| 释义 |
▪ I. process, n.|ˈprɒsɛs, ˈprəʊsɛs|
Forms: 4–7 proces (also pl.), -cesse, (5 procese, -ceis, -ses, -seys, -sis(se, -ssesse, 5–6 prosses), 5– process.
[ME. proces, a. F. procès (13th c. in Godef.), ad. L. prōcess-us (u-stem) advance, progress, process, lapse of time, f. ppl. stem of prōcēd-ĕre to proceed. Orig. stressed proˈcess, still used by Milton and others in 17–18th c.; but ˈprocess already in Chaucer: see access, and cf. reˈcess, sucˈcess. In F. the pl. is also procès; so sometimes proces, proses, prosses in ME.: see sense 4.]
1. a. The fact of going on or being carried on, as an action, or a series of actions or events; progress, course. Now chiefly in phr. in process = going on, being done; in process of (construction, etc.) = in course of; being (constructed, etc.).
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 216 Þei teld him þe processe of alle þer comon sawe. c1386Chaucer Frankl. T. 617 It is agayns the proces [v.rr. prosses, processe, process] of nature. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 96 Loke aftirward þe prosis of þi worchinge seiþ þis boke. c1440York Myst. ii. 86 So multeply ȝe sall Ay furth in fayre processe. 1549Coverdale, etc. Erasm. Par. 2 Pet. 16 Confirmed nowe by longe processe of godlynes in the acquainted knowledge of the trueth. a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. ii. iii. §3 (1622) 217 What then, in Causes can there be an infinite processe; And can no End bee found? 1697Dryden æneid vii. 790 Saturnian Juno, now, with double care, Attends the fatal process of the war. 1779–81Johnson L.P., Addison Wks. III. 89 The whole drama is..engaging in its process and pleasing in its conclusion. 1858Hawthorne Fr. & It. Note-bks. II. 270 New edifices..are in process of erection. 1906E. F. Scott 4th Gosp. i. 18 A judgment is in process and we follow it stage by stage to the great climax.
†b. by process, in process: in the course of events; in course of time; in the sequel, at length, in due course. Obs. (Cf. 2.)
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1553 (Hypsipyle & Medea) As wolde god I leyser hadde & tyme By proces al his wowyng for to ryme. c1420? Lydg. Assembly of Gods 1213 Whyche shall to Vertu bryng yow by processe. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. xc. 112 So he went forthe, and in processe retourned agayne. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §127 The sappe wyll nat renne into the toppe kyndely, but by proces the toppe wyll dye. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. i. §12 (1642) 8 All Man-kind succeeding..afterward in processe to be derived from him. 1736Welsted Wks. (1787) 450 That the same thing would, in process, have happened of itself.
c. Used in Philos., esp. in and with reference to the work of A. N. Whitehead (1861–1947), to designate the course of becoming rather than being.
1926A. N. Whitehead Relig. in Making iii. 114 In this fusion of ground with consequent, the creative process brings together something which is actual and something which, at its entry into that process, is not actual. The process is the achievement of actuality by the ideal consequent, in virtue of its union with the actual ground. In the phrase of Aristotle, the process is the fusion of being with not-being. 1949O. Lee Existence & Inquiry 11 Because the world seen as process was very different from what it had been before, a new theory of inquiry was needed to deal with it. Dialectic was the answer first proposed—a logic of process. 1964E. E. Harris Found. of Metaphysics in Sci. xxii. 45l Samuel Alexander, J. C. Smuts, Lloyd Morgan and Henri Bergson..expounded theories of process and evolutionary pluralism. Whitehead..like Hegel, attempted to reconcile pluralism with monism and process with holism. 1977Theology LXXX. 187 The world is a dynamic totality of events..hence it is a process, from the given past through the present..and towards a future.
2. Course, lapse (of time). Chiefly in in († by) process of time, in course of time, as time goes on.
c1340Hampole Prose Tr. 20 Therfor we muste abide and wirke be processe of tyme. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xi. 49 Of þaire kynredyn by processe of tyme come oure Lady saynt Mary. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. xxiii. 70 That is by long proces of tyme chaunged. c1600Shakes. Sonn. civ, Three beautious springs to yellow Autumne turn'd In processe of the seasons haue I seene. 1654R. Codrington tr. Iustine xviii. 267 After the process of many yeers..they took shipping again. 1667Milton P.L. ii. 297 To found this nether Empire, which might rise By pollicy, and long process of time. 1711Steele Spect. No. 154 ⁋2 In due Process of Time I was a pretty Rake among the Men. 1838Arnold Hist. Rome I. 31 The city of the Palatine Hill grew in process of time, so as to become a city of seven hills. 1842Tennyson Locksley Hall 138 The thoughts of men are widen'd with the process of the suns.
†3. Course (of a narrative, treatise, argument, etc.); drift, tenor, gist. Obs.
[c1330: see sense 1.] c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 518 As it is knowun by alle þe processe of þe gospel. 1456Sir G. Haye Law Arms (S.T.S.) 1 The rubryis..be the quhilkis men may better knaw the process of the said buke and of every chapter. 1563J. Man Musculus' Commonpl. 35 This is the processe of the Decalogus [orig. Hic est contextus Decalogi]. 1615G. Sandys Trav. 236 We shall haue occasion to treate of [these] in the processe of our Iournall. 1643Sir T. Browne Relig. Med. i. §22 No man will be able to prove it, when, from the process of the Text, I can manifest it may be otherwise.
†4.
a. A narration, narrative; relation, story, tale; a discourse or treatise; an argument or discussion.
