| 释义 |
transcription|trɑːnˈskrɪpʃən, træn-|
[ad. L. transcriptiōn-em, n. of action f. transcrībĕre to transcribe, or a. F. transciption (16th c. in Godef. Compl.).]
1. a. The action or process of transcribing or copying. Also fig.
1598Florio, Trascrittione, a transcription, a writing, or copying out. 1610Healey St. Aug. Citie of God 548 The error was committed in the transcription of the copy from Ptolomies library. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. 93 By a diligent comparing of Copies upon every transcription. 1762J. Kennedy Compl. Syst. Astronom. Chronol. ad fin., Evidence which no transcription can corrupt. a1848R. W. Hamilton Rew. & Punishm. i. (1853) 43 We might take the Decalogue and trace its transcription upon the soul of man. 1858J. H. Newman Hist. Sk. (1873) III. iv. xi. 416 Manual labour..applied to the transcription and multiplication of books..was a method of instruction.
b. Transliteration.
1869Farrar Fam. Speech i. (1873) 10 He succeeded in demonstrating the law of transcription, and for the first time reading these names in their proper form. Ibid. 24 The transcription into Russian letters.
2. The product of this process; a transcript; a copy.
1650Vind. Hammond's Addr. §88 Besides this transcription, there is but one passage.., to which he thinkes fit to make reply. 1657Rumsey Org. Salutis Ep. Ded. (1659) 11 Most medicinal Books are usually but bare transcriptions from former Writers. 1696Phillips (ed. 5), Transcription, a Writing copied, or transcribed. 1882–3Schaff's Encycl. Relig. Knowl. I. 116/2 A transcription of the work, made in the beginning of the third century.
3. Mus. The arrangement, or (less properly) modification, of a composition for some voice or instrument other than that for which it was originally written; an instance of this, a transcribed piece.
1864in Webster. 1878E. J. Hopkins in Grove Dict. Mus. I. 21/1 Variations or adaptations like the popular ‘Transcriptions’ of the present day. 1885Athenæum 26 Dec. 851/1 To the musicianly ear the term ‘transcription’ has generally an unpleasant sound, because it frequently bears reference to some uncalled-for distortion of a composer's original idea.
4. Roman Law. A transfer, assignment (of a debt or obligation); = L. transcriptio.
1677Owen Justif. Wks. 1851 V. 170 This he [Paul] did by the transcription of both the debts of Onesimus to himself. 1880Muirhead Gaius iii. §129 There is transcription from thing to person when, for example, I enter to your debit a sum you already owe me by reason of a purchase, a conduction, or a partnership.
5. a. A gramophone record made from a secondary source, not the master recording.
1931Gramophone Dec. 264/2 ‘Transcriptions’, too, for which our unkind readers used to prefer the phrase ‘faked records’, are not very popular over here. 1968Jazz Monthly Feb. 4/1 Numerous ‘pirate’ labels also issuing EPs and LPs,..tend increasingly to concentrate on air shots and transcriptions from a variety of sources.
b. Broadcasting. The recording of a broadcast for subsequent reproduction; a record or broadcast so made. Also attrib.
1932B.B.C. Year-bk. 1933 290 The relaying of the Empire station by overseas transmitters cannot for various reasons be assumed to be possible as a regular practice and therefore the recording of programmes on gramophone discs becomes an important subsidiary method of programme circulation... American programmes are already circulated by this method, which is termed ‘electrical transcription’. 1936Communication Mar. 5 (heading) The growing importance of transcription broadcasting. Ibid. 6/2 The transcriptions in every-day use in broadcast stations include both lateral-cut and vertical-cut recordings. 1943B.B.C. Year-bk. 23 An important broadcasting activity little known in this country is the projection overseas, by means of recordings, of the culture and wartime life of Britain... Known collectively as the London Transcription Service, the activity has been undertaken by the BBC for the Empire since the beginning of the war, and for foreign countries for nearly two years. 1956B.B.C. Handbk. 1957 42 English by Radio lessons..reach an audience of several millions by direct transmission from London, by relays, and by transcription recordings. Ibid. 133 Among other transcriptions, the special service for Colonial schools..proved successful. 1978A–Z of BBC (ed. 2) 225/2 Transcription services are the BBC's channel for selling Radio Programmes to stations overseas.
c. Used attrib. to designate equipment used in professional recording or broadcasting transcription, or gen. of a standard or type so used.
1936Communication Mar. 8/2 Noise in the output of a transcription equipment is often caused by pickup of the motor vibration. 1943Proc. I.R.E. Feb. 52 (heading) The measurement of transcription-turntable speed variation. 1957Long Playing Record Library Catal. & Handbk. 10 The only answer..is the use of a ‘transcription motor’, implying a high standard of design and finish and individual care in manufacture. 1962A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 271 The large transcription tape decks are normally equipped to play either type. 1965Wireless World Aug. 6 (Advt.), The Goldring-Lenco GL 70 transcription unit with its integrally mounted transcription arm continues to be the first choice of discriminating record lovers with custom-built equipment. 1978Lancashire Life Nov. 110/1 (Advt.), All the illustrated units are complete music centres with Dolby cassette deck-belt driven transcription unit.
6. Biol. The process by which genetic information represented by the sequence of nucleotides in the DNA of a cell or virus is copied into molecules of RNA, which are synthesized with the DNA serving as a template; reverse transcription, the reverse process, occurring in some RNA viruses, by which DNA is synthesized from an RNA template.
1961Jacob & Monod in Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XXVI. 193/1 The second process, which we shall call transcription, allows the gene to perform its physiological function. 1970Nature 27 June 1198/1 For the past twenty years the cardinal tenet of molecular biology has been that the flow or transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA and then its translation to protein is strictly one way. 1971[see promoter 1 g]. 1973Sci. Amer. Apr. 34/2 In prokaryotes, which include the many species of bacteria, transcription and translation of messenger RNA occur at the same time and place. 1977Nature 8 Sept. 122/1 Until recently..most groups studying reverse transcription in vitro found the DNA products to be small relative to the size of the RNA templates.
Hence tranˈscriptional a., of, pertaining to, or of the nature of transcription; tranˈscriptionally adv., on transcriptional grounds; also, in Biol., in a transcriptional way.
1881Westcott & Hort Grk. N.T. Introd. §29 Transcriptional Probability is not directly..concerned with the relative excellence of rival readings, but merely with the relative fitness of each for explaining the existence of the others. 1905J. R. Harris in Expositor Sept. 166 Traces of such transcriptional errors. 1907H. S. Cronin in Eng. Hist. Rev. Apr. 294 Both Latin versions must have had some transcriptional history. 1911K. Lake Earlier Ep. St. Paul 419 The omission is transcriptionally slightly the more probable reading. 1970Nature 29 Aug. 910/1 A similar mechanism controls gene expression at the transcriptional level during bacterial sporulation. 1975Ibid. 5 June 462/2 This transcriptionally active DNA represents r-protein genes. 1981L. L. Mays Genetics ix. 416 The prokaryotic systems that operate via transcriptional control often utilize different control systems. 1983Nature 23 June 677/1 Transcriptionally active chromatin. |