| 释义 |
▪ I. † frank, n.2 Obs.
Forms: 4 frawnke, 6–7 franke, 7 franck, 5– frank.
[a. OF. franc in same sense.]
1. An enclosure, esp. a place to feed hogs in; a sty. Also, the process of fattening animals.
a1400Morte Arth. 3248 Alle froytez foddenid was þat floreschede in erthe, ffaire frithed in frawnke appone tha free bowes. c1440Promp. Parv. 177/1 Frank, kepynge of fowlys to make fatte, saginarium. 1562W. Bullein Def. agst. Sickness 67 The fatte Oxe, or vglie brauned Bore..can not come out from their frankes or staules. 1621Sanderson Serm. I. 194 Like boars in a franck, pining themselves into lard. 1736Bailey Househ. Dict. 115 The Frank should be in form something like a dog kennel, a little longer than the boar. 1823Crabb Technol. Dict., Frank, a place to feed boars in. And in mod. Dicts.
fig.1563Becon Compar. Lord's Supper & Pope's Mass Wks. III. 110, I may speake nothyng of that most fatte francke of Whoremongers, Adulterers..and suche other idle beastes.
2. Comb.: frank-fed a., fed in a frank; fatted.
1550Bale Image Both Ch. xiv. H ij b, The frank fed porkelynges of that gredy gulf. 1601Holland Pliny II. 480 These guests of his fared so highly, that a man would haue said they had bin franke-fed.
Hence † ˈfranky, a. nonce-wd., looking as if frank-fed; ‘stalled’.
1583Stanyhurst æneis iii. (Arb.) 77 We view'd grasing heards of bigge franckye fat oxen.
▪ II. † frank, n.3 Obs. rare.
[? Short for frankincense; cf. france.]
14..Epiph. in Tundale's Vis. 110 Franke. 1502Arnolde Chron. (1811) 234 Spycery..Frankke.
▪ III. † frank, n.4 Obs.
Also 6–7 fran(c)k(e.
[f. frank v.]
A name given to the plant Spurry, from its fattening properties; also frank spurry.
1578Lyte Dodoens i. xxxviii. 56 This herbe [Spurry] is called in Englishe Francke, bicause of the property it hath to fat cattell. 1640Parkinson Theat. Bot. 562 Both the Dutch and we in England call it Spurry or Franck Spurry, for the causes aforesaid, but I do a little more explaine the names, in calling it Francking Spurrewort. 1659Torriano, Spergola, the hearb Frank, Surrie, or Spurrie: it is good to fatten cattle.
▪ IV. frank, n.5|fræŋk|
[f. frank v.2]
1. The superscribed signature of a person, e.g. a member of Parliament, entitled to send letters post free.
1713‘Philopatrius’ Refl. Sacheverell's Thanksgiv.-Day 4 The Franks are now become a Monopoly to one Side. 1776Twiss Tour in Ireland 37 The third custom is that of forging franks. 1812Scott Let. to Crabbe in Lockhart Life xxv, I must..send this scrawl into town to get a frank..it is not worthy of postage. 1852Raine Mem. Surtees 92 note, The want of a frank for a letter..frequently afforded him an errand.
Comb.1859Sala Gas-light & D. v. 62 There were regular frank-hunters—men who could nose a member who had not yet given all his franks away.
2. A letter or envelope bearing such a superscription.
1755Wesley Wks. (1872) XII. 182 Mr. Perronet sends them down to me in franks. 1781Cowper Wks. (1837) XV. 63, I did it to save a frank. 1806Scott Fam. Lett. 16 Dec. (1894) I. 62, I cannot employ time or a frank better than by inquiring whether you have got rid of the unlucky typhus. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. xvi, To send the manuscript in a frank to the local paper. 1878Symonds Shelley 26 Shelley..would stop to fix his father's franks upon convenient trees and shoot at them.
3. fig. Mark of approval; ‘stamp’. rare.