1340–70Alisaunder 171 To profre þis process prestly too here, I karp of a kid king Arisba was hote. 1390Gower Conf. III. 284 Wherof a tale in remembrance, Which is a long process to hiere. c1400Destr. Troy 247 When Pelleus his proses hade puplishit on highe,..Iason was Ioly of his Iuste wordes. Ibid. 11772 This poynt is not prynted in proces þat are now. Ibid. 13774 Here the prosses of Pyrrus I put to an end. 1486Bk. St. Albans d iij, Here endyth the proceis of hawkyng. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. i. 1 Who so this proces redeth, or hereth, may take..ensample. 1533More Apol. 12 b, They preache some tyme a longe processe to very lytle purpose. 1602Shakes. Ham. i. v. 37 So the whole eare of Denmarke, Is by a forged processe of my death Rankly abus'd. 1671J. Webster Metallogr. xviii. 251 The way of doing which may be found in many authors,..in Manuscripts, and written Processes. 1753Scots Mag. Oct. 522/2 A verbal process of this day's transactions. [Repr. F. procès verbal.] 1784R. Bage Barham Downs I. 296 Kitty, having heard these dialogues and processes repeated by Molly's mother, who had an excellent knack at this kind of rehearsals.
b. A passage of a discourse. Obs.
1388Wyclif Prol. iii. 4 This proces of Genesis shulde stire cristen men to be feithful. c1449Pecock Repr. i. xi. 55 Eny proces or parti writen in Holi Writt. 1535Cranmer Let. in Misc. Writ. (Parker Soc.) II. 308 Ye take for your purpose some processes of scripture. 1555J. Harpesfeld in Bonner Homilies 44 b, This processe of Scripture hath in it many circumstaunces to be noted.
5. a. Something that goes on or is carried on; a continuous action, or series of actions or events; a course or method of action, proceeding, procedure.
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 235 Þe bygynnyng of alle þis proces Ryght knawyng of a man self es. a1400Pistill of Susan 294, I schal be proces apert disproue þis a-pele. 1513More Rich. III Wks. 50/1 Troweth the protector..that I parceiue not whereunto his painted processe draweth. 1602Shakes. Ham. iii. iii. 29 Behinde the Arras I'le conuey my selfe To heare the Processe. 1691Ray Creation i. (1692) 54 Ignorance of the true Process of Nature. 1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) IV. 65, I wished, after the process of my divine Master, to be despised and rejected of men. 1838–9F. A. Kemble Resid. Georgia (1863) 26 The shutting of a door is a process of extremely rare occurrence. 1897M. Kingsley W. Africa 610, I gladly accepted this generous offer and proceeded to wait for the Nachtigal, and a very pleasant process this was.
b. Social Sciences. The continuing interaction of human groups and institutions, esp. as observed and studied through its effects in social, political, cultural, etc., life, with the aim of finding underlying patterns of behaviour in the data available, freq. contrasted with the study of such aspects of society through its structures. Also attrib.
1887Moore & Aveling tr. Marx's Capital I. i. i. 12 The different proportions in which different sorts of labour are reduced to unskilled labour as their standard, are established by a social process that goes on behind the backs of the producers, and, consequently, appear to be fixed by custom. 1898E. A. Ross in Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. III. 860 Everything that is being done to bring to light the processes of socialization and control contradicts the easy-going theory that actual society is a spontaneous product due to the social instincts of man. 1902L. F. Ward in Ibid. VII. 761 Ratzenhofer shows the precise modus operandi of the whole process of social assimilation. 1928[see educational a. 2]. 1939Jrnl. Psychol. VIII. 389 The question may be raised whether any light upon this situation can be obtained by examining the process of personality development for leads to..more satisfactory methods and procedures. 1951R. F. Bales Interaction Process Anal. p. iii, An attempt to formulate some of the basic structural characteristics and dynamic processes one would expect to find in small groups. 1954Amer. Anthropologist LVI. 398 In synchronic studies of national character, we are discussing not the origins of the culture or the society, but the process of learning of identifiable human beings living within that society at a given period. 1958Pol. Stud. VI. 243 The term ‘process’ seems to enter social and political discourse today in two different ways: it can be used widely or it can be used more specifically. Ibid. 248 Here I think we probably find a plausible separate use for this process notion—to refer to an isolable complex of interactions between procedural rules..and the internal and external relations of various kinds of social groups. 1960Amer. Anthropologist LXII. 18 The recent advances in the structural-functional approach are impressive..compared to the lag and the disagreements over how to conceptualize cultural processes. 1969K. Cauthen Science, Secularization & God v. 165, I have already declared myself in favor of a metaphysical philosophy based on the process model argued so persuasively by Whitehead and Hartshorne. 1971R. F. Murphy Dialectics of Social Life i. 31 The study of ‘process’ and ‘dynamics’ is thus not as processual and dynamic as we would like to believe, for it commonly approximates a seriation of structures through time.
6. A continuous and regular action or succession of actions, taking place or carried on in a definite manner, and leading to the accomplishment of some result; a continuous operation or series of operations. (The chief current sense.)
a. A natural or involuntary operation; a series of changes or movements taking place.
1627tr. Bacon's Life & Death (1651) 57 There are four Processes of the Spirit; To Arefaction; To Colliquation; To Putrefaction; To Generation of bodies. 1733P. Shaw tr. Bacon's Phys. Fables viii. Expl., Philos. Wks. 1733 I. 568 He who knows the Properties, the Changes, and the Processes of Matter. 1871B. Stewart Heat (ed. 2) §91 Ice is not instantly converted into water but the process is gradual. 1875Bennett & Dyer Sachs' Bot. 174 In order to obtain..a deeper insight into the processes of growth..it is necessary to follow up the history of development.
b. An artificial or voluntary operation; a course or method of operation; a systematic series of actions, physical or mental, directed to some end.
