| 释义 |
translation|trɑːnsˈleɪʃən, træns-, -nz-|
[a. OF. translation (12th c. in Godef. Compl.), or ad. L. translātiōn-em a transporting, translation, n. of action f. translāt-, ppl. stem of transferre to transfer.]
The action of translating (or its result).
I.
1. a. Transference; removal or conveyance from one person, place, or condition to another.
spec. The removal of a bishop from one see to another; in the Church of Scotland, the removal of a minister from one charge to another; also, the removal of the body or relics of a saint to another place of interment.
a1350St. Stephen 211 in Horstm. Altengl. Leg. (1881) 30 Of þat ilk translacioun Es named saynt Steuyn inuencioun. c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 318 Þis translacioun is better þan worldly translacioun of þe pope. 1447O. Bokenham Seyntys (Roxb.) 30 Of summe relykys to make translacyoun. 1473–4Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. I. 52 The translacione of the parliament fra Sanctandros to Edinburgh. 1485Caxton St. Wenefr. 13 Her bones were broughte to thabbay of Shrewsbury, whiche translacion is halowed the 19 day of Septembre. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lv. §8 Ascension into heauen, is a plaine locall translation of Christ according to his manhood. 1612Brerewood Lang. & Relig. 12 The translation of the imperial seat to Constantinople. 1635Swan Spec. M. (1670) 198 A fifth [effect of Earthquakes] is the translation of Mountains &c. unto some other places. 1647N. Bacon Disc. Govt. Eng. i. xi. (1739) 22 After the Translation of the Sea from Thetford to Norwich. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §188 The necessary forms for the Translation [of Laud from London to Canterbury]. 1777J. Adams Wks. (1854) IX. 470 The rapid translation of property from hand to hand. 1869Freeman Norm. Conq. III. xi. §2. 34 That the Feast of the Translation of Saint Eadward should be kept..on the eve of the day of Saint Calixtus. 1910in Halsbury Laws of Eng. XI. 400 note, The fees paid by the late Archbishop Magee on his translation to York amounted to {pstlg}573 6s.
b. fig. of non-material things.
translation of a feast (Eccl.), its transference from the usual date to another, to avoid its clashing with another (movable) feast of superior rank.
c1530T. Cox Rhet. (1899) 82 Translacion of the faut is, whan he that confesseth his faut, sayeth that he dyd it, moued by the indignacion of the malycyouse dede of an other. 1552Abp. Hamilton Catech. (1884) 8 The translatioun of the sabboth day to the sonday. 1607Hieron Wks. I. 151 Imputation: by which there is a kinde of translation or putting ouer of the beleeuers sinne vnto Christ, and of Christs righteousnesse to the beleeuer. 1681–6J. Scott Chr. Life (1747) III. vii. 153 The very Translation of the Guilts of the People upon them. 1705Stanhope Paraphr. II. 549 A Translation of Punishment and Guilt, from the Person offering to the thing offered.
c. Removal from earth to heaven, orig. without death, as the translation of Enoch; but in later use also said fig. of the death of the righteous.
1382Wyclif Heb. xi. 5 Enok..bifore translacioun he hadde witnessing for to haue plesid God. 1682Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. ii. §6 Time, Experience, self-Reflexions, and God's mercies, make in some well-temper'd minds a kind of translation before Death. 1727De Foe Syst. Magic i. i. (1840) 12 A glorious example of such faith as was rewarded with an immediate translation of the person [Enoch] into heaven. 1760G. Whitefield Let. 29 Oct. in Pearson's Catal. (1894) 64 Blessed be God for supporting me so well under the news of dear Mr. Polhill's sudden translation. 1878Gladstone Prim. Homer v. 61 The Islands of the Blest, to which Menelaos has a promise of translation on his death.
d. Med. Transference of a disease from one person or part of the body to another. Now rare or Obs.
1665Boyle Occas. Refl. ii. xiii. (1848) 140 Madness..by the translation of the Humours into the Brain. 1732Arbuthnot Aliments etc. 368 Translations of Morbific Matter in Acute Distempers. 1857Dunglison Dict. Med. Sc., Metastasis..translation. A change in the seat of a disease; attributed, by the Humorists, to the translation of the morbific matter to a part different from that which it had previously occupied.
e. Astrol. (See quots.)