1876World V. No. 108. 11 Impecuniosity has had the frank of Fashion.
Add:[1.] b. An impression stamped on to a cover or envelope in lieu of a postage stamp, to indicate that postage has been pre-paid; also, a postmark.
1923Stamp Lover XV. 226/1 The design of the actual frank-stamp impressed by both patterns of machine is substantially the same. Ibid. XVI. 120/2 This machine impressed franks of the following values:—½d., 1d., 1½d., 3d., 6d., and 1/-. 1957R. McP. Cabeen Stand. Handbk. Stamp Collecting 608 Frank,..a term for imprints on express company envelopes indicating a payment for service. 1962D. Patrick Internat. Guide Stamps & Stamp Collecting i. 4 Franks are marks of various kinds to indicate free delivery of mail. Franks have been manuscript marks, handstruck or printed impressions, initials, or meter postage stamp impressions. 1971D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps xi. 123 An unusual sideline may be made from the official envelopes used..by the Guernsey Philatelic Bureau with its distinctive map franks. 1982J. Mackay Guinness Bk. Stamps ii. 64/1 The machine was coin-operated, the insertion of 5- or 10-øre coins producing green or red franks, covering the inland printed matter and letter rates respectively.
▪ V. frank, n.6 dial.|fræŋk|
[app. a rendering of the sound made by the bird; see quots.]
A heron.
1823Moor Suffolk Wds., Frank, the large slow-flying, fish-eating, heron..Our name is probably derived from its monotone—which is supposed to be like fr a a a nk. [1829P. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 4 All the flesh and feathers I could see..were ‘old Francis’ (a heron) and ‘the parson’ (a cormorant). 1870Athenæum 10 Sept. 332 When danger is apparent, the Heron rises with his peculiar cry of ‘frank!’]
▪ VI. frank, n.7 U.S.|fræŋk|
Short for frankfurter.
1936E. E. Cummings Let. 9 May (1969) 145 Sand there shall be with our franks. 1957J. Kerouac On Road (1958) i. 9 We had a farewell meal of franks and beans. 1959Consumer Reports Sept. 455/3 Slitting the franks may adversely affect the device's ability to cook them properly. 1968Washington Post 5 July A17 (Advt.), Safeway Skinless All Meat Franks. 2 lb. pkg. 99c.
▪ VII. frank, a.2|fræŋk|
Forms: 4 franc, 5–6 franke, 6–7 franck(e, (6 francque), 5– frank.
[a. OF. franc (= Pr. franc. Sp., Pg., It. franco):—med.Lat. francus free; originally identical with the ethnic name Francus (see Frank n.1), which acquired the sense of ‘free’ because in Frankish Gaul full freedom was possessed only by those belonging to, or adopted into, the dominant people.
Cf. the use of the originally ethnic name slave, and of OE. wealh, orig. ‘Welshman’, to denote a person of servile condition.]
1. = free in various applications of the word; often frank and free.
†a. Free in condition; not in serfdom or slavery. Obs.
The meaning of the first quot. is doubtful: perh. = 2.
c1300Maximian 159 (Digby MS.) in Anglia III. 280 Of herte ich was wel liȝt..And franc mon of honde. a1470Tiptoft Cæsar (1530) 13 He was frank & free borne in a free cytye. 1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 40 a, The pleyntyfe sayethe that hee is franke and of free estate and noe vylleyne.
†b. Free to come and go; released from captivity. Also frank and quit; cf. Fr. franc et quitte (Commines), Anglo-L. liber et quietus. Obs.
1475Bk. Noblesse 66 He shulde..deliver out of prison a gret nombre of yong men of werre of Cartage.. and he shulde goo frank and quite. a1533Ld. Berners Huon xliii. 143 He and all his company shall deperte franke and free at there pleasure. 1633J. Done Hist. Septuagint 25 All the Jewes that..have been taken..shall be sent francke and free.