1665Glanvill Def. Vanity Dogm. 39 Little can be collected from the Chymical Processes he speaks of. a1715Burnet Own Time an. 1681 (1766) II. iii. 142, I diverted my self with many processes in Chymistry. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 296 These explanations induce us to prefer the process of Fourcroy and Vauquelin. 1807T. Thomson Chem. (ed. 3) II. 126 Such are the different processes for procuring carbonic oxide. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. iii. 25 Explained to me the process of making cheese. 1875J. P. Hopps Princ. Relig. xiv. (1878) 45 Salvation, like education, is a process, not an immediate act.
c. (a) A particular method of operation in any manufacture, or in printing, photography, sanitation, etc.: often named from the inventor, as Bessemer p., Fox-Talbot p., Pattinson p., etc., or from the substance or means used, as collodion p., gelatine p.; dry p., heliotype p., wet p., etc.: q.v. (b) In Patent Law, applied to any method of obtaining a useful result by other than mechanical (e.g. by chemical) action. (c) In 19th-c. use spec. applied to methods other than simple engraving by hand (e.g. chemical or photographic) of producing blocks for printing from; ellipt. a print from such a block.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1133 The patent process [for separating silver from lead] lately introduced by Mr. Pattinson. 1839Sir J. Herschell in Proc. Roy. Soc. IV. 131 M. Daguerre's concealed photographic process. 1842Blackw. Mag. LI. 388 Having their portraits taken by the photogenic process. 1856[see Bessemer]. 1856Chambers' Encycl. VII. 511/1 Photo-Glyphography..a process invented by Mr. Fox Talbot. 1859Sat. Rev. 22 Jan. 98/1 Various processes of photoglyphy and phototypy. 1881[see pattinsonize]. 1886Daily News 9 Dec. 5/2 There were no photogravures then, nor hideous scratchy and seamy ‘processes’. 1886Sci. Amer. 24 July 49/3 They produce by a new process colored prints, so-called photo-chromotypes. 1898Daily Chron. 8 Oct. 3/4 In the Dibdin process..the sewage is pumped on to a coarse ballast filter. 1907New Eng. Dict. (See the articles Photogravure, Photolithography, Photomechanical, Phototype, Phototypography, Photozincography, etc.)
(d) A method of straightening and styling the hair by chemical means; transf. hair thus treated; the chemicals which effect this. U.S. Blacks.
1964L. Hairston in J. H. Clarke Harlem 288 Sonny rubbed the process in so thick with his rubber gloves, it started stingin' a little t'rough the heavy layer of grease he packed in my scalp. Ibid. 293 By Friday my process'd need retouchin'. 1967Trans-Action Apr. 8/1 Time may pick up when a familiar car cruises by and a few dudes drive down to Johnny's for a ‘process’ (hair straightening and styling). 1970E. Ofari in Black Scholar Oct. 49/2 Draper apparently has never heard of cadillacs, processes, chitterlings, the blues. 1972B. G. Cooke in T. Kochman Rappin' & Stylin' Out 64 The ‘process’ of hair straightening is now considered demeaning; most black brothers have abandoned it.
d. A linguistic operation or change.
1954, etc. [see item n. 2 d]. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics v. 212 Different forms of the paradigms are then described as the result of processes, vowel change..etc. applied to the root form. (Process in this use is a descriptive term; it has nothing to do with historical processes in time or with changes in the forms of the language through the years.) 1974R. Quirk Linguist & Eng. Lang. v. 92 Educated opinion here is well-informed about the ‘existing processes’ of English.
7. Law.
a. The whole of the proceedings in any action at law; the course or method of carrying on an action; an action, suit.
b. spec. The formal commencement of any action at law; the mandate, summons, or writ by which a person or thing is brought into court for litigation.
a.c1325Poem Times Edw. II (Percy Soc.) xlvi, That have drive truth out of londe Without process of law. 1414Rolls of Parlt. IV. 57/1 The processe of myn outelawery was unlawefully made. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 108 All suytes & proces in the law, commenced for Religion, shal in the meane tyme be let falle & suspended. 1627Lisander & Cal. vii. 122 It was a little before the feast of Christmas after which time Calista's processe was to be judged. 1640Yorke Union Hon. 124 He..without processe, was executed at Bridgewater. 1701Swift Contests Nobles & Comm. Wks. 1755 II. i. 17 The power of judging certain processes by appeal. 1781J. Moore View Soc. It. (1790) I. xv. 180 They may..search his papers, make his process and in conclusion, put him to death. 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) VI. lii. 294 He was allowed to..turn the charge against himself into a process against his accuser.
b.1433Rolls of Parlt. IV. 447 The said John was endited..and proces made out upon the same enditement. 1467in Eng. Gilds (1870) 391 Yf the seid pleintif require eny seriaunt to serue the seid processe accordynge to the lawe. 1482Rolls of Parlt. VI. 208/1 Power..to awarde processe by Capias, and to make other such processes into every Countie of Englond. 1577in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxford (1880) 390 They of the Towne had servid proces upon him. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. xix. 279 The next step for carrying on the suit, after suing out the original, is called the process; being the means of compelling the defendant to appear in court. 1827Hallam Const. Hist. (1876) I. vi. 344 The chancellor..had a court of his own,..out of which process to compel appearance of parties might..emanate. 1883Law Rep. 11 Q. B. Div. 545 An attachment granted to enforce compliance with the order of court is process of a punitive and disciplinary character.
†8. Onward movement in space; procession; progress, progression. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 8793 Fro thethen the lycour..past so by proces to his prise armys. Ibid. 11910 Þan the grekes..With proses and pres puld vp þere ancres. c1440Partonope 3669 Eche Bysschope made hys processe To the dore of hys chambre be sermoun. 1642H. More Song of Soul ii. ii. ii. vi, A point the line doth manfully retrude From infinite processe. 1875H. James, jr. Pass. Pilgrim 41 The whole..surrounding prospect lay answering in a myriad fleeting shades the cloudy process of the tremendous sky.
9. fig.
a. Of action, time, etc.: Progress, progression, advance; development. Now rare.
1638Rouse Heav. Univ. ix. (1702) 136 Daily to make a Process in his Learning. 1664Power Exp. Philos. ii. 131 But presently our Glass-tube..began to leak, and let in Ayr; so we could make no further process in the Experiment. 1747Gould Eng. Ants 40 The process of Ant Vermicles is remarkable and worth Observation. 1813T. Busby Lucretius I. i. Comm. p. xxvi, Virgil..most admirably describes the gradual process of the fire. 1850Tennyson In Mem. lxxxii, Eternal process moving on, From state to state the spirit walks.
†b. Degree of progress or advance. Obs. rare.
