| 释义 |
fixed, ppl. a.|fɪkst|
[f. fix v. + -ed1.]
1. a. Placed or attached firmly; fastened securely; made firm or stable in position.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 179 b, The fixed or standing Hives, bee discommodious. 1593Shakes. 2 Hen. VI, iii. ii. 313 Bitter searching termes..Deliuer'd strongly through my fixed teeth. 1647Cowley Mistress, Inconstancy, The most fixt Being still does move and fly. 1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 51 Where the firm or fixed Ice lies. 1805T. Lindley Voy. Brasil (1808) 273 By means of two fixed pieces of wood. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 118 Fixed blocks, those blocks that come through the sides and are bolted, as the sheet, tack, and brace blocks. 1882Minchin Unipl. Kinemat. 71 When a body, M, rolls on a fixed surface, AB.
b. Her. Of a cross: Having its limbs attached to the edges of the escutcheon: = firme.
1688R. Holme Acad. Armory i. v. §31 A Cross Patee Entyre (or Fixed or Firme)..This term (Fixed, or Entyre) must be added, to shew that..they are joyned to the sides of the Escochion. 1828–40Berry Encycl. Her. I s.v., Crosses which are usually borne in the centre of the escocheon without extending to the sides, when attached thereto are termed fixed, as a cross pattée fixed.
2. In immaterial sense: Firmly attached or implanted; securely established; secured against alteration or dislodgement. In early use often (now rarely) of persons: Firmly resolved; constant, steadfast; bent, set, or intent upon anything. fixed idea: an idea firmly rooted in the brain, with a tendency to become unduly dominant [F. idée fixe]. fixed fact: a well-established fact (U.S.).
1580Baret Alv. F 632 Mindes certeinly fixed, to trie the matter by dint of sword. 1625–8tr. Camden's Hist. Eliz. iii. (1688) 385 A Lady fixed and constant in her Religion. 1627–77Feltham Resolves i. xlv. 71 How fixt he was to Jonathan! 1655Sir E. Nicholas in N. Papers (Camden) II. 348 This man is..a fast fixt Catholike. 1706Hearne Collect. 7 Mar., A Man of no fixt Resolution. 1712–4Pope Rape Lock v. 5 Not half so fix'd the Trojan could remain, While Anna begg'd. 1821Shelley Prometh. Unb. i. 262, I defy thee with a calm fixed mind. 1829H. C. Robinson Diary 13 Aug. (1967) 102 [Goethe] repeated..one of his fixed ideas that it is by the most laborious collection of facts that even a poetical view of nature is to be corrected. 1831Carlyle Sart. Res. 111 iv. (1858) 139 A deadly fear of Population possesses the Hofrath; something like a fixed-idea. 1847Boston Post June (Bartlett), That he did dispose of a large quantity of oil, and afterwards desert from the vessel are fixed facts. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 165 For all persecution he felt a fixed aversion. 1860Motley Netherl. (1868) I. i. 4 Philip..seemed to become..more fixed in his determination. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. vii. 153 The fixed purpose of raising forces. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 28 The lawgiver..was a fixed idea in the mind of the Greek.
3. a. Of a person's eyes, thoughts, etc.: Steadily or intently directed towards or ‘fastened’ upon an object.
1552Huloet, Fixed, intentus. 1616Chapman Musæus 358 A tower so high, As soon would lose on it the fixedst eye. 1643Denham Cooper's H. 112 But my fixt thoughts my wandring eye betrays. 1725Pope Odyss. xiii. 35 All, but Ulysses, heard with fix'd delight. 1791Mrs. Radcliffe Rom. Forest viii, He regarded her with a fixed attention. 1850Hare Mission Comf. 124 Disease and death are glaring with fixt eyes upon them.
quasi-adv.1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Rich. II, clxviii, Kites..cannot looke the Sun fixt in the face.
b. Of a person, his countenance, etc.: Made rigid or immobile (as by strong emotion or resolution, or in death).
