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Kerr|kɛə(r), kɑː(r), kɜː(r)|
The name of John Kerr (1824–1907), Scottish physicist, used attrib. to designate certain devices, phenomena, and concepts discovered by him or arising out of his work, as Kerr cell, a transparent cell containing two plate electrodes in a substance exhibiting a strong Kerr (electro-optical) effect, by means of which an applied voltage may be made to vary the plane of polarization of plane-polarized light and hence (when the cell is placed between crossed nicols) the intensity of a beam; Kerr constant, a number expressing the degree to which a substance exhibits the electro-optical Kerr effect, equal to the difference between the extraordinary and ordinary indices of refraction of the substance divided by the wavelength of the monochromatic light used and by the square of the electric field strength; Kerr effect, (a) the rotation of the plane of polarization of light when it is reflected from a magnetized surface; (b) the production of birefringence in a substance by the application of an electric field.
[1893J. J. Thomson Notes Rec. Res. Electr. & Magn. v. 501 There is..no reason to expect that the order of the metals with respect to Kerr's effect should be the same as that with respect to Hall's.] 1909Chem. Abstr. III. 2084 The theory of the Kerr effect shows that..the effect of the mirror of ferromagnetic metal placed in the magnetic field is the same as would be the face of a naturally active crystal without the magnetic field. 1910Hawkins' Electr. Dict. 232/2 Kerr effect, the effect produced in dielectrics when subjected to electro-static stresses, so that they become double refracting. 1927Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XIII. 506 These experiments involved measuring the differences in the lag of the Kerr effect behind the electric field for the liquids in two Kerr cells. 1927Phil. Mag. III. 715 All the substances which possess a large Kerr constant have molecules which are electrically polar. 1937G. S. Monk Light xvi. 318 Gases exhibit a Kerr electric effect which is about 1/1000 that for ordinary liquids. 1953J. R. Partington Adv. Treat. Physical Chem. IV. x. 279 Kerr cells containing this liquid [sc. nitrobenzene]..are used in television and cinema apparatus as instantaneous switches or relays. 1953J. Morgan Introd. Geom. & Physical Optics xvi. 361 The Kerr effect depends on the difference in the dipole moments produced by the electric field along different axes of the molecule, and such measurements give information about the molecular structure of the liquid. 1969McGuire & Flanders in Berkowitz & Kneller Magnetism & Metall. I. iv. 145 The Kerr magnetooptical effect refers to polarized light reflected from a magnetized surface. The reflected light is elliptically polarized with the major axis of the ellipse rotated with respect to the original axis of the light. 1972J. R. Meyer-Arendt Introd. Classical & Mod. Optics iii. i. 297 Kerr cells are used most often as ultra-fast shutters. |