†c. Free from restraint or impediment; unrestricted, unchecked. Const. of. Of a wind: Steady (cf. Fr. vent franc). Obs.
1481Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 41 He..was all free and franke of alle his enemyes. 1531–2Act 23 Hen. VIII, c. 18 Many shippes..haue..had their franke passages without let impedimente or interruption. 1538Starkey England i. ii. 53 Euery one of them..are desyrouse of frank lyberty. 1559in Strype Ann. Ref. I. App. viii. 22 When franke election first beganne. 1570B. Googe Pop. Kingd. i. i. 46 If any happen to mislike, that they may francke and free appeale unto the Court of Rome. 1579Fenton Guicciard. i. (1599) 30 He offered him..franke power to dispose of him and his armie. 1624Wotton Archit. in Reliq. (1672) 35 A frank light can mis-become no ædifice whatsoever. 1628F. Fletcher World Encomp. 45 Being glad..to fall asterne againe, with francke winde [etc.].
†d. Free from obligation in respect of payments or other conditions; free of charge; unconditional. frank traffic = free trade. Obs.
1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. ccxxii. [ccxviii.] 685 Desyre..that ye may be franke and fre fro all subsydies. 1534More Treat. Passion Wks. 1286/2 Landes..franke and free simpliciter and wythout anye condicion. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 391 b, Let Pardons be as francke and free as they would seeme to be for me. 1591Spenser M. Hubberd 531 Thou hast it wonne, for it is of franke gift. 1599Hakluyt Voy. II. 210 A faire free and franke of al custome. 1659Pearson Creed (1839) 517 The remission of our sins is the frank forgiving of our debts. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 405 All nations..went thither by reason of franck Traffick. 1727Pope, etc. Art of Sinking 122 The court of aldermen..shall all have their places frank.
†e. Free from anxiety, unburdened. Obs.
c1477Caxton Jason 104 The goode shipman began to rowe with a franck corage. 1558Bp. Watson Sev. Sacram. xxvi. 168 With a franke harte and a good wyll.
2. Liberal, bounteous, generous, lavish, esp. in dealing with money. Const. † of. † frank house = ‘open house’.
1484Caxton Chivalry 92 Chyualrye and Fraunchyse accorden to gyder..the knyght must be free and franke. 1582N. Lichefield tr. Castanheda's Conq. E. Ind. iv. 13 Through whose..franke distribution of that he had, many of our men were recouerd. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1299/1 My lord Norths..was no whit behind anie of the best for a franke house. 1588Marprel. Epist. (Arb.) 39, I would wish you not to be so francke with your bribes. 1608–11Bp. Hall Medit. & Vows iii. §32 The world, like a frank Chapman, sayes, All these will I give thee. a1639Wotton in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 217 They have always been frank of their blessings to countenance any great action. 1672Dryden Marr. à-la-Mode Ded., You are endued with that excellent Quality of a frank Nature, to forget the good which you have done. 1676G. Etherege Man of Mode v. i, Lose it all like a frank gamester on the square. 1851Carlyle Sterling iii. vi. (1872) 219 He..set about improvements..on a frank scale. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 43 In such frank style the people lived.
†b. in bad sense (of a woman).
1735Pope Ep. Lady 71 Chaste to her Husband, frank to all beside.
c. Of a horse: frank to the road = free a. 20 c.
1816Scott Antiq. xl, ‘He's very frank to the road.’
3. a. Not practising concealment; ingenuous, open, sincere. Of feelings: Undisguised.