1608D. T[wil] Ess. Pol. & Mor. 67 That Vertue is but weake..that cannot with a fixed countenance out-stare the threatening eye of Danger. 1801Southey Thalaba i. iv, Looking up to her fix'd countenance. 1824Lamb Elia Ser. 11, Blakesmoor in H—shire, As fixed and motionless as the marble effigies that kneel..around thee. 1833H. Martineau Manch. Strike x. 109 The papers in his hand shook; but his countenance was fixed and his attitude firm. 1888W. Black Lochaber III. viii, Her eyes..were fixed and staring.
4. a. Deprived of volatility. † fixed air: a name given by Black in 1754 to carbonic dioxide (carbonic acid); see air n. 2.
1766Cavendish in Phil. Trans. LVI. 141 By fixed air, I mean that particular species of factitious air, which is separated from alkaline substances by solution in acids or by calcination. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 187 To this species of air he gave the name of fixed air, because it existed in these bodies in a fixed state.
b. Not easily volatilized; not losing weight under the influence of fire. fixed alkali: see alkali 3, 6. † fixed nitre = potassium carbonate.
1641French Distill. v. (1651) 171 Little fixed salt can be extracted from them, onely volatile. 1669Boyle Contn. New Exp. ii. (1682) 135, I put Aqua Fortis with fixed Nitre into a Receiver. 1685― Salubr. Air 111 The fixedest of Metals, Gold itself. 1688J. Clayton in Phil. Trans. XVII. 944 The fixeder Saline Particles of the Marine Salt. 1727–51Chambers Cycl. s.v., Of all metals, gold and silver alone are fixed; i.e. on remaining a long time exposed to the most intense flame, they alone lose nothing of their weight. 1744Berkeley Siris §8 Fixed salts are much the same in all bodies. 1757A. Cooper Distiller i. i. (1760) 6 Only a fixed husky matter remains. 1830Faraday Exp. Res. xxxiv. 207 Mercury is volatile at temperatures above 30° but fixed at temperatures below 20°.
c. Of acids and oils: That cannot be distilled or evaporated without decomposition.
1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. II. xlix. 215 Fixed oils. 1805W. Saunders Min. Waters 324 The iron is held in union with a fixed acid. 1812J. Smyth Pract. of Customs (1821) 160 Oils..are divided by Chemists into two kinds; fixed or fat oils, and volatile or essential oils. 1859Gullick & Timbs Paint. 206 The Fixed Oils..are so called because they do not almost entirely evaporate in drying.
5. Of a colour, photographic image, etc.: Fast, lasting, permanent. Said also of the photographic plate.
1791Hamilton Berthollet's Dyeing I. Introd. 10 Mordants [serve] to render the colour more fixed. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) III. 51 Colours which are dyed in this way become fixed. 1888Abney Instr. Photog. xxii. 190 The plate is known to be fixed by looking at the back of it, which should appear black. Ibid. xxxv. 278 When the prints are fixed they will appear colourless in the whites.
6. a. Definitely and permanently placed; stationary or unchanging in relative position. fixed point: (a) a place where a policeman is permanently stationed; freq. attrib.; cf. point-constable, -policeman (point n.1 D. 14) and point-duty; (b) Physics, a temperature of some well-defined and reproducible physical process, such as a change of phase of a pure substance, used in defining a scale of temperature; (c) Math., a point that is unchanged by a given transformation or by each of a given set of transformations; (d) Broadcasting (see quot. 1941); (e) Computers, designating a method of representing numbers by a single sequence of digits with a fixed or constant position for the radix point; usu. attrib.
1559W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 19 And is this Horizont a fixed Circle or not? It is fixed, and without motion. 1665Sir T. Herbert Trav. (1677) 221 Houses and fixed Inhabitants. 1667Milton P.L. iii. 669 In which of all these Orbes hath Man His fixed seat, or fixed seat hath none. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn., Fixed Line of Defence, in Fortification is drawn along the Face of the Bastion, and terminates in the Courtine. 1848J. Curwen Gram. Vocal Music (1866) p. xxiv, Unlike the ‘fixed Do’ of the old notation, the ‘movable Do’..is no difficulty whatever. 1858Merc. Marine Mag. V. 30 A Fixed Red Light will be shown at the head of the..Breakwater.
