| 释义 |
▪ I. tutor, n.|ˈtjuːtə(r)|
Also 4–7 tutour, 5–6 -oure, (5 -owre, 5–7 -ur, 6 Sc. toutour); 6 tutar, Sc. tuttar, 6–8 tuter).
[a. OF., AF. tutour (mod.F. tuteur = Sp., Pg. tutor, It. tutore), or a. L. tūtor watcher, protector, f. tuērī to watch, guard.]
†1. A guardian, custodian, keeper; a protector, defender. Obs.
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. i. 56 Kynde witte be wardeyne ȝowre welthe to kepe, And tutour of ȝoure tresore and take it ȝow at nede. 1425Ord. Whittington's Alms-house in Entick London (1766) IV. 354 To be one principal, which shal pas al other in power..and be called tutor. Ibid., The seid tutour. c1425Found. St. Bartholomews (E.E.T.S.) 16 The kynge..behestid hym-self to be a tutur and defensur of hym and of hys. c1440Promp. Parv. 507/2 Tutowre, tutor. 1530Palsgr. 284/1 Tutar, tuteur. 1562Pilkington Expos. Abdyas 85 The poore oppressed people, whom God takes in to his custodie to be their tutor. 1570Levins Manip. 77/14 A Túter, tutor. 1602Narcissus (1893) 276 O thou which hast thy staffe to bee thy tutor.
2. One who has the custody of a ward; a guardian.
†a. in gen. sense. Obs.
1382Wyclif Gal. iv. 2 How moche tyme the eyr is litil..he is vndir tutouris and actouris. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton) iv. xxxviii. (1859) 64 They leden the kynge at theyr owne lust,..as tutours, and couratours. 1526Tindale Gal. iv. 2 The heyre as longe as he ys a chylde..is vnder tuters and governers. c1550Becon Catech. vi. Wks. 1564 I. 533 b, The honor that the chyldren owe to their parents and tutors. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 175 The tutours..sent ambassadours to the Turke to commend the childe vnto hym. 1615North Riding Rec. (1884) II. 109 [Taking away] a woman childe under eleven yeares of age from..her grandfather and lawfull tutor. 1616Bullokar Eng. Expos., Tutour, a defender, he that hath charge to bring vp a childe. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. v. xviii. 432 That interest which carefull tutours claim in those whose protection they tender. 1690Locke Govt. ii. vi. §59 If the Father..hath not provided a Tutor, to govern his Son, during his Minority..the Law takes care to do it.
b. spec. in Rom. and Sc. Law: The guardian and representative, and administrator of the estate, of a person legally incapable, failing the father.
tutor dative, t. nominate, t. optive, t. testamentar: see these adjs. tutor-at-law, tutor of law, or tutor-legitim, the nearest male relative on the father's side, who becomes guardian in the absence or failure of the tutor nominate.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 197 Pompeus..hymself fleigh to þe..kyng of Egipt, and axede help of hym, for he was assigned hym by þe senatoures to be his tutor and his wardeyn. 1432–50tr. Higden (Rolls) IV. 75 Ptholomeus begynnenge to reigne the vthe yere of his age, legates of Alexandrye preyede the Romanes thei wolde be tutores of þat childe, and defende the realme of Egipte. 1521in Acts Parlt. Scotl. (1875) XII. 39/1 Þe Richt Illustre prince Duke of Albany Tutoure of Law to our said Soverane Lord [James V]. 1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. (1821) I. 34 He was left tutour-testamenter be thair fader. 1546[see testamentar]. 1575[see dative a. 4]. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxiii. §5 In ancient times all women which had not Husbands or Fathers to gouerne them, had their Tutors. 1681[see nominate B. 2]. 1765Blackstone Comm. I. xvii. 448 The guardian with us performs the office both of the tutor and curator of the Roman laws;..according to the language of the court of chancery, the tutor was the committee of the person, the curator the committee of the estate. a1768Erskine Inst. Law Scot. i. vii. §8 (1773) 117 In default of tutors-legitim, there is place for tutors-dative. 1826G. J. Bell Comm. Laws Scot. (ed. 5) I. 133 Tutors may effectually grant deeds of ordinary administration of their pupil's estate. 1880Muirhead Ulpian xi. §3 Those are tutors-at-law, legitimi, who derive their office from some lex.
c. Formerly in Scotland used as a designation with the name of the estate of which the ‘tutor’ had charge. Now Hist.