1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions App. 321 The bonde⁓man..lacketh the francque noblenes of minde. 1604Shakes. Oth. i. iii. 38 Bearing with frank appearance Their purposes toward Cyprus. 1656W. Montagu Accompl. Wom. 11 Quick and lively humours are readier and franker; but then the Melancholy are the discreeter. 1741Richardson Pamela (1824) I. 146 We dined together in a most..frank manner. 1797Mrs. Radcliffe Italian i, Frank in his temper, ingenuous in his sentiments. 1815Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. 323 The manners of the Afghauns are frank and open. 1847–8H. Miller First Impr. v. (1857) 63 The English are by much a franker people than the Scotch. 1873Black Pr. Thule vi. 93 A look of frank gratitude in her eyes.
b. With reference to speech: Candid, outspoken, unreserved.
1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xi. 10 Whome he folowed also in franke reprouing of kinges. 1599Shakes. Hen. V, I. ii. 244 With franke and with vncurbed plainnesse, Tell vs Dolphins minde. 1660Ormond Let. to Cowley in Academy (1893) 7 Oct. 296/2 An ingenuous and frank recantation. 1790Burke Fr. Rev. Wks. V. 251 In their conversation frank and open. 1828Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 131 How frank and downright in speech. 1849Thackeray Pendennis xvi, The honest frank boy just returned from school. 1870Mrs. J. H. Riddell Austin Friars ii, You may as well be frank with me.
c. Avowed, undisguised; downright.
1752Warburton Wks. 1811 IX. vi. 135 The Founders of empires and false religions..were frank Enthusiasts. 1849Ruskin Sev. Lamps iv. §2. 95 Farther than this man's invention could not reach without frank imitation. 1877Daily News 27 Dec. 6/2 What may be effected by frank force remains to be seen. 18..Med. News L. 306 (Cent.) Although there frank peritonitis coexisted.
†4. Of plants, trees, etc.: Of superior quality for the purpose to which they are applied; producing good and abundant fruit, or the like. Often applied to cultivated as opposed to wild plants. Of drugs, etc.: Of high quality, valuable. Cf. frankincense. Obs.
1486Bk. St. Albans C ij b, Take powder of Canell and the Juce of franke cost. 1572L. Mascall Plant. & Graff. (1592) 52 Take your Cions of a Peach tree..and graffe them vpon a frank Mulberie tree. 1574T. Hill Planting 85 All sortes of franke trees..may be graft with graffes. 1578Lyte Dodoens ii. lxxvii. 250 There be two sortes of Sage, the one is small and franke, and the other is great. Ibid. vi. lxvii. 743 The seconde kind of Withy called the Franke Ozier hath no great stemme. 1601Holland Pliny I. 369 The greatest price of the garden frank-Myrhh, or that which is set by mans hand is 22 deniers. 1647–8Sir C. Cotterell Davila's Hist. Fr. (1678) 40 Applied all manner of frank remedies.
†5. Luxuriant in growth, lusty, vigorous. Obs.
1550Bale Image Both Ch. ix. I iv, When they were ones franke & fatt, they stode vp together proudely againste the Lorde. Ibid. K j, I behelde in a visyon the horses, franke, fatte, and fearce. 1555W. Watreman Fardle Facions i. i. 24 The graciousnes of the earth was also abated, and the francke fertilitie therof..withdrawen. 1591Spenser Muiopotmos 148 Over the fields, in his franke lustinesse, And all the champain o're he soared light. 1626Bacon Sylva §540 The Sap is not so frank as to rise all to the Boughs.
6. Comb., chiefly parasynthetic, as † frank-born, frank-faced, † frank-handed, frank-hearted (whence frank-heartedness) adjs; † franklike adv.
1600Holland Livy xlv. xxiv. (1609) 1217 All of us in Rhodes *franke-borne and of free condition.
1873A. Dobson Vignettes in Rhyme, Sundial xii, Blue-eyed, *frank-faced, with clear and open brow.
a1626Breton Mad World (Grosart) 8 A wench as *franck-handed, as free-hearted, and as liberall for love. 1644Bulwer Chirol. 62 Of a bountifull disposition and franke-handed.
a1600Hooker Serm. Hab. ii. 4 Wks. 1888 III. 604 That *frank-hearted wastefulness spoken of in the gospel. 1813Scott Trierm. i. xi, The frank-hearted Monarch.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. lxviii. 10 Signifieth an unconstreyned willingnesse, or a meere *frankhartednesse.
