid. 332 Do on anne telᵹran [þæs morbeames] ðe sy adune ᵹecyrred.
2. A young tree, a sapling; esp. a stock-shoot, rising from the stock or stool of a felled tree.
1664Evelyn Sylva iii. iv. §29 (Charcoal) This [ladder] they usually make of a curved Tiller fit to apply to the convex shape of the heap. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Tillar (in Husbandry), a small Tree left to grow till it be fellable. 1712J. James tr. Le Biond's Gardening 50 They are obliged to leave sixteen Tillers on an Acre. 1768Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) I. 322 First shoots up a tender twig, which then becomes a sapling, a waiver, a tellar, and at last a perfect oak laden with acorns. 1794W. Pearce Agric. Berks 55 [They] permit their labourers, during the winter months, to take up the old roots, from which no heir or teller is rising. 1832Planting 92 in Libr. Usef. Knowl., Husb. III, Tiller or Tellar, a shoot selected..from those produced by a coppice stool to stand for a timber-tree. 1875Sussex Gloss., Teller, Tillow.., a young oak tree. 1878N. & Q. 5th Ser. X. 223 The lessee covenants not to cut down tellows and stemners.
3. One of the lateral shoots from the base of the stalk of corn or grass or other herbaceous plant.
1733Tull Horse-Hoeing Husb. xi. 132 The same Plant that when poor sends out but Two or Three Tillers, would if well nourish'd..send up a Multitude of Tillers, as is seen in Ho'd Wheat and Sown Wheat. 1759tr. Duhamel's Husb. i. xiii. (1762) 70 New stalks, or, as some call it, tillers. 1764Museum Rust. III. xii. 46 If the season is lost to encrease the number of tillers, we may enlarge the ears. 1811W. Leslie Agric. Surv. Moray Gloss., Tiller, the rising blade of growing corn shooting out several stems from one seed. [Cf.1828Craven Gloss., Telly, a single stalk of grass or corn.]
▪ IV. † tiller, n.4 Obs. rare—1.
[app. f. till n.1 + -er1, ? after drawer.]
= till n.1 1.
1693Dryden Juvenal vi. 383 Search her Cabinet, and thou shal find Each Tiller there with Love-Epistles lin'd.
▪ V. tiller, v.1|ˈtɪlə(r)|
Also 7 tillar, 9 tillow.
[f. tiller n.3]
intr. Of corn or other plants: To produce ‘tillers’ or side shoots from the root or base of the stem; also said of the shoots thus arising. Also with out, forth.
1677Plot Oxfordsh. 245 The Seed in the rich [Land] does tillar, i.e. sprout into several blades and spread on the ground. 1733Tull Horse-Hoeing Husb. xix. 270 More Stalks would have Tillered out. 1743Maxwell Sel. Trans. Soc. Improv. Agric. Scot. 24 Clover-plants, when they have room to grow, tiller or stool, and employ more Ground than those of Corn. 1805R. W. Dickson Pract. Agric. I. 463 Oats do not tiller so much as other grains. 1813Vancouver Surv. Hampshire 196 The more that the crown of this plant is..divided, the greater disposition it has to stool and tillow forth in additional stems and succours. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 406 It [wheat] tillered astonishingly, as many as fifty heads growing from one kernel.
b. trans. To throw out (stalks, etc.) by tillering.
1787Winter Syst. Husb. 207 The roots of the drilled [wheat] tillered out from ten or twelve to upwards of thirty stalks on each root.
Hence ˈtillered ppl. a., having several shoots or stems springing from one root; ˈtillering vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1733Tull Horse-Hoeing Husb. vii. 72 These Tillered Ho'd Stalks, if they were planted sparsim all over the Interval, it might seem well cover'd. 1764Museum Rust. III. xii. 46 There is a particular season for its tillering, or spreading; another for its upright growth. 1833Ridgemont Farm Rep. 137 in Libr. Usef. Knowl., Husb. III, By a rapid and early vegetation of the wheat, the tillering branches of the young plant are apt to exhaust themselves. 1885W. K. Parker Mammalian Descent vi. 158 The multiplied (or tillered) stems of a wheat-plant.
▪ VI. † tiller, v.2
see tillering vbl. n.1
▪ VII. tiller
dial. form of thiller. |