1896Daily News 15 Feb. 3/1 ‘Fixed point’ constables. 1900Daily Chron. 15 Aug. 5/1 City Police on fixed-point duty. 1904Ibid. 16 Sept. 4/5 Fixed-point constables, whose imperious arms will later indicate the right of way.
1778Phil. Trans. R. Soc. LXVII. 844 In the following pages we have thrown together the practical rules, which we would recommend to be observed in adjusting the fixed points of thermometers. 1849R. V. Dixon Treat. Heat I. 10 Sir Isaac Newton first pointed out the advantage to be obtained by this method of graduating temperature scales, and at the same time proposed as the fixed points in the graduation the temperatures of melting ice and boiling water. 1966Units & Standards of Measurement: Temperature (H.M.S.O.) (ed. 2) 3 The International Practical Scale of Temperature is based on six reproducible temperatures (defining fixed points) to which numerical values are assigned and on formulae establishing the relation between the temperature and the indications of instruments calibrated by means of the values assigned to the six defining fixed points.
1893A. R. Forsyth Theory Functions Complex Variable xix. 514 If we assume that w and z are two points in the same plane, then there will in general be two different points which are unaltered by the transformation; they are called the fixed (or double) points of the transformation. 1963G. F. Simmons Introd. Topol. 337 A topological space X is called a fixed point space if every continuous mapping f of X into itself has a fixed point. 1968E. T. Copson Metric Spaces viii. 111 The problem of solving an algebraic equation f(z) = 0 can be expressed as a fixed point problem. The relation w = z + f(z) maps the complex plane into itself; and the fixed points are the zeros of f (z).
1941B.B.C. Gloss. Broadc. Terms 13 Fixed point, time set apart over a continuous period for the broad⁓cast, at regular intervals, of programmes of a similar type over a particular network, or for successive contributions to a regular series. 1969Radio Times 18/25 Dec. 94/2 There are not many fixed-points in transmission times, but obviously they have to be strictly adhered to.
1948Math. Tables & Other Aids to Computation III. 318 The position of the radix point in the fixed-point representation is a matter of some importance since it determines what combinations of operand values are permissible for multiplication and division. 1955Jrnl. Assoc. Comput. Mach. Jan. 57 Both floating binary point and fixed point operation are included. 1964F. L. Westwater Electronic Computers ix. 143 Soon, ‘libraries’ of standard subroutines were available for each particular computer and..sets of subroutines to be performed in ‘floating-point’ rather than the fixed-point mode arithmetic. 1970Math. Rev. XXXIX. 215/1 This paper examines the distribution of the binary digits of a number representation that is supplied to a conversion routine in decimal form (all in fixed point).
b. fixed star: a star which appears always to occupy the same position in the heavens (and so distinguished from a planet).
Cf. fix a., earlier used in the same sense.
.. Almanack for Year 1386 (1812) 8 Al planetys and sternes fyxt. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems 153 Stelle eratice, nat fixed. 1561Eden Arte Nauig. Pref., The Sunne & Moone & the other Planetes & fixte Starres. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. i. 209 Sailers..found a Name For ev'ry fix'd and ev'ry wandring Star. 1812Woodhouse Astron. viii. 51 The transits of fixed stars are used for regulating clocks.
absol.1667Milton P.L. iii. 481 They pass the Planets seven, and pass the fixt.
c. fixed capital: see capital n. 3 c; fixed property: that which consists in immovables, as land and houses; fixed asset: an asset which cannot be promptly converted into cash (cf. liquid a. 6); freq. pl.; fixed odds: used attrib. of a bet on association football results that is paid off at predetermined odds, as opp. to a bet on a football pool; fixed trust, an investment trust or unit trust in which the investment of funds is restricted to a fixed list of securities.