1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 137 Nor was this a Schisme of an ordinary assise, but grew to that processe, to that degree, as..Altar was erected against Altar. 1774tr. Helvetius' Child of Nature II. 171 That great man..calculated the process and degree, at which our effeminacy would be followed by a contempt of liberty, and a surrender of the invaluable rights we have inherited from our ancestors.
c. Logic. The act of proceeding from a term in one of the premisses to the corresponding term in the conclusion; only in illicit process (q.v.).
[1692Aldrich Artis Logicæ Rudimenta (ed. Mansel 1852) 69 Processus ab extremo non distributo in præmissis, ad idem distributum in conclusione, vitiosus est. Ibid. 77 Quælibet Figura excludit adhuc sex modos. Nempe 1. Propter Medium non distributum...2. Propter processum majoris illicitum... 3. Propter processum minoris illicitum.] 1827[see illicit c]. 1864Bowen Logic vii. 198 The violation of this last Rule, in respect to the Major Term, is called illicit process of the Major.
10. The act of proceeding or coming forth from a source: = procession n. 4. rare.
1537Abp. Lee in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) I. App. lxxxviii. 229 The proces of grace in this sacrament cometh from him by whose authority it is institute. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 552 Beginning with the processe of our Saviour's Fore-runner, John the Baptist. 1877E. Caird Philos. Kant ii. 18 The process of the infinite out of itself into the finite.
†11. A formal command, mandate, or edict, proceeding from a person in authority. Cf. 7 b.
1602Shakes. Ham. iv. iii. 65 And England, if my loue thou holdst at ought,..thou maist not coldly set Our Soueraigne Processe, which imports at full..The present death of Hamlet. 1606― Ant. & Cl. i. i. 28 Where's Fuluias Processe? (Cæsars I would say) both?
12. A projection from the main body of something; esp. a natural appendage, extension, or outgrowth; a projection, prominence, protuberance.
a. Anat., Zool., and Bot. Orig. and chiefly, of a bone (= apophysis 1).
b. Bot. In mosses, one of the main divisions or segments of the inner peristome.
1578Banister Hist. Man i. 26 These bones are endewed with two notable productions or Processes. 1598Florio, Corona,..a thicke and pointing processe of bones much like to the snagge of a Hartshorne. 1615Crooke Body of Man 79 In woemen two processes or productions passe from the wombe to the vpper part of the neck of the same. 1682T. Gibson Anat. (1697) 20 It has two remarkable Processes in men placed before, by the os pubis, on each side one. 1719–22Quincy Lex. Physico-Med., Acromium..is the upper Process of the Shoulder Blade. 1862Darwin Fertil. Orchids ii. 81 [The stigmas] from two protuberant, almost horn-shaped processes on each side of the mouth of the nectary. 1893, etc. [see dendron]. 1977Sci. Amer. Aug. 108/2 In the nervous system a network of nerve cells with elongated processes communicate with one another by secreting neurotransmitters, which traverse the tiny gap between two nerve cells.
c. gen. and fig.
1775Johnson Tax. no Tyr. 23 Mere extensions or processes of empire. 1839De Quincey Recoll. Lakes Wks. 1862 II. 217 Mighty fells, immediate dependencies and processes of the still more mighty Helvellyn. 1873Burton Hist. Scot. V. liii. 35 The assailants turned the cannon upon the lower processes of the fortress.
13. a. attrib. and Comb. as (sense 1 c) process motif, process theism, process-thinker, process thought, process view; (sense 6 c) process block (a block to print from, produced by some process other than simple engraving by hand), process cut, process department, process embossing, process-engraver, process engraving, process lens, process-maker, process-owner, process photography, process picture, process plate, process print, process-printer, process reproduction, process work; also with reference to a kind of colour printing in which a continuous and wide range of colours is produced by superimposing half-tones in each of three or four different colours, as process colour, process ink, process printing; with reference to industrial processes, esp. continuous ones, as process cost, process engineer, process engineering, process industry, process operation, process plant, process sheet, process work; process-type attrib.; (sense 6 d) process approach, process model, process morphophonemic; b. process annealing Metallurgy, heat treatment applied to an alloy after cold working to prepare it for further cold working; process black, a black ink suitable for use in process work; process butter (see quots. 1902, 1906); process camera, a camera specially designed for taking photographs for use in process work; process chart, a diagram showing the sequence and sometimes the time and place of the different stages in an industrial or commercial process, or the different activities performed by an employee; process cheese, cheese made by melting and blending (and often emulsifying) other cheeses; also fig.; cf. processed cheese; process control, the regulation and control of the physical aspects of an industrial process, esp. automatically by instruments; freq. attrib.; hence process controller; process heat, heat supplied or required for an industrial process; so process heating vbl. n.; process philosophy, philosophy based on the theory of process (sense 1 c); process projection Cinemat., projection on to the back of a translucent screen, the other side of which is used as a background for ordinary filming; process schizophrenia, endogenous schizophrenia that does not seem connected with environmental causes; hence process schizophrenic; process-server, a sheriff's officer who serves processes or summonses (sense 7 b): = bailiff 2; so process-serving; process shot Cinemat. (see quot. 1973); process steam, steam supplied or required for an industrial process other than power generation; process theology, theological theory based on the concept of process (sense 1 c); hence process theologian; process water, water used in an industrial process; process worker, one who works in process printing or in an industrial process.
1936Metals Handbk. (Amer. Soc. Metals) 211 Process annealing, heating iron base alloys to a temperature below or close to the lower limit of the critical temperature range followed by cooling as desired. 1977R. B. Ross Handbk. Metal Treatm. 322 The purpose of Process annealing is to remove work hardening prior to further cold work.
1972W. P. Lehmann in Language XLVIII. 266 Recent grammatical study has led to a preference for a process approach in linguistic analysis.
1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 471/1 Process black..for use in drawings intended for process reproduction. 1964E. Chambers Camera & Process Work xv. 208 The ink manufacturers make inks suitable for proofing, these are usually sold under such names as half-tone black, process black or press black.
1888C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 104 Process blocks, illustrations in relief produced by any mechanical process. 1890W. J. Gordon Foundry xi. 216 The lines in the process-block can be thickened in three ways—either by the final planing or by the dusting on of the rosin or by the coarse grain of the zinc. 1925Process block [see letter-press 1].