1529Reg. Privy Seal Scot. II. 53/1 Ane lettre maid to William Makclellane, tutour of Bomby, his airis and assignais [etc.]. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 89 Ane callit Makclalene..quha was tutour of bombie for the tyme [in 1452]. a1670Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1850) I. 27 The Erll of Sutherland..with the tutour of Duffus and some seruandis follouit. 1808Scott Autobiog. in Lockhart i, Beardie became..Tutor of Raeburn..that is, guardian to his infant nephew.
3. One employed in the supervision and instruction of a youth in a private household. Also, one engaged to travel abroad with one or more pupils, a travelling tutor or foreign tutor.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. v. (Bodl. MS.) lf. 36/2 Þe child [that] knowith goode and yuel is..isette to lore vndur tutours. 1494Fabyan Chron. cxxvii. 107 Clothayre, consyderynge the frowardnesse of..his sone Dagobert, assigned to hym a tutoure or lerner of worldlye and knyghtlye maners. 1531Elyot Gov. i. xvi, Diuers maners of exercises... All these ought he that is a tutor to a noble man to haue in remembrance. 1622Gataker Spirituall Watch (ed. 2) 74 Two home-bred Tutors..that God hath set ouer each of vs, Shame and Feare, the shame of sinne, and the feare of wrath. 1699Locke Educ. (ed. 4) §167 Passionate words or blows from the Tutor fill the Child's Mind with Terror and Affrightment. 1701tr. Le Clerc's Prim. Fathers (1702) 22 Aristobulus, a Peripatetick, who is said to have been Tutor to Ptolemy Philometer. a1743Savage Author to Let Wks. 1777 II. 274 Few foreign tutors understand the dead languages. 1815Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. 285 Some subsist by teaching and practising the law; others teach schools, or are tutors to the sons of rich men. 1822Shelley Triumph of Life 261 The tutor and his pupil, whom Dominion Followed as tame as vulture in a chain.
4. a. In the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin: A graduate (most often the fellow of a college), to whom the special supervision of an undergraduate (called his pupil) is assigned. Subsequently also used in other British universities and other further education establishments. Also, in Cambridge and some other universities and colleges, a member of the teaching staff assigned responsibility for the general well-being of a student (cf. moral tutor s.v. moral a. 3 d).
The word was first used of those who stood in a supervisory relation to undergraduate members of colleges or halls, not on the foundation, and were responsible to the hall or college for their pupils' payments (= creancers: cf. creancer 2.) By Wykeham's Statutes for New Coll., Oxf., imitated at King's Coll., Camb., and Magdalen Coll., Oxf., each junior foundationer was assigned to the special charge of a senior called his informator. Both these offices appear to have been merged later in the tutor. Naturally the tutor looked after his pupils' studies also, and this came to be the main part of his duties, esp. at Oxford. Tutores are also found at Louvain in 1476 supervising the studies of the scholares (Rashdall Universities of Eur. (1895) II. 766).
c1610in Brasenose Coll. Quatercent. Monogr. (1909) II. ii. xi. 14 Tradesmen..inveagle young Gentlemen into new and chargeable fashions contrary to the desires of their parents and the directions of their Tutors. a1648Ld. Herbert Autobiog. (1824) 42 As if they meant to proceed Masters of Art and Doctors in some Science, for which purpose their tutors commonly spend much time in teaching them the subtilities of Logic. 1653Register of Visitors Univ. Oxford (1881) 359 That noe man be admitted to the office of a Tutor in any Colledge or Hall that is not first approved of by the respective Head of such Colledge or Hall and the Visitors of the University. Ibid. 360 That all persons of whatever quality soever, untill they be admitted to the Degree of Bachelor of Arts..doe live under the care, tuition, and instruction of approved Tutors. 1696Phillips (ed. 5) s.v., A Tutour in the University, is one that takes care to teach and instruct the Youth that are sent thither from inferior Schools; and the Scholar so taught, is call'd the Tutour's Pupil. 1864J. H. Newman Apol. i. (1904) 7/2, I gave up that office in 1826, when I became Tutor of my College. 1884C. Dickens Dict. Cambr. 124/2 The Tutor..generally acts as agent for the College in all business transactions with its members... The Tutor himself does not necessarily lecture or teach. Private Tutors are called Coaches. 1884J. B. Mullinger Univ. Cambr. from 1535, 396 The Cambridge system by which the expenditure of the student is supervised to a certain extent by the tutor was in operation as early as the sixteenth century. 1886Willis & Clark Cambridge I. Introd. 91 In the [Latin] statutes of..Clare Hall [1551]..we meet for the first time at Cambridge with the term tutor, in the modern sense, namely, a fellow of the college who is to be responsible for his pupil's expenses, to explain to him what he has to do and to learn, and..is to be treated by him with filial obedience and respect. 1887Q. Rev. Oct. 403 By the middle of the sixteenth century, the modern system of admitting students not on the foundation was fully established; and, as a natural result, the office of ‘tutor’ in the present meaning of the term then first appears. 1895Rashdall Universities of Eur. II. 515 It seems probable that before the middle of the fifteenth century the teaching of Undergraduates..was mainly in the hands of Tutors in the Colleges, or Principals and their assistant Regents or non-graduate Lectors in the Halls. Note, The word used both at New College [c 1400] and Magdalen [1479] is Informator. At Brasenose College [founded 1509] the word Tutor occurs for the first time, but only in reference to the Fellow who is to be responsible for a Commoner. 1933Times Lit. Suppl. 14 Dec. 889/3 He [sc. Sir John Sandys] was for long Senior Tutor of his college, a different thing in Cambridge from Oxford. 1980L. P. Wilkinson Century of King's p. xiv, Tutor, a Fellow responsible for a student's general welfare. Every student has one.