1845McCulloch Taxation i. ii. (1852) 74 Land and other fixed property. 1848Mill Pol. Econ. i. vi. §1 Capital which exists in any of these durable shapes..is called Fixed Capital. 1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. i. iv. (1876) 41 Fixed capital may continuously repeat the assistance which it lends to industry. 1898L. R. Dicksee Auditing (ed. 3) vii. 275 (heading) Fixed assets. Ibid. 276 It would have seemed more natural to have placed Plant before Stock-in-trade, as being, properly speaking, a ‘fixed asset’. 1907Act 7 Edw. VII c. 50 §21 Every company..shall include..a summary of..its assets, giving such particulars as will disclose..how the values of the fixed assets have been arrived at. 1930Economist 8 Nov. 865/1 The ‘fixed trust’..holds a fixed number of common stocks and participation in the trust takes the form of certificates authenticated by a trust company and specifying a fractional interest in a block or unit of the fixed common stocks held by the trust company. These fixed investment trusts first came into public notice about 1924. 1935Ibid. 6 Apr. 795/2 The stream of new investment which has come under fixed trust control has been directed predominantly into the shares of well-established..companies. 1950Sporting Investor Feb. 20 (Advt.), The superb methods for the smaller pools and fixed-odds coupons provide the steady solid income for the small or large investor. 1951R. W. Jones Thomson's Dict. Banking (ed. 10) 280/2 Fixed assets, assets (such as land, buildings, plant, machinery), which are not turned into cash, but are used indirectly for the purpose of providing the income of a business. 1959Times 14 Jan. 13/6 Early Unit Trusts had a fixed unit of investment, as their name, Fixed Trusts, implied. It was of the essence of those trusts that unit certificates were issued only against successive deposits of a fixed portfolio of securities, the unit of investment. 1964Daily Tel. 15 Apr. 1/6 (heading) Fixed odds tax shocks book⁓makers. Ibid., The turn-over on fixed odds football betting was well over {pstlg}60 million last year.
d. fixed-head: (a) of a car body, having a fixed roof (opp. drop-head (b)); (b) of a car engine, having a fixed cylinder-head; fixed light (Naut. and Aeronaut.): see quot. 1960.
1889L. Delbos Naut. Terms 31 Fixed light. 1948R. de Kerchove Int. Maritime Dict. (1958) 264 Fixed light, a coastal light in which the illuminating apparatus gives a continuous light of uniform intensity. 1960Guide Civil Land Aerodrome Lighting (B.S.I.) 9 Fixed light, a light having constant luminous intensity when observed from a fixed direction. 1962Times 14 Mar. 15/4 A full width rear bench seat in the fixed-head coupé. 1963Bird & Hutton-Stott Veteran Motor Car 96 Delahaye..never made fixed-head engines and never, apparently, had trouble with their detachable heads. 1971Daily Tel. 20 Oct. 6 The new 350 SLC fixed head coupé—a stretched version of the sports car with..room for five.
7. Definitely appointed or assigned; not fluctuating or varying; definite, permanent.
a1698Sir W. Temple Misc. iii. i, One loves fixed Laws, and the other arbitrary Power. 1741Middleton Cicero (1742) II. vii. 201 He [Cicero] laid it down as the fixt rule of his administration. 1838Thirlwall Greece III. 191 A fixt and uniform rent. 1861M. Pattison Ess. (1889) I. 47 Every Hanse town was in its turn represented, according to a fixed cycle. 1882R. Bithell Counting-House Dict. s.v. Trust 309 It is recommended that one half-yearly coupon should be fixed [bearing a fixed rate of interest] and the second variable. 1884tr. Lotze's Logic 434 The conceptions of good and bad, just and unjust, are fixed and unchanging. 1935Planning III. lii. 7 The Board is financed by the issue of fixed-interest stock which carries no voting rights. 1971Daily Tel. 19 Oct. 19 The demand for fixed interest stocks is still running strongly.