1899Jrnl. Franklin Inst. CXLVII. 94 (heading) Renovated or process butter. 1902Leffmann & Beam Select Methods of Food Analysis 370 So-called ‘process’ or ‘renovated’ butter, made by rendering old or inferior samples, purifying the fat, coloring, salting, and molding it, is now a familiar commercial article. 1906L. L. Van Slyke Mod. Methods of testing Milk & Milk Products i. 18 Renovated or process butter is the product made by melting butter and reworking, without the addition or use of chemicals or any substances except milk, cream or salt. 1911Simmons & Mitchell Edible Fats & Oils iv. 44 The preparation of ‘process’ butter from stale or unsaleable genuine butter.
1895Photogr. Jrnl. XIX. 313 In the construction of a process camera rigidity and parallelism and ability to stand wear and tear have to be carefully studied. 1967Karch & Buber Offset Processes v. 141 The lithographic plate is usually produced from a negative which is made with the process camera. 1974J. Craig Production for Graphic Designer 72 The first step in making a printing plate is to photograph the copy..using a special camera, called a process camera.
1941Colvin & Stanley Running Machine Shop vi. 256 Process charts can also be made to follow the operator instead of the part or product. 1968B. Yuill Supervision Princ. & Techniques xxi. 240 The layout must be carefully planned by using such techniques as materials and man process charts, which show the proposed courses of materials and the movement of manpower through the plant. 1977P. E. Hicks Introd. Industr. Engin. & Managem. Sci. iv. 63 Whereas analysis was restricted only to operations and inspections in using the operation process chart, the flow process chart includes additional consideration of moves, delays, and storages.
1926T. R. Pirtle Hist. Dairy Industry i. 110 The development of the process or packaging cheese business is one of the outstanding accomplishments of the cheese industry in recent years. 1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 24/1 These wondrous totalitarian techniques for making the public into process cheese. 1972Federal Register XXXVII. 11722/3 The amendments..will have the effect of providing for optional use of buttermilk in pasteurized process cheese food.
1926F. B. Wiborg Printing Ink xx. 241 Process color inks. These inks are made exclusively for the purpose of printing pictorial subjects... Special process inks are made for this class of printing. 1951R. G. Radford Letterpress Machine Work II. xii. 134 The majority of experienced process colour printers prefer the Miehle two-revolution machine. 1968Heidelberg News Sept. 4/3 Only use process colour when it is justified. Four colour work is seen at its best, has most impact, alongside black and white.
1931Electronics Oct. 144 (heading) Electronic oscillators for industrial process control. 1945D. P. Eckman Princ. Industr. Process Control x. 202 Many simple controllers serve in industrial process control as safety devices to protect process equipment from overloads of temperature or pressure. 1967Economist 8 Apr. 162/2 It would make a great difference to the market for, and the cost of, industrial process control if engineers could make headway in designing standardised sections of process control instruments, etc., that could be assembled, building-block fashion, at the client's plant. 1977Sci. Amer. Sept. 122/3 A small process-control computer monitors the temperature, directs the insertion and withdrawal of the wafers and controls the internal environment of the furnace.
1951Proc. Inst. Electr. Engineers XCVIII. ii. 609/1 The output signal of the process controller is transmitted to the regulating unit, which adjusts the physical quantity upon which the controlled quantity depends in order to restore it to the desired value. 1955Automatic Control (1957) ii. 26 Process controllers supervise the manufacture of plastics, synthetic fibers, drugs, the whole range of products of the chemical industry.
1926S. I. Levy Introd. Industrial Chem. ii. 47 The process cost sheets reveal clearly the great importance of chemical efficiency. 1974Terminol. Managem. & Financial Accountancy (Inst. Cost and Managem. Accountants) 21 Process cost centre, a cost centre in which a specific process or a continuous sequence of operations is carried out.
1967Times 18 Jan. 16/4 There are restrictive practices in the industry, particularly in the machine room and process department. Ibid. 16/7 Process department, prepares photographs and line drawings as plates. 1968Guardian 29 Feb. 11/2 Joe Balfour's work wasn't good enough for process department, so he was transferred to assembly.
1931R. R. Karch Printing & Allied Trades xvii. 166 Thermography is known as ‘raised letter’ printing, and ‘process embossing’. 1948― Graphic Arts Procedure i. 7 Imitation engraving is known by several names, among which are raised-letter printing, process embossing.
1935Proc. Inst. Production Engineers XIV. 158 Process and rate department (under chief process engineer). 1948W. H. Schutt Process Engin. i. 1 The process engineer must visualize exactly how the article should be made and what equipment, tools, and floor space are required. 1960McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 642/2 Process specifications are set by process engineers (as distinguished from product engineers) and cover just how processes are to be controlled.
1948W. H. Schutt (title) Process engineering. 1980Jrnl. R. Soc. Arts May 326/2 ‘Design for Production’ is a discipline which involves both product and process engineering.
1923H. A. Maddox Printing x. 126 Process engravers usually adapt their filters to certain ink standards. 1951R. G. Radford Letterpress Machine Work II. xii. 127 Discoveries..have made it possible for the process engraver to make a set of three- or four-colour half-tone plates by photo-mechanical means.
1894Amer. Dict. Printing & Bookmaking 464/1 Process printing or engraving, a method by which engravings are made by the aid of photography. 1965Listener 23 Sept. 462/3 The year was 1872, when..Punch's tentative introduction of process engraving first heralded the disappearance of the laborious procedure of reproducing line drawings by wood engraving.
1933E. Molloy Newnes Engin. Pract. III. 794/2 The faster the machine..ran, the greater the amount of steam that would be available for process heat. 1947O. Lyle Efficient Use of Steam xx. 597 The two principal uses of process heat are for the heating of water or watery solutions and for the evaporation of water. 1971Materials & Technol. II. xii. 751 Steam generators which raise steam for process heat operate from 15 to about 150 p.s.i.