1658in Phillips. 1706Ibid. (ed. Kersey), Translation of Light and Nature, a Phrase us'd by Astrologers, when a light Planet separates from a more weighty one, and presently joyns another more heavy. 1819J. Wilson Compl. Dict. Astrol. 378 Translation of the light and nature of a planet is when a planet separates from one that is slower than itself and overtakes another by conjunction or aspect.
f. Physics. Transference of a body, or form of energy, from one point of space to another. motion or movement of translation: onward movement without (or considered apart from) rotation; sometimes as distinguished from a reciprocating movement as in a wave or vibration.
1715tr. Gregory's Astron. i. (1726) I. 157 The Ratio of the Translations will be compounded of the Ratio of the Differences of the Angular Motions, and of the Ratio of the Distances from the Axis. 1794J. Hutton Philos. Light & Heat 47 We should conclude that the translation of heat, among bodies, is not performed according to the laws observed in that of light. 1854Moseley Astron. viii. (1874) 34 This mass when left to itself will have two motions, one a motion of translation,..the other, a motion..of rotation. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xxvii. 215 It was, for a time, a mere motion of vibration without any sensible translation. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 171 The motion of the water is a movement of undulation and not of translation. 1884J. S. Russell (title) The Wave of Translation in its Application to the Three Oceans of Water, Air, and Ether.
II.
2. a. The action or process of turning from one language into another; also, the product of this; a version in a different language.
a1340Hampole Psalter Prol., In þe translacioun i folow þe lettere als mykyll as i may. 1382Wyclif N.T. 595 Thei setten in her translaciouns oneli the names of thre thingis, that is of water, of blood, and of spirit. 1447O. Bokenham Seyntys Introd. (Roxb.) 4 Thys translacyon..In to oure language. 1535Coverdale Bible Ded., I thought it my dutye..to dedicate this translacyon vnto youre hyghnesse. 1549(title) The Byble in Englyshe, that is the olde and new Testament, after the translacion appoynted to bee read in the Churches. a1568R. Ascham Scholem. (Arb.) 92 Translation, is easie in the beginning for the scholer. 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) A iij, To present unto you the first sight of this my translation. c1650Denham To Sir R. Fanshawe 10 Nor ought a genius less than his that writ, Attempt translation. 1682Dryden Relig. Laici 242 Various readings and translations. 1805N. Nicholls Corr. w. Gray (1843) 37 Pope's translation of the Iliad stood very high in his estimation. 1837Lockhart Scott. I. iii. 94 His translations in verse from Horace and Virgil were often approved by Dr. Adam. 1874Green Short Hist. vi. §3. 291 He [Caxton] stood between two schools of translation, that of French affectation and English pedantry.
b. transf. and fig. The expression or rendering of something in another medium or form, e.g. of a painting by an engraving or etching; also concr.
1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 51 Some thousand Verses of a faithfull Louer. A huge translation of hypocrisie, Vildly compiled, profound simplicitie. 1812R. H. in Examiner 30 Nov. 763/2 His translations on copper, to compare them with..verbal translations.., display much of the elegance of Pope. 1829Chapters Physical Sc. xxiv. 308 That correctness of reasoning which..exhibits a faithful translation of the language of facts. 1829Examiner 805/1 Engravers..have here hung up their translations from the works of our landscape and other painters. 1864Athenæum 27 Feb. 305/3 A system of copying which demands two translations,—that of the draughtsman and that of the chromo-lithographer.
c. Biol. The process by which genetic information represented by the sequence of nucleotides in messenger RNA gives rise to a definite sequence of amino-acids in the protein or polypeptide that is synthesized.
1963Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quantitative Biol. XXVIII. 352/1 Polarity mutations affect the RNA to protein translation. 1968H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm iv. 83 In higher cells translation and transcription are not closely coupled. 1970,1973[see transcription 6]. 1977P. B. & J. S. Medawar Life Science xii. 95 This translation of genetic into structural information is irreversible, so there is no known..method by which germinal DNA could be imprinted with information acquired in an organism's own lifetime.
3. a. Transformation, alteration, change; changing or adapting to another use; renovation.
1382Wyclif Heb. vii. 12 Forsothe the presthod translatid, it is nede that and translacioun [1611 change] of lawe be maad. c1470Ashby Active Policy of Prince 156 The ruine Of high estates, and translacion, That to vices and outrage dud incline, For the whiche thei suffred mutacion. 1534More Treat. Passion Wks. 1344/1 The translacion of chaunging of it from thynges sensible to thynges intelligible. 1582in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 349 Of wages, workemanship, Translations, Attendaunces. 1604R. Cawdrey Table Alph., Translation, altering, chaunging.
b. spec. (in workmen's use) The process of ‘translating’ boots (see translate v. 4).
