| 释义 |
fraternal, a. and n.|frəˈtɜːnəl|
[f. L. frātern-us (f. frāter brother) + -al1. Cf. F. fraternel.]
A. adj.
a. Of or pertaining to brothers or a brother; characteristic of a brother, brotherly.
1494Fabyan Chron. v. cxvi. 90 His vncle Chilperich bare towarde the sayd Guthranus not very fraternall loue. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 170 Y⊇ prayer that fraternall charite or brotherly loue commendeth before god. 1656Cowley Pindar. Odes Olympique Ode v, Those kind pious glories do deface The old Fraternal quarrel of thy Race. 1738Glover Leonidas i. 247 Sorrows, which fraternal love in vain Hath strove to soothe. 1850Kingsley Alt. Locke xxxix, The great new world—new Church I should have said—of enfranchised and fraternal labour. 1874L. Stephen Hours in Library (1892) II. i. 8 More than one modern writer has expressed a fraternal affection for Addison.
b. fraternal order, a brotherhood or friendly society. U.S.
1889Kansas Times & Star 7 June, The Iron Hall, a western fraternal order, is in session here this week. 1905D. G. Phillips Plum Tree 267 Local machine leaders of Scarborough's party, with corruptible labor and fraternal order leaders.
c. fraternal polyandry, a form of polyandry in which brothers hold a wife in common; fraternal twin, a dizygotic twin.
1896W. Crooke Tribes & Castes N.-W. Prov. & Oudh II. 445 On this fraternal polyandry, see Westermarck. 1904H. H. Wilder in Amer. Jrnl. Anat. III. 389 Corresponding to this hypothesis..we may designate these two types [of twin] respectively as Fraternal and Duplicate, thus doing away with the misleading and inapplicable terms ‘identical’ and ‘homologous’ as applied to the one type, and furnishing a distinguishing term for the other, which seems thus far to have remained without a name. 1917H. H. Newman Biol. of Twins i. 8 Biologists have for some time recognized at least two distinct types of human twins: fraternal and duplicate. Fraternal twins may or may not be same-sexed, are usually no more alike than are brothers and sisters, and are believed to be dizygotic, derived from two fertilized eggs. 1921E. Westermarck Hist. Human Marriage (ed. 5) III. xxix. 116 Fraternal polyandry is more or less common in vast districts of the Himalayan region..chiefly among people of Tibetan affinities. Ibid. 122 The mountaineers of the Himalayas are not the only people in Northern India that practise fraternal polyandry. 1937R. H. Lowie Hist. Ethnol. Theory (1938) v. 47 Patrilineal descent results from patrilocal residence with fraternal polyandry. 1938Brit. Jrnl. Psychol. Jan. 356 Comparing the separated identical twins with the fraternal twins it was found that in some of the physical characteristics,..separated identicals were more alike than fraternals. 1941J. S. Huxley Uniqueness of Man ii. 48 Fraternal twins of like sex, though as we would expect they show considerably less resemblance than identical twins, are more alike than pairs of brothers or sisters born at different times. 1953Beals & Hoijer Introd. Anthropol. (1956) xiv. 429 The ideal pattern of marriage in Toda culture is fraternal polyandry, which dictates that when a woman marries a man she becomes, in theory at least, the wife of all his brothers, both the living and those as yet unborn.
B. n. A fraternal twin.
1911Jrnl. Morphol. XXII. 859 Were it possible in a number of cases to determine by examination of the placental relationships of new-born twins whether they were duplicates or fraternals..we would have facts from which we could with confidence draw conclusions. 1935R. S. Woodworth Psychol. (ed. 10) vii. 144 The question is whether identical twins are more alike mentally than fraternals or than siblings. 1939Nature 18 Nov. 870/1 The quintuplets were unlike at birth but have become..more similar than fraternals.
Hence fraˈternally adv., in a fraternal manner.
1611Cotgr., Fraternellement, fraternally, brotherly. 1727in Bailey vol. II. 1812 Examiner 4 May 284/2 So fraternally gigantick were his imagination and his intellect. 1873Symonds Grk. Poets xii. 412 Children of the earth..the Greeks loved all fair and fresh things of the open world fraternally. 1882Sir R. Temple Men & Women of My Time ii. 19 The sitting Director..entreated us..to think kindly, even fraternally, regarding the Natives of India. |