1926S. I. Levy Introd. Industr. Chem. iii. 65 (heading) Process heating by steam. 1971Materials & Technol. II. xii. 751 Steam has found considerable employment as a heat carrier for process heating. It can easily be ducted from a boiler to the vessel or column wherein the processes take place.
1951Industr. & Engin. Chem. Dec. 2695 (heading) Quality control in the process industries.
1926Process ink [see process colour above]. 1974J. Craig Production for Graphic Designer 109 Because process inks are transparent, it is the light reflected from the paper's surface that supplies the light to the ink.
1890W. J. Gordon Foundry xi. 215 Half tints have been the difficulty of all process inventors.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 558/1 A portable process kettle has made canning possible on the farm.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 696/2 In the ‘Process’ lens, Series V. f/8, the combination is adjusted to secure identical size and sharpness of each colour-image in three-colour process work. 1961Process lens [see colour correction s.v. colour n.1 19].
1900Fortn. Rev. Jan. 65 Engraving..as a profession, and as a means of obtaining fame, has entirely died out; the engraver nowadays is a process-maker. 1972W. P. Lehmann in Language XLVIII. 267, I should like to propose that support for a process model of language has been provided by recent typological studies. Ibid. 269 In a process-model grammar of language, nominal modifiers are introduced by embedding. 1977Trans. Philol. Soc. 1975 23 The earliest generative (‘process morphophonemic’) solution I know of to this problem is that of Bloomfield (1933, §13.9).
1967C. Michalson Worldly Theol. i. 19 Daniel Day Williams..was the first theologian to bring the process motifs into combination with other theological traditions.
1958IRE Trans. Industr. Electronics VII. 23/1 Process operations are characterized by the continuous and cyclic handling of large liquid, gas, and bulk flow streams.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 3 Both parties..are..interested in a favorable result: the ore-owner, because it may lend new value to some hitherto refractory and unprofitable material; the process-owner, because it may enlarge the field of his operations.
1941W. M. Urban in P. A. Schilpp Philos. Whitehead 319 The general group of modern philosophies which are called process philosophies, philosophies, which, in Bergson's terms, find more of reality in becoming than in that which becomes. 1949B. M. Loomer in D. Brown et al. Process Philos. & Christian Thought (1971) 76 The second criticism..runs to the effect that process philosophy, being a kind of naturalism and consequently predisposed in favour of continuity of explanation, neglects the discontinuous qualities of existence. 1960Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Apr. p. xv/2 Dr. Pittenger's Christology seems to be the product of a combination of panentheism, process philosophy, and Christian existentialism. 1971D. Brown et al. Process Philos. & Christian Thought p. v, In recent years, however, process philosophy has come to mean especially, though not exclusively, the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead and his intellectual descendants, most notably Charles Hartshorne.
1940Jrnl. Soc. Motion Picture Engineers XXXIV. 252 The origination of a combination of projectors superimposing identical prints of the same background on the screen simultaneously compounded the light delivery of a single machine and therefore greatly expanded the scope of background process photography. 1970C. C. Ammonds Printing: Basic Sci. x. 158 Correction for two colours in the achromatic lens is adequate for the simpler forms of color photography, but for process photography..much greater correction is necessary.
1928C. S. Darling Exhaust Steam Engin. ix. 188 It is..possible in a process plant to obtain useful heat from the condenser of a turbine.
1894Amer. Dict. Printing & Bookmaking 460/2 A number of photographers and printers..hope that they can print direct from process plates. 1931R. R. Karch Printing & Allied Trades xvi. 162 Four-color process plates are used in printing most of the magazine advertisements in color. 1965Zigrosser & Gaehde Guide to Collecting Orig. Prints iv. 71 All prints made by photomechanical methods are called process prints.
1901Edin. Rev. Apr. 551 A few..were found ready to submit their work to the uncertainties and vagaries of the process-printer. 1931R. R. Karch Printing & Allied Trades xvi. 161 Process printing. By the use of three transparent colors, red, yellow, and blue, illustrations may be printed that contain all the colours of the rainbow. 1962L. M. Larsen Industr. Printing Inks ii. 33 With the coming of process printing..it has been necessary to use high color strength inks. 1974J. Craig Production for Graphic Designer 105 Four-color process printing is the method used to reproduce full-color continuous-tone copy.
1939Jrnl. Soc. Motion Picture Engineers XXXII. 589 Developments in process projection equipment and technology. 1951A. Cornwell-Clyne Colour Cinematogr. (ed. 3) vii. 583 Process projection, called in Britain ‘background projection’, a somewhat more precise description, assumed great importance economically in ratio to the continuous rise in the cost of film production. Ibid., Process projection, as a technique, was evolved for the purpose of dispensing with the necessity of location photography. 1977Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Apr. 525/3 There are eight steel engravings after Turner, reproduced absolutely facsimile—line for line. This is close to the edge of possibility in process reproduction.
1962Psychol. Bull. LIX. 329/1 Process schizophrenia involves a long-term progressive deterioration..with little chance of recovery. 1967Hilgard & Atkinson Introd. Psychol. (ed. 4) xxi. 536/2 They hypothesized that process schizophrenia..might be caused by some sort of brain damage..; consequently process schizophrenics might respond..in a manner similar to patients with diagnosed brain damage.
1611Shakes. Wint. T. iv. iii. 102, I know this man well, he hath bene since an Ape-bearer, then a Processe-seruer (a Bayliffe), then [etc.]. 1842S. C. Hall Ireland II. 96 The pioneers of the law, called ‘Process-servers’. 1856Lever Martins of Cro' M. xxxix, Is it rack-renting, process-serving, exterminating, would make them popular?
1935Proc. Inst. Production Engineers XIV. 165 Process sheets are drawn up showing the operations to be performed on each component in their correct sequence. 1953J. J. Rose Amer. Cinematographer Hand-bk. & Ref. Guide (ed. 8) 150 Process shots have been the means of saving studios considerable production time and expense in filming scenes for pictures having a foreign locale. 1960K. Amis New Maps of Hell ii. 61 Slow-motion process shots of newts. 1973D. A. Spencer Focal Dict. Photographic Technol. 492 Process shot, studio film shot in which a still or moving background is rear projected on to a translucent screen in front of which the action takes place—also called transparency process.