8. Prepared, put in order. † Of a shell: Fitted with a fuse. ‘fixed ammunition: a charge of powder and shot inclosed together in a wrapper or case ready for loading’ (Knight).
1638Penit. Conf. vii. (1657) 145 The Trent Fathers..plant their fixt Canon, to discharge Anathema's. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789) Cc iv b, The fixed shell is placed upon the wad.
9. Corrupted, bribed, ‘squared’; tampered with; of a sporting contest, having the result dishonestly prearranged. (Cf. fix v. 14 d.) slang (orig. U.S.).
a1889San Francisco News Letter (Farmer), His friends on the grand jury..acted precisely as fixed jurors had been known to act. 1901Denver Republican 26 Aug. 3/4 ‘Fixed’ roulette wheels, ‘squeeze’ faro boxes, loaded dice and marked cards. 1931L. Steffens Autobiogr. i. v. 37 Being in with the stables, I soon began to hear about ‘fixed races’. 1960Guardian 18 Oct. 8/2 (heading) ‘Fixed’ football.
10. In predicative use: situated materially or financially. colloq. (orig. U.S.).
1844[see fix v. 8 c]. 1873J. H. Beadle Undevel. West 791 From these figures I think they should be better fixed than they are. 1875Chicago Tribune 25 Aug. 8/1 He was very well ‘fixed’ both in money and in whisky. 1904H. R. Martin Tillie 47 I'm well fixed. I got money plenty. 1906Springfield (Mass.) Weekly Republ. 25 Jan. 1 The new Connecticut senators are much better fixed financially than their predecessors. 1963M. Laurence in R. Weaver Canad. Short Stories 2nd Ser. (1968) 134 Sabina had once had a wealthy lover—well, not wealthy, perhaps, but certainly nicely fixed. 1970Guardian 31 Dec. 11/4 Ali will come out of this fight very well fixed.
11. Special comb.: fixed bayonet, a bayonet fixed to the mouth of a musket or rifle; also attrib.; fixed focus Photogr., a focus on a camera that is fixed by the design and cannot be adjusted by the user; also attrib.; fixed income, an unvarying income derived from fixed-interest investments, a pension, etc., as distinct from a salary or wage; fixed link, a (projected) permanent means of transit between Great Britain and France, esp. by road or rail; a bridge, tunnel, etc., built to accommodate this; cf. Chunnel; fixed-pitch airscrew, propeller Aeronaut., a propeller with blades whose pitch cannot be varied; fixed price, (a) the price charged for a set meal at a restaurant (cf. Fr. prix fixe); also attrib.; (b) used attrib. of a ‘bazaar’ type shop at which all articles are sold at or below a stated price; (c) a net price not subject to discount; fixed seat, a rowing-seat without a slide; fixed-wing aircraft, plane, an aeroplane of the conventional type as opposed to a rotating-wing aircraft such as a helicopter.
1802C. James Milit. Dict. s.v. Manual §vi, The first motion of the charge is the position which the soldier will..take, in order to advance on an enemy, whom it is intended to attack with *fixed bayonets. 1815J. Simpson Visit Flanders 173 Eight battalions of the guard debouched with fixed bayonets. 1858Leisure Hour 660/1 We essay to enter the waiting-room but are stopped by a..soldier, armed with musket and fixed bayonet. 1908Daily Chron. 3 Oct. 4/6 The Royal Marines..enjoy the same fixed bayonet rights in the City. 1909Ibid. 1 Oct. 4/6 Other fixed-bayonet corps in the City are the Honourable Artillery Company,..the ‘Buffs’, or East Kent Regiment, and the ‘Royal Fusiliers’ (City of London Regiment).
1892Photogr. Ann. II. 320 Those who object to *fixed focus cameras. 1904Westm. Gaz. 27 Aug. 14/2 It will be found that with the majority of lenses the best fixed focus is at about a distance of 20 ft. 1951G. H. Sewell Amateur Film-Making (ed. 2) iii. 27 The simplest and most inexpensive cameras are equipped with what is known as ‘fixed-focus’ lenses. 1970Which? July 217/2 Most of the lenses were fixed focus, that is to say you could not vary the distance setting.