1587Turberv. Trag. T. (1837) 89 She made a large behest, Of gold that she would *franklike give.
▪ VIII. † frank, v.1 Obs.
[f. frank n.2]
1. trans. To shut up and feed (up) in a frank.
c1440Promp. Parv. 177/1 Frankyd, saginatus. 1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 29 They..francke them vntyll they be very fat. 1556Withals Dict. (1568) 38 a/2 Altilia, all things franked to be made fatte. 1600Holland Livy vi. xvii. (1609) 228 The Commons doe feed and franke up, even for the shambles and butchers knife the fautors and maintainers of their weale and libertie.
2. To feed high; to cram. Also with up.
1583Stanyhurst æneis i. (Arb.) 24 Theyre panch with venison they franck. 1601Holland Pliny I. 539 They..franke them vp like fat ware, with good corn-meale. 1633T. Adams Exp. 2 Peter ii. 22 When they are saginated and franked, their turn comes to bleed.
fig.1555Abp. Parker Ps. lxiii. 175 Lo thus my soule full frankt shall bee. 1606J. Carpenter Solomon's Solace i. 5 Israel..franked and pampered with prosperitie. 1633Ford Broken H. iii. ii, One that franks his lust In swine-security of bestial incest.
b. intr. for refl. To feed greedily.
1586Warner Alb. Eng. (1602) 102 That frankes and feedeth daintily, this pines and fareth ill.
Hence † franked ppl. a., fattened in a frank or pen. † ˈfranking vbl. n.
c1440Promp. Parv. 177/1 Frankynge, saginacio. 1466Paston Lett. No. 549 II. 268, xxvii. frankyd gees, vis. viiid. 1574Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. 98 They set before her..franked Fesant. 1611Cotgr., Engrais de volaille, the franking or fattening of fowle. 1675Hobbes Odyssey xvii. 171 Fat goats enough they sacrifice, And franked Swine.
▪ IX. frank, v.2|fræŋk|
[f. frank a.2, see sense 1 d.]
1. a. trans. To superscribe (a letter, etc.) with a signature, so as to ensure its being sent without charge; to send or cause to be sent free of charge (obs. exc. Hist.). Revived in later use: to mark (a letter, etc.) with a sign (in lieu of an affixed postage stamp) by means of a franking machine.
1708Hearne Collect. 14 June, They'l be frank't at y⊇ Posthouse. 1745Advt. in Swift's Wks. VIII. 297 It is desired their letters may be either franked, or the post paid. 1764J. Clayton in Darlington Mem. J. Bartram, etc. (1849) 411 Dr. Franklin would be kind enough to frank a small parcel of seeds from you to him. 1804Med. Jrnl. XII. 334 The post-masters-general have had the liberality to frank the correspondence of the Society. 1818J. Jekyll Corr. 7 Dec. (1894) 74 Brougham has just left me; and.. I made him frank this cover. a1834Wirt Let. to Carr in J. P. Kennedy Life (1860) II. xiv. 228 This is the last letter I shall ever frank to you as Attorney-General. 1855Ill. Lond. News 21 July 70/1 The stamp must be folded outside; and this will frank the paper throughout the United Kingdom for fifteen days. 1887Spectator 29 Oct. 1441 He..has franked masses of letters..with the President's stamp. 1927,1928[implied in franked ppl. a. below]. 1971D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps xiii. 141 Letters and packets are franked with a handstamp or machine impression.
b. absol. (In quot. 1774 = to obtain franks.)
1774Westm. Mag. II. 600 The trading Cit, whose object was to frank. 1785J. Trusler Mod. Times III. 231 Many a day have I slipped off my coat, and franked away as for life.
c. fig. To facilitate the coming and going of (a person); to furnish with a social passport, secure entrée into society for.