1924Power Engineer XIX. 454/2 In view of the scattered nature of the works, it is not advantageous to attempt to collect condensed process steam. 1954E. Molloy Power & Process-Steam Plant i. 4 Breweries require large amounts of process steam. 1963A. Jaganmohan tr. Shlyakhin's Steam Turbines xi. 160/1 Back-pressure turbines are used..where both electrical energy and process steam are required at the same time. 1972D. A. Pailin in Cox & Dyson 20th-Cent. Mind iii. iv. 130 Process theism cannot deal adequately with the nature of God's actuality. 1974M. Wiles Remaking of Christian Doctrine vi. 110 For the process theologian there is no essential problem about the transcendent God's activity in the world. 1977Theology LXXX. 187 The North American process theologians would say..the world is a dynamic totality of events..and not of things.
1971D. Brown et al. Process Philos. & Christian Thought p. vi, When process theology is talked about in American (and to some extent British) theological schools today, Bergson, Berdyaev and Teilhard may be in the background, but the work of Whitehead, Hartshorne, Ogden and Cobb is primarily in mind. 1975Times Lit. Suppl. 15 Aug. 926/2 Process theology, in which God is in a state of becoming, has been shown to be anything but Christian. 1977F. Young in J. Hick Myth of God Incarnate ii. 42 Evolutionary theology and process theology are not foreign to the Christian tradition. 1977Theology LXXX. 189 There is, in Whitehead, Hartshorne, and other process thinkers, a full recognition of the reality of natural evil as well as of moral evil and man's sinfulness.
1972D. A. Pailin in Cox & Dyson 20th-Cent. Mind iii. iv. 123 Charles Hartshorne..has been the leading exponent of the ‘process’ view of God... Whitehead is the father of process thought.
1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. X. 642/1 Processes have..been classified into continuous or process-type operations, as in an oil refinery, and intermittent (or repetitive) or manufacturing-type operations. 1972Process view [see process thought above].
1928Rep. Water Pollution Res. Board 1927–8 9 In some factories..alternative methods are employed by which the production of process water is avoided. 1949G. E. H. Lewis Factory Steam Plant iii. 46 Where process water heating is not feasible the air preheater merits consideration. 1978Environmental Conservation: Chemicals (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 2 This has been achieved mainly by segregating contaminated process water from the usually much larger volume of uncontaminated storm and cooling water, and..by re-using and recycling process water.
1898Westm. Gaz. 2 July 4/2 Printers of fine etchings.., and workers in what is known in the trade as ‘process work’. 1924C. A. Suckan Supervision & Maintenance of Steam-Raising Plant v. 77 Where steam is used for process work such as boiling.
1908C. T. Jacobi Printing (ed. 4) xxiv. 251 The process worker will have arranged his screens at..angular distances for the respective colours. 1974Nature 15 Feb. 421/1 In England the death of a 71 year-old former process worker at ICI is being investigated in order to establish whether or not it was caused by long exposure to the fumes of the monomer.
▪ II. ˈprocess, v.1
(see prec.)
[In sense 1, a. OF. processer to prosecute (1240 in Godef.), f. procès; in senses 2, 3, f. process n.]
1. trans. To institute a process or action against, to proceed against by law, to sue, prosecute; to obtain a process or summons against (a person); to serve a process on. orig. Sc.
1532Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scotl. VI. 111 That sche wald be processit for non payment of hir taxt. 1573Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 284 Being processit and put to the horne thairfore. 1637–50Row Hist. Kirk (Wodrow Soc.) 95 John Durie made a large narration how and for what he had bene processed before the King and his Councill. a1674Clarendon Hist. Reb. x. §65 The Chancellor of Scotland told him..that all England would join against him as one man to process and depose him. 1804M. Edgeworth Ennui viii, He was at the quarter sessions processing his brother. 1883H. W. V. Stuart Egypt 137 The debt for which they were processed was made up entirely of interest at most usurious rates.
2. intr. To go on, take place: = proceed v. 5 a. rare—1.
1835Blackw. Mag. XXXVII. 883 The hollow murmur of the earth in the spring season, which some take to be the sound of vegetation, in its multitudinous forms, processing on her surface.
3. a. trans. To subject to or treat by a special process (see prec. 6 c); e.g. to reproduce (a drawing, etc.) by a mechanical or photographic process; to prepare by an artificial or special process; to preserve fruit, fish, flesh, etc., by some process; to operate on (data) (cf. data processing s.v. datum 3). Also fig.
1884New York Even. Post 28 Jan. (Cent.), Every cut in Mr. Pyle's admirable book was processed—to use a new verb invented to fit a new thing. 1889Athenæum 14 Dec. 826/3 The illustrations..appear to have been ‘processed’ very unskilfully. 1896Westm. Gaz. 24 July 3/3 It is often not made on the premises, but is brewer's yeast imported from England, then processed, and sent back to England. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 558/1 As a general rule fruits and vegetables are only processed once, meats and fish twice. 1948A. Toynbee Civilization on Trial 84 The form in which this culture has been ‘processed’ for export. 1957B.B.C. Handbk. 47 The News Bureau..selects and processes news and other items of urgent information for transmission by teleprinter to the news departments. 1958Newnes Compl. Amat. Photogr. 283 Pakolor film can be processed by the user. 1959Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Feb. 109/3 Mr. Morgan presents a deliberately narrowed vision of life, where every detail is ‘processed’ to fit. 1960E. Delavenay Introd. Machine Translation 122 Language data are indeed processed not only with translation in mind but with the aim of obtaining the widest and deepest penetration of such facts as the relationships between words. 1968Brit. Med. Bull. XXIV. 189/2 Only data which can be explicitly formulated..can be processed by a computer. 1968Listener 4 July 17/3 Rock music is the most efficient medium of creative expression. A song can be composed, processed and broadcast round the world in a week. 1970Daily Tel. 20 May 2/4 The heart of the system is a computer which processes radio signals and continually plots the airliner's position on a moving chart. 1971Nature 11 June 344/1 It may take two months for this volume of vaccine to be processed. 1972Language XLVIII. 271 The right hemisphere of the human brain can also process oral symbols for concrete nouns. But only the hemisphere with a specialized speech center can process verbs. 1976P. Hill Hunters v. 43 We're processing the statements that have already been taken.
b. To subject (a person) to a process, as of registration, examination, or analysis. orig. U.S.