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour (1861) II. 34 Translation..is this—to take a worn, old pair of shoes or boots, and by repairing them make them appear as if left off with hardly any wear. 1865in Ruskin Sesame 90 Her son sat up the whole night to make the ‘translations’ [of old boots].
†4. Rhet. Transference of meaning; metaphor; = tralation. Obs.
1538Elyot, Metaphora, a translation of wordes frome their propre sygnifycation. 1553T. Wilson Rhet. (1580) 174 Men vse translation of wordes (called Tropes) for neede sake, when thei can not finde other. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. i. vii. §17 That excellent use of a metaphor or translation. 1652Urquhart Jewel Wks. (1834) 292 With words diminishing the worth of a thing, tapinotically, periphrastically, by rejection, translation, and other meanes.
III. 5. Law. A transfer of property; spec. alteration of a bequest by transferring the legacy to another person.
1590Swinburne Testaments 280 Translation of a legacie is a bestowing of the same vpon an other. 1651Hobbes Leviath. i. xiv. 67 All Contract is mutuall translation, or change of Right. 1754Erskine Princ. Sc. Law (1809) 342 If the assignee conveys his right to a third person, it is called a translation. 1875Poste Gaius iv. Comm. (ed. 2) 490 No translation of property is operated by theft.
6. In long distance telegraphy, the automatic retransmission of a message by means of a relay.
1866F. M. Ferguson Electr. (1870) 245 It would be advisable to..resend at the mid-station by translation. 1876Preece & Sivewright Telegr. iv. §113 The circuit can be divided, and the repeating station can work separately..without translation.
IV.
7. attrib., as translation element, translation-equivalent, translation movement, translation process, translation right, translation theory, translation work; translation loan(-word) = loan-translation s.v. loan n.1 5; translation wave, an ocean wave with a propelling or forward impulse; a forced wave.
a1704T. Brown Amusem. Ser. & Com., Voy. ii. Wks. 1709 III. i. 14 He has so mortified himself..that the Translation-Bill may not pass.
1862H. Spencer First Princ. ii. v. §56 (1875) 183 What we may call the translation element in Motion.
1963J. Lyons Structural Semantics iv. 70 It may be impossible to find even a ‘roughly equivalent’ term in another language.., even though we can find satisfactory translation-equivalents for most..of its hyponyms. 1977Language LIII. 295 Thai khon and its (near) translation-equivalents in many languages denote ‘people’.
1900E. Björkman Scand. Loan-Words in M.E. I. 12 What I should like to call ‘translation loan-words’... Thus..wæpenᵹetæc ‘vote of consent expressed by touching weapons; district governed by such authority’..distinctively English in form, although..of Scandinavian introduction..wæpen- having been put instead of the Scand. vápn. 1922O. Jespersen Language xi. 215 (heading) Translation-loans. Ibid., Besides direct borrowings we have also indirect borrowings or ‘translation loan⁓words,’ words modelled more or less clearly on foreign ones, though consisting of native speech-material. 1958Translation-loan [see calque]. 1974R. Quirk Linguist & Eng. Lang. vi. 101 We should add here the use of bower which is clearly a translation-loan.
1898P. Manson Trop. Diseases i. 5 Slight translation movements of the pigment particles.
1954Koestler Invisible Writing xi. 132 At which stage of the translation-process all these blessings had slipped in, we could not tell. 1967M. Argyle Psychol. Interpersonal Behaviour v. 90 Social interaction..depends on the existence of a learnt store of central translation processes.
1906Westm. Gaz. 15 Oct. 4/2 Their respective delegates have agreed to extend the period during which authors can protect their translation rights.
1936J. R. Kantor Objective Psychol. of Gram. v. 59 No doubt in the translation theory it is these social and cultural factors that have been unnecessarily converted into psychic guides of bodily action. 1978C. Hookway in Hookway & Pettit Action & Interpretation 27 Given the under⁓determination of translation theory by possible observations, we are invited to conclude that in the field of translation, there is no objective fact of the matter. 1980Times Lit. Suppl. 12 Sept. 992/3 An academic researcher in translation-theory,..one of the very few people in the world..working in this field—had undertaken a questionnaire on the subject and now revealed some of its findings.
1862Dana Man. Geol. iv. 655 The ocean-waves, which the earthquake, if submarine, may produce, have an actual forward impulse, and are, therefore, forced or translation waves. Ibid. 729 The sound-wave may be felt before the translation wave, and may travel farther. |