b. In U.S. universities and colleges: ‘A teacher subordinate to a professor, usually appointed for a year or a term of years’ (Cent. Dict.).
1828Webster s.v., Tutors are graduates selected by the governors or trustees, for the instruction of undergraduates... They are usually officers of the institution, who have a share, with the president and professors, in the government of the students.
c. private tutor (at the English Universities): A person engaged by students to assist them in their studies and preparation for the examinations, but not appointed or recognized by the University or College. Also, a person who makes it his business to prepare students for professional examinations apart from the universities, as an army tutor, a law tutor.
1827Lytton Falkland i. 15, I was sent to a private tutor. 1840Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) XXI. 498/1 Although recognised neither by the universities, nor by any particular college, a very numerous class has long existed both at Oxford and Cambridge, who, under the denomination of Private Tutors, superintend and assist the studies of individuals. 1884C. Dickens [see 4 a].
5. In some English public schools:
a. A senior boy appointed to help a junior in his studies.
1689A. Hill Life Barrow B.'s Wks. 1687 I. a 2, Removing [from the Charterhouse] to Felsted..he quickly made so great a progress in Learning..that his Master appointed him a little Tutour to the Lord Viscount Fairfax. 1898J. Sargeaunt Ann. Westminster vii. 123 The very name of ‘little tutor’ familiar in the schools of the seventeenth century is now wholly forgotten... The ‘little tutor’ was paid for his services and might thus gather a small purse against the time when he should go to the University. 1901Winchester Coll. Notions 130 The ten Senior Praefects in College are called Tutors.
b. A master charged with the special supervision of a particular boy.
1861J. T. Coleridge Publ. Sch. Educ. 37 [At Eton] Every Master therefore but the Head Master is also a Tutor and every boy must have his Tutor... Every exercise the pupil does is first submitted to the Tutor for inspection and correction and then carried into school. 1901Winchester Coll. Notions 130 College Tutor formerly had to correct the composition of College men, but now he helps College Juniors with their work.
6. transf. As the name of an instruction book in any subject. Now chiefly applied to books of instruction in playing a musical instrument.
1665Moxon (title) A Tutor to Astronomy and Geography. 1776Pennsylvania Even. Post 15 June 299/2 Just published,..a complete Tutor for the Fife. a1916Mod. An Easy French Tutor. Hémy's Pianoforte Tutor. 1918–19T. Eaton & Co. Catal. Fall & Winter 383/6 Bellak Piano Tutor..one of the best tutors in use. 1956F. Reidy in S. Traill Play that Music 108 Any tutor I have ever read says that the tip of the reed should be struck with the tip of the tongue. 1981Ld. Harewood Tongs & Bones iii. 60, I wanted to learn the clarinet... A beautiful Boehm arrived together with an English ‘tutor’.
7. attrib. and Comb., as tutor-companion, tutor-confessor, tutor-farmer, tutor-room; tutor-sick adj.
1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 8 Aug., I was tutor-sick at Alma Mater. 1844Stephens Bk. Farm I. 96 The tutor-farmer should be provided with such a plan to give to each of his pupils. 1899C. K. Paul Mem. 247 My tutor days are not satisfactory in the retrospect. 1901Westm. Gaz. 8 May 2/1 The tutor-confessor was instantly turned out. 1903Daily Chron. 20 Mar. 6/1 Dr. Jüttner, the tutor-companion, who holds that youth should be allowed to revel in the sunshine. 1906Mem. Abp. Temple I. 155 The power of the tutor-rooms had over-asserted itself.