1935Sun (Baltimore) 16 Apr. 4/1, 900 applicants were put through medical examinations and transported to army camps to be ‘processed’. 1945H. L. Mencken Amer. Lang. Suppl. I. 417 To process, now threatens to take its place in the language alongside to contact... The New Dealers gave it a much wider range..widening it to include human beings among its objects. It has since been adopted..both in its older sense of doing something to inanimate materials and in its new sense of mauling and manipulating God's creatures. 1948D. Soibelman Therapeutic & Industr. Uses of Music vi. 132 One physician has reported that, since installing music in his waiting room, he has found the average time taken to process a patient reduced by..one-half. 1954Manch. Guardian Weekly 23 Dec. 15/3 All Chinese students..including those whose cases are still being processed, are completely free to travel anywhere in the United States. 1959Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Mar. 173/2 Maupassant, Lautrec, Gauguin—one by one the wild boys are being expertly processed, attractively jacketed, to emerge as items suitable for ticking off on library lists. 1977Detroit Free Press 11 Dec. 21-a/2 Officials at the center said 12 victims were processed there.
Hence ˈprocessed ppl. a. (in sense 3); processed cheese = process cheese s.v. process n. 13 b; ˈprocessing vbl. n.1 (in senses 1 and 3); also attrib.
1606Wotton Lett. (1907) I. 354 They have there [Rome] newly proposed..the processing of the Duke by way of Inquisition. 1676W. Row Contn. Blair's Autobiog. xii. (1848) 478 Their processing and deposing of Mr. John Forrest. 1888Daily News 10 Dec. 5/2 This business of processing is killing woodcutting, which will soon probably be a lost art. 1899Ibid. 13 Feb. 5/5 The charges..that ‘embalmed’ and ‘processed’ beef had been furnished to the troops in the field in the recent war. 1901Nation (N.Y.) 3 Jan. 2/2 The renovating and processing of butter is carried on all over our country. 1912U.S. Dept. Agric. Yearbk. 1911 387 Processing consists in heating the cans to a sufficiently high temperature to insure the preservation of their contents. 1918Thom & Fisk Bk. Cheese vi. 84 Processed cheeses. Cheese of any group may be run through mixing and molding machines and re-packaged in very different form from that characteristic of the variety... The possible variations are numerous. 1933Sun (Baltimore) 15 July 1/6 He accordingly proclaimed August 1 as..the date upon which the processing tax should become operative. 1936Discovery May 157/1 A well-prepared wood or esparto paper can be more permanent than a carelessly processed rag paper. 1958Newnes Compl. Amat. Photogr. 280 Use a film for which processing kits are available. 1958Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Aug. 478/4 It is instructive, if unedifying, to follow the tergiversations and admire the polemical acrobatics of various practitioners of the art of literary processing, notably of that arch-processor V. Yermilov. 1960Processed pea [see garden-pea s.v. garden n. 6]. 1964L. Deighton Funeral in Berlin xxxviii. 231 His processed cheese sandwiches. 1966A. Young in Spero I. ii. 19 He sat behind me in Homeroom, sportshirt, creased pants, shiny black pointy-toed stetsons, jacket, processed hair. 1972Daily Tel. 29 Apr. 12/1 The fully-automated, processed tourist rarely visits Genoa. 1977B. Pym Quartet in Autumn vii. 63 Fresh vegetables..would be better than processed peas. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 70 (caption) Various types of processing drum are made for color prints. 1979SLR Camera Jan. 43/1 The catalogue almost swells at the seams with such goodies as processing drums, colour analysers, printing filters, [etc.].
▪ III. process, v.2|prəʊˈsɛs|
[A colloquial or humorous back-formation from procession n., after progress, transgress, etc.]
1. intr. To go, walk, or march in procession.
1814J. Train Mountain Muse 83 As venerably as when they Process on Dedication day. 1824Lady Granville Lett. 1 Jan. (1894) I. 243 On Christmas Day we processed into the chapel. 1888Mrs. H. Ward R. Elsmere xxxviii, The cassocked monk-like clergy might preach and ‘process’ in the open air as much as they pleased. 1897‘Ian Maclaren’ in British Weekly 1 Apr. 422/3 So sure of themselves that they do not need to protest nor process, but carry their flag in their heart. 1902To-Day 20 Aug. 113/1 Neither Barnum nor the new Lord Mayor will be able to process this year. 1912A. Huxley Let. 23 June (1969) 46 On the Bismarck Tower a bonfire was lighted and 1000 odd students processed from the tower to the University. 1953H. Nicolson Diary 4 July (1968) 242 We process in robes to the City Hall where there are many graduands. 1962G. Moore Am I too Loud? xxxiii. 254 The vision of our young and beautiful Queen processing slowly up the aisle in her gorgeous robes is never to be forgotten. 1971K. Thomas Relig. & Decline of Magic iii. 63 They also involved processing across the field with cross, banners and bells to drive away evil spirits and bless the crops.
2. trans. To lead or carry (a person, etc.) in procession; to traverse (an area) in procession.
1959Times 10 Dec. 14/7 The Lord of Miracles is solemnly processed all round the city. 1968D. M. Smith Mod. Sicily lii. 484 The flagellants then processed the streets as they had done in 1647 and 1773. 1974D. Avery Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday vii. 117 Most of the families left their feasting to attend the sermon in the church under the impression that the saint was to be processed afterwards.
Hence proˈcessing vbl. n.2 and ppl. a.
1920Blackw. Mag. Dec. 712/2 The bowings and curtseyings and processings and workings of the Puddispor congregation could have told anybody that! 1959Antiquity XXXIII. 19 A single row of processing animals. 1977Gramophone May 1724/2 So we must be prepared for..the shuffling of processing feet, the coughing and the tramping of the congregation. |