| 释义 |
Tungus|ˈtʊŋʊs, tʊŋˈuːs|
Forms: 6 Tingus, 6–7 Tongu(e)se, 8 Toongus.
[Yakut name of a people called by themselves Evenki.]
a. (A member of) a people of eastern Siberia. Also attrib.
1625Purchas Pilgrimes III. iii. vii. 527 The people..signified.. that they were called Tingoesi, and that their dwelling was vpon the banke of the great Riuer Ieniscè. Ibid. x. 543 These Tingusses report, that there is another huge Riuer. 1698tr. A. Brand's Embassy Muscovy into China 48 The Tongueses..have of late years been conquered by the Victorious Arms of the Czars of Muscovy, unto whom they pay a yearly Tribute. 1698[see shaman n.]. 1763J. Bell Trav. from St. Petersburg I. iii. 225 The Tongusy, so called from the name of the river, who live along its banks, are the posterity of the ancient inhabitants of Siberia. Ibid. 229 When a Tonguse kills an elk or deer, he never moves from the place, till he has eat it up. 1799W. Tooke View Russian Empire II. 98 That the Tunguses originally composed one people with the Mandshee, is apparent not only from the resemblance of features..but also chiefly from the agreement of their languages. 1841Penny Cycl. XXI. 459/2 The whole region..has been abandoned to the Toonguses, who get their subsistence by the chace. 1882A. H. Keane Asia 478 Conterminous on the north with the Buriats are the Tunguses. Ibid. 479 The Tungus race. 1914M. A. Czaplicka Aborig. Siberia 52 The Nomadic Tungus are cattle-breeders. 1931M. Burr Bolshevik Siberia 154 When a Tungus hits off the spoor of one of these grand beasts. 1948A. L. Kroeber Anthropol. (rev. ed.) x. 429 The Manchu, the Mongols, and the still earlier Tungus conquerors of China lost their own cultures there. 1974J. R. Baker Race x. 174 The Tungus and Kalmuks (Tungid subrace of Mongolids) are said to be devoid of axillary smell.
b. An Altaic language or group of languages related to Manchu, spoken in parts of Siberia, and since 1931 set down in an alphabet based on the Russian alphabet. Also attrib. Cf. Manchu-Tungus.
1822tr. Malte-Brun's Universal Geogr. I. xxiii. 571 The Tunguse is a dialect of the Mantchou. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 1/2 An exuberance..of verbal forms, which in Osmanli, Finnish, Magyar, Tungas, and Mordvinian may be said to run riot. 1961L. F. Brosnahan Sounds of Language viii. 177 The area of the simple stress accent..includes..the Mongolian, Tungus and Paleosiberian languages of eastern Asia. 1977C. F. & F. M. Voegelin Classification & Index World's Languages 335 The Tungus languages are bifurcated into two groups... Northern Tungus..= Evenki... Southern Tungus.
Hence Tunˈgusian a., of or pertaining to this people or language; n., a Tungus; also, the Tungus language; Tunˈgusic a., Tungusian; n., the Tungus language.
1706tr. E. Y. Ides's Trav. 27 Subject to the Jurisdiction of this City are several Tunguzian Heathens. 1706[see shaman n.]. 1763J. Bell Trav. from St. Petersburg I. iii. 231 From all the accounts I have heard..of the natives of Canada..they..resemble..the Tongusians. 1799W. Tooke View Russian Empire II. 100 At that time [sc. 1607] many tungusian stems owned the paramount supremacy of the Buriats who had shortly before been expelled from Mongolia. 1839Jrnl. R. Geogr. Soc. IX. 198 The Tungusian, though confined to the eastern extreme of the ancient continent, contains some words common to it with languages spoken in Europe. 1854Max Müller in C. Bunsen Christianity & Mankind III. 277 Some of them are certainly widely distant; as, for instance, the dialects of the Finnic nations in the west, and of the Mongolic and Tungusic tribes in the east. 1855H. D. Seymour Russia on Black Sea & Sea of Azof v. 49 The Tungusians extend on the east from the Yenisei to the Sea of Okhotsk. 1864Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. 1863 111 The rank of the Scythian languages..is but an inferior one... They diminish in value eastward, the Tungusic being the poorest of all. 1885J. Byrne Struct. Lang. I. 391 The Tungusian dialect. Ibid. 398 The verb bi, which in Tungusian takes hi in the present. 1888Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 2/2 Turkic lies much closer to Mongolic than it does to Samoyedic and Tungusic. 1890[see Gilyak]. 1914[see Palæo-Siberian n.]. 1951W. K. Matthews Languages U.S.S.R. iv. 54 Of the three branches of Altaic the easternmost and least significant numerically is the Manchurian or Tungusic. This comprises two subdivisions, viz. the declining Manchu of Northern Manchuria (Manchukuo), with the related languages..and the more primitive and vigorous Tungus (Evenki) and its cognates. 1956J. Whatmough Language ii. 32 The great belt of Mongolian and Tungusian..is connected with the Turkic languages further west, and with Yakut to the North, reaching through Siberia to the Arctic. 1977N.Y. Rev. Books 14 Apr. 3/1 Founded in 947 as a capital of the Khitan Mongols' Liao dynasty, it [sc. Peking] had been used similarly by the Tungusic Chin dynasty 1122–1234. |