| 释义 |
triad|ˈtraɪæd|
Also 6–7 -ade.
[f. L. triad-, stem of trias, a. Gr. τριάς, τριαδ-, a group of three. Cf. F. triade (1564 in Hatz.-Darm.).]
1. a. A group or set of three (persons, things, words, attributes, etc.); three collectively or in connexion.
1546St. Papers Hen. VIII, XI. 341 Two thynges I noted in thEmperour, diligent herynge of me, and good wordys; yf deadis shal nowe folowe accordingely, the triade shall be perfecte. 1614T. Adams Divell's Banket 28 Sometimes they daunce in Triades, by threes. a1774Tucker Lt. Nat. (1834) II. 228 Descend, celestial Graces, sacred Triad. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. VI. liii. 128 The triad of matricides, Nero, Orestes, Alcmæon. 1898J. T. Fowler Durham Cath. 49 Three triads of Lancet windows.
b. The number three (in Pythagorean philosophy).
1660Stanley Hist. Philos. ix. (1701) 381/1 The Triad is the first number, actually odd, and the first perfect number, and middle, and proportion. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 485 The triad or number three is uneven.
2. Specific uses.
a. Applied to the Trinity. [repr. Gr. τριάς trinity, used by Theophilus of Antioch and Clement of Alexandria, a 200.]
1661Bp. G. Rust Origen & Opin. 19 There is nothing in that blessed Triad he describes which can be called Creature. 1721Bailey, Triad..the Trinity. 1806T. Maurice Fall of Mogul i. ii, Divine, ineffable, eternal triad! 1909H. B. Swete Holy Spirit in N.T. ii. i. 124 [What] He [Jesus] had taught concerning these Three Persons by presenting Them as at once a Triad and a Unity.
b. A group of three associated or correlated deities, beings, or powers.
a1746Holdsworth Rem. Virgil (1768) 83 Virgil..means the great Triad of deities first received all over the East. 1813Prichard Phys. Hist. Man vii. §6. 394 We see the attributes of the three persons of the Triad, united in one figure, which represents the supreme Deity, holding conjoined the characters of Creator, Preserver, and Destroyer. 1907Illingworth Doctr. Trinity vii. 130 The many artificially arranged triads,..like that of Brahma, Siva, and Vishnu in India.
c. In Welsh literature: A form of composition characterized by an arrangement of subjects or statements in groups of three.
[1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. vi. liv. §12. 189 The Booke Triades mentioned by the Author of the Reformed History of Great Britaine. 1809W. Blake in Compl. Writings (1972) 560 Three Ancient Britons overthrowing the Army of armed Romans..From the Welch Triades.] 1838[see afanc]. 1852C. M. Yonge Cameos (1877) I. xxxii. 274 Instructions were still oral, and for convenience of memory were drawn up in triads, or verses of three. 1868Skene Four Anc. Bks. Wales I. 28 As early as the date of the Black Book of Caermarthen some of the Welsh traditions appear under the form of short triads, and that MS. contains a fragment of what were probably the earliest—the Triads of the Horses.
d. Mus. A chord of three notes, consisting of a given note with the third and fifth above it; e.g. a common chord (without the octave).
The third may be major or minor, the fifth perfect, augmented, or diminished; hence the triad is described by these adjs. accordingly.
1801in Busby Dict. Mus. 1881Broadhouse Mus. Acoustics xv. 320 There are within the octave only three triads or chords of three notes which are consonant. 1889Prout Harmony viii. §181 A chord..containing a major third and an augmented fifth..is called an augmented triad.
e. Chem. A trivalent element or radical, i.e. one which combines with three atoms of hydrogen or other monovalent element or radical.
1865Reader 1 Apr. 372/2 The family of triatomic atoms or triads, consisting of nitrogen and its analogues, gold and boron. 1865–8Watts Dict. Chem. III. 964 There are four triad metals properly so called, namely, aluminium, thallium, indium, and gold. 1868Fownes Elem. Chem. (ed. 10) 252 Each element is connected with others by a number of lines, or connecting bonds, corresponding to its degree of equivalence; a monad being connected..by only one such bond, a triad by three.
f. Biol. (a) A group of three cells, e.g. spores. (b) A tertiary unit of organization consisting of an aggregate of dyads: cf. dyad 2 b. Also attrib., as triad-deme: see deme n.2 2.
1876tr. Schützenberger's Ferment. 52 The two spores connected together have only one plane surface, the triads have two. 1883[see deme n.2 2].
g. Pros. A group of three lines having different rhythms.
1885[see dyad 2 c].
h. Math. (a) A set of three things, esp. in Geom. of three points. (b) In Quaternions, An indeterminate product of three vectors.
1850Cayley Math. Papers I. 481 Forming with seven letters..a system of seven triads containing every possible duad. 1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 37 If the triad ABC be projected from S upon s1 (giving A1B1C1), and the triad A′B′C′ be projected from S upon s2 (giving A2B2C2); then the triads A1B1C1 and A2B2C2 will be in perspective.
i. Cryst. triad axis, an axis of trigonal symmetry.
1909in Cent. Dict. Supp.
j. Path. A group of three symptoms or signs.
1899E. Lang in T. L. Stedman 20th Cent. Pract. XVIII. 267 Since the work of Hutchinson, who looked upon a keratitis parenchymatosa in conjunction with a frequently observed deafness and anomaly of the incisors as an expression of hereditary syphilis (Hutchinson's triad), affections of the cornea are numbered among the most frequently occurring manifestations of syphilis. 1908, etc. [see Hutchinson]. 1909G. Dock in Osler & McCrae Syst. Med. VI. xvii. 439 The early idea that the disease [sc. exophthalmic goitre] was characterized by a ‘triad’ of symptoms gives way slowly. 1948[see Tridione]. 1954D. Nabarro Congenital Syphilis ii. 14 He pointed out that interstitial keratitis and notched incisor teeth were frequently associated with 8th nerve deafness—the three signs being known as the Hutchinsonian triad. 1982Sci. Amer. Aug. 82/2 The classic triad of the inflammatory reaction is redness, warmth and swelling.
3. Triad Society. [tr. Chinese San Ho Hui, lit. ‘three unite society’, i.e. ‘triple union society’, according to Giles meaning ‘the union of Heaven, Earth, and Man’.] A secret Chinese society, formed in the reign of Yung Chêng, 1723–36, with the alleged purpose of ousting the Manchu dynasty; later having a large membership in Southern China and various foreign countries. Hence Triads = members of the Triad Society; also, secret societies, freq. of a criminal character, into which the Triad Society has become divided, and which flourish among overseas Chinese. Also in sing. Freq. attrib.
1821W. Milne Acc. Triad Society in Trans. Royal Asiatic Soc. (1827) I. 240 The name..seems..to be the San hŏ hwuy, i.e. ‘The Society of the Three united, or the Triad Society’. 1836Sir J. Davis Chinese xi. II. 15 The San-hŏ-hoey, or Triad Society... The name seems to imply that when Heaven, Earth, and Man combine to favour them, they shall succeed in subverting the present Tartar dynasty. 1848S. W. Williams Middle Kingd. I. viii. 395 The English government of Hongkong, enacted in 1845, that any Chinese living in that colony who was ascertained to belong to the Triad Society, should be declared guilty of felony, be imprisoned for three years, and after branding expelled the colony. 1900Daily News 13 Nov. 9/3 The programme of the Triads. 1907Daily Chron. 28 May 1/7 A rebellion has broken out in Kwantung. About 30,000 persons, headed by the Triad Secret Society, have risen. 1960D. Whitehead Journey into Crime (1961) 27 Triad gangs poured into the streets..and fought the police. 1962M. & G. Gordon Journey with Stranger (1963) xxiv. 139 The Triads, those secret criminal societies that sought to monopolize every kind of racket. 1975D. Bloodworth Clients of Omega vii. 64 A rival society buried your body, it seems. The 18-K Triad. 1976Spectator 14 Feb. 3/2 Chinese Triad gangs made their mark in London by kicking to death a man in a Soho gambling club. 1976Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 2 Mar. 3/1 A heroin smuggling racket that may be linked with the world-wide Chinese secret society known as Triad. 1977Hongkong Standard 14 Apr. 5/1 As far as triad influence in these committees was concerned, Mr Lam admitted his department had received complaints in the past. 1978Daily Tel. 3 Apr. 3/3 Yard chiefs concerned about the increasing violence between rival triads..have ordered a further big crackdown.
Add:[2.] k. Anat. A structure found in the striated skeletal muscle of most vertebrates, which consists of a transverse tubule of the T-system in contact with two terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
1957Porter & Palade in Jrnl. Biophysical & Biochem. Cytol. III. 275 The two [I-band] vesicles with the intervening space and its contents constitute a three-component structure which is being referred to as a triad. 1964Jrnl. Cell Biol. XXII. 694/1 In cardiac muscle and in certain insect muscles the homologue of the triad is to be found in a dyad. 1969Jrnl. Physiol. CCV. 134 Areas of contact between the T-system and sarcoplasmic reticulum are present in the familiar triad structure. 1987Nature 10 Dec. 565/2 Dysgenic skeletal muscle cells acquire Ca2+ channel activity, triads, and contractile capacity after co-culture with normal spinal cord neurons. |