▪ II. tutor, v.|ˈtjuːtə(r)|
[f. tutor n.]
1. a. trans. To act the part of a tutor towards; to give special or individual instruction to; to teach, instruct (in a subject).
1592Warner Alb. Eng. vii. xxxvii. (1612) 186 The last of our three Phaetons was tuter'd of a Fryer. 1621in Foster Eng. Factories Ind. (1906) 241 [An accusation of having said] that our hopefull Prince Charles was tutored in the Papist religion. 1740J. Dupré Conform. Anc. & Mod. Cerem. 39 An Old Capuchin tutoring a Novice. 1814Chalmers Evid. Chr. Revel. x. 292 His mind is not yet tutored to the philosophy of the subject. 1867Macfarren Harmony vi. (1876) 221 Their ear being thus tutored. 1903Times, Lit. Suppl. 2 Oct. 280/1 He was sent away to be tutored in English rectories, whence he proceeded to University College, London.
absol.1892Nation (N.Y.) 11 Aug. 116/2 Graduate..of experience wishes to tutor for the September examinations.
b. With extension: To get (a quality or the like) out or in by instruction or discipline. rare.
1646J. Hall Poems 64 Let not wealth tutor out Our spirits with her gout.
2. To instruct under discipline; to subject to discipline, control, or correction; to school; also to admonish or reprove.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. iii. i. 33 Didst thou not fall out with a taylor for wearing his new doublet before Easter, with another for tying his new shooes with olde riband, and yet thou wilt tuter me from quarelling? 1641Milton Ch. Govt. i. Wks. 1851 III. 100 If men were but as good to discipline themselves, as some are to tutor their Horses and Hawks. 1645― Tetrach. Wks. 1738 I. 240 The Fanatic boldness of this age, that dares tutor Christ to be more strict than he thought fit. 1667Dryden & Dk. Newcastle Sir Martin Mar-all i. i, Saucy rascal, avoid my sight; must you tutor me? 1711Shaftesbury Charac., Wit & Hum. i. iii, The World however it may be taught will not be tutor'd. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. i. i, France is roused! Long have ye been lecturing and tutoring this poor Nation. 1850Maurice Mor. & Met. Philos. (1854) I. 9 Seneca..had tutored himself to endure personal injuries without indulging in anger. 1882Stevenson Fam. Stud. Men & B., Thoreau (1905) 115 Thoreau had plenty of humour till he tutored himself out of it.
3. To instruct (a person) in a course of action, to tell (one) what to do or say; often in sinister sense: to sophisticate or tamper with (a witness or his evidence).
1757J. Lind Lett. Navy ii. 77 Notwithstanding all the care that had been taken to manage and tutor his evidence. 1767J. Wingrave Narr. Cruelties Eliz. Brownrigg 6 After tutoring the girl..what answer to make, and what behaviour to follow. 1826C. Butler Vind. Rom. Cath. Ch. 126 Emissaries were employed, witnesses tutored,..and even torture applied to procure evidence. 1850Merivale Rom. Emp. (1865) III. xxiii. 67 The populace, tutored..or bribed for the purpose, offered him the high priesthood.
†4. To take care or charge of. Obs. rare.
1682A. Peden in Life x. (1902) 209 Our blessed second Adam hath our Stock in guiding and he tutors it better.
5. intr. To study under a tutor. U.S.
1900C. C. Munn Uncle Terry 55, I tutored some, read law, and was admitted to the bar. 1920[see flunk v. 1 b].
Hence ˈtutored ppl. a., ˈtutoring vbl. n.
1589R. Harvey Pl. Perc. (1860) 25 A little tutoring in Diuinitie, and the reuersion of a benefice,..where his god⁓fathers commendatorie letters may preuaile. 1601Weever Mirr. Mart. F ij b, His Tutor'd pen..would..still repaire the ruin of my name. 1707in Hearne Collect. 13 June (O.H.S.) II. 20 They must by the Tutoring of Plato maintain the same Doctrine. 1805Chron. in Ann. Reg. (1807) XLVII. 475/2 His exhibition consisted of tutored birds. A number of little birds..formed themselves into ranks, like a company of soldiers. 1887Saintsbury Hist. Elizab. Lit. viii. (1890) 299 [He] died possessed of landed property..(an unusual result of tutoring). 1889R. B. Smith Life Ld. Lawrence viii. (1911) 124 The little prince..flung himself back..with a tutored obstinacy which was not to be shaken. |