1858Trollope Three Clerks III. xii. 213 You will not object to state whether or no you possess any *fixed income? 1929A. Huxley Do what you Will 110 So much middle-class pride on such small fixed incomes. 1933B. Ellinger This Money Business xi. 107 All people who are in receipt of fixed incomes (whether it be from investments in Government securities or in debentures, or landlords in receipt of long-term fixed rents, or old age pensioners) benefit from the fall in prices. 1967Listener 16 Mar. 359/2, I am a fixed income pensioner.
1974Economist 30 Nov. 90/2 As so much of the traffic will be road vehicles and their passengers, it is worth asking whether a rail tunnel is the best form of a *fixed link with France, rather than a road bridge or bridge/tunnel. 1985Financial Times Survey 16 Dec. p. ii./7 The debate was dominated by the doubts of the Kent MPs about the impact of any Channel fixed link on the economies of the coastal towns, especially the ferry ports, as well as environmental considerations.
1931R.A.F. Quart. July 397 Various types of *fixed pitch airscrew were tried. 1934Flight 8 Feb. 124/2 As a fixed-pitch airscrew does not possess satisfactory characteristics for both take off and speed in high-speed aircraft, a variable-pitch airscrew is usually fitted to the latest Northrop models. 1968Miller & Sawers Techn. Devel. Mod. Aviation iii. 68 The performance suffered from the use of fixed-pitch propellers, so the Hamilton-Standard variable pitch propeller..was quickly adopted.
1907Baedeker's Paris & Environs (ed. 16) 17 Among the Brasseries and Tavernes..some are elegant establishments à la carte, while others (charges indicated) have *fixed prices. 1909Bradshaw's Railway Guide Apr. 1097 All ‘fixed price’ meals served in Restaurant. 1933D. C. Peel Life's Enchanted Cup xvi. 211 A special dining-room for those who wished for lunch at a fixed price of 3.50 francs. 1935Economist 6 Apr. 798/2 Though the principle of the ‘chain chemists’ has allowed Boots to build up an excellent business..it does not seem to offer the opportunity for rapidly expanding profits which, say, Woolworth and Marks and Spencer have discovered in the fixed-price store. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 22 Mar. 104 With the lowest price in its class, low running costs, and low fixed-price maintenance and parts costs the Fordson Dexta is a great cost saver. 1965J. L. Hanson Dict. Econ. 180/1 For most consumers' goods the custom of the fixed or specified price has replaced the older custom of haggling over price. 1970N. Freeling Kitchen Bk. iii. 27 There was nothing so vulgar as a fixed-price menu in this hotel. Everything was à la carte.
1889W. B. Woodgate Rowing 103 The mechanical power gained by a sliding seat is so great that even if he who uses it sets at defiance all recognised principles of *fixed-seat rowing, he can still command more pace than if he adhered to fixed-seat work. Ibid., Oarsmen of the fixed-seat school. 1907Daily Chron. 27 July 9/3 It would be a good thing if all junior races could be rowed on fixed seats. Many novices who promised well have lost all style and cultivated wrong methods by having rowed races on sliding seats before knowing how to work on a fixed seat. 1950Chambers's Encycl. XII. 15/2 The boats first used were in-rigged with fixed seats and clinker-built.
1949Aero Digest Sept. 120 Picking up fuel supplies dropped by parachutes from *fixed-wing aircraft. 1955Oxf. Jun. Encycl. VIII. 4/1 For fixed-wing aircraft..the varying requirements of speed, altitude, and range affect the choice of engine. 1958Times 1 Mar. 7/3 It [sc. a helicopter] may be slower than the fixed wing aircraft. 1966Times 19 July 11/1 So far..B.E.A. has bought fixed-wing types [of American aircraft]. |