1801Spirit. Pub. Jrnls. IV. 25 A few yards of muslin, &c., and a gig on a Sunday, will frank you for the whole week. 1840Fraser's Mag. XXI. 702 The premier..franks him through England by introducing him to the royal presence. 1864Burton Scot Abr. I. ii. 98 Even some of the best established and most respectable titles have difficulty in franking themselves through all parts of the country. 1887Stevenson Mem. & Portraits i. 2 English..will now frank the traveller through the most of North America.
2. To pay the passage of (a person); to convey gratuitously.
1809Scott in Smiles Life J. Murray (1891) I. vii. 151, I believe I shall get franked, so will have my generosity for nothing. 1851Thackeray Lett. 140, I suppose I could be franked through the kingdom from one grandee to another. 1864Burton Scot Abr. II. ii. 190 He got an opportunity of being franked to Poland.
3. To secure exemption for; to exempt. Const. against, from. Cf. frank a.2 1.
1876C. M. Yonge Womankind xxix. 260 Most people being in all probability franked against all the common epidemics they have once had. 1881Saintsbury in Academy 15 Jan. 41 The abstract merits..are almost franked from criticism.
Hence franked ppl. a., spec. franked income (see quot. 1965); ˈfranking vbl. n. and ppl. a.
1727Berkeley Let. to Prior 27 Feb. Wks. 1871 IV. 141 You must take care that no one packet..exceed the limits of franking. 1748Lady M. W. Montagu Let. to Wortley M. 17 July, I begin to suspect my servants put the franking money in their pockets. 1758J. Blake Plan Mar. Syst. 9 The Pay-office shall transmit..a franked order for payment. 1845McCulloch Taxation ii. vii. (1852) 321 Franked letters were in most instances addressed to those who could best afford to pay the expense of postage. 1869W. M. Rossetti Mem. Shelley p. xxxiii, In his franking signature outside some of his son's letters. 1880Disraeli Endym. xii, They had never paid postage. They were born and had always lived in the franking world. 1927Times 25 Feb. 10/6 The posting of franked letters at a date subsequent to that marked on the envelope is a violation of the terms of the licence. 1928M. Rittenberg Mail-Order made Easy xiv. 179 Franked or metered mail is accepted under certain conditions. 1955Times 2 July 9/7 Profits tax absorbed {pstlg}6,000 less, mainly because the proportion of franked income was greater this year. 1965J. H. Hanson Dict. Econ. 188/1 Franked income, a term used of a company which derives income from the profits of another company which have been subjected already to profits tax. Such income is said to be ‘franked’ and so is not liable to profits tax a second time.
Sense 1 c in Dict. becomes 1 d. Add: [1.] c. To stamp a postmark on (an envelope, parcel, etc.), esp. recording the date and place of posting; to cancel (a stamp) in this way.
1940A. F. Harlow Paper Chase xiv. 252 It was franked in an envelope of the National Recovery Administration—‘Penalty for private use, $300.’ 1951Sunday Pictorial 21 Jan. 4/3 The Post Office franked and delivered an unusual letter to Mrs J. M. Gooding... Written from hospital by her young daughter she had posted it with a toy stamp issued by a store. 1960F. Raphael Limits of Love ii. ii. 168 The envelopes arrived on Saturday mornings. They were franked ‘Student's Exercise’. 1971D. Potter Brit. Eliz. Stamps ix. 112 Double-size, it was used in the machines that franked the Scout set automatically in 1957.
▪ X. frank, v.3 Build.
(See quot.)
1823Nicholson Pract. Builder 585 Franking, in sash⁓making, is the operation of cutting a small excavation on the side of a bar for the reception of the transverse bar, so that no more of the wood be cut away than may suffice to show a mitre when the two bars are joined together. |