| 释义 |
glucose Chem.|ˈgl(j)uːkəʊs|
Also glycose.
[First formed as F. glucose (Dumas 1838, in Compt. Rend. VII. 109); cf. Gr. γλυκ-ύς sweet and -ose2.]
1. a. One of the aldo-hexoses, CHO(CHOH)4CH2OH, obtainable as dextro- and lævo-rotatory enantiomorphs and as a racemic mixture; spec. the dextro-rotatory form (d-glucose, dextrose, grape-sugar), a white or colourless sweet-tasting crystalline solid which is the commonest sugar in nature; it is important in the metabolism of almost all organisms and occurs naturally in the free state, as in sweet fruit juices and in the blood, and in combination, as in glucosides, in some oligosaccharides (such as sucrose), and in some polysaccharides (such as cellulose, starch, and glycogen, all of which are composed wholly of glucose residues).
In chemical terms glucose is the aldo-hexose in which the hydroxyl groups attached to the second, fourth, and fifth carbon atoms can be regarded as being on the same side of the molecule when this is represented as a linear structure.
1840Turner's Elem. Chem. (ed. 6) iii. 969 Although the identity of the different kinds of sugar classed under the name of grape sugar or glucose be generally admitted. 1844Hoblyn Dict. Med., Glucose, another name for starch sugar, diabetic sugar, or the sugar of fruits. 1847Lewes Hist. Philos. (1867) II. 361 The crystals of sugar have to be decomposed and the sugar transformed into glucose. 1880Times 5 Oct. 4/6 Brewers do not disdain the use of glucose. 1938M. L. Wolfrom in H. Gilman Org. Chem. II. xvi. 1400 The central compound of the carbohydrates is d-glucose. 1951A. Grollman Pharmacol. & Therapeutics xxvi. 572 In diabetic animals and patients, the injection of insulin is followed by..the disappearance of glucose and acetone bodies from the urine. 1959Chambers's Encycl. III. 92/2 Although fructose is laevorotatory, it is configurationally related to dextrorotatory and not to laevorotatory glucose. 1965Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) i. 19 Soluble carbohydrates, especially the disaccharides sucrose and maltose and the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, are the most frequent components of the cell sap. 1968Passmore & Robson Compan. Med. Stud. I. ix. 13/1 There is a continual uptake of glucose from the blood by many organs, notably the brain, which probably cannot utilize other sources of energy.
†b. Any of the hexoses, C6H12O6, (or more broadly, any monosaccharide), including dextrose along with fructose, galactose, etc. Obs.
[1859M. Berthelot in Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 3me Sér. LV. 270 Le nom de glucose, appliqué jadis au sucre de raisin seulement, désigne aujourd'hui toute une série de sucres distincts;..séchés à 110 degrés, ils sont isomères et répondent à la formule C12H12O12. Tels sont le glucose de raisin, le glucose de malt, le glucose de fruits lévogyre, le glucose lactique.] 1866H. E. Roscoe Less. Elem. Chem. xxxvii. 325 Dilute acids convert lactose into a peculiar glucose, called galactose. 1887Encycl. Brit. XXII. 623/1 ‘Sugar’ is now a collective term for two chemical genera named saccharoses (all C12H22O11) and glucoses (all C6H12O6). 1889G. M'Gowan tr. Bernthsen's Org. Chem. 285 The glucoses result..from the carbohydrates of the cane sugar and starch groups by the taking up of water. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 33/1 It is convenient to divide the sugars into two main groups: monosaccharoses (formerly glucoses) and disaccharoses (formerly saccharoses).
2. A non-crystallizable colourless or yellowish brown syrup containing glucose (dextrose), maltose, dextrin, and water and obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch. Also called glucose syrup, glucose starch syrup, etc.
1852T. R. Betton tr. Regnault's Elem. Chem. II. iv. 488 Glucose is found in commerce under three different forms: syrup of fecula, glucose in mass, and granulated glucose... Glucose, in syrup or in bulk, is used in the manufacture of beer and alcohol. 1885E. R. Southby Syst. Handbk. Pract. Brewing (ed. 2) xv. 222 There is a liquid form of glucose known amongst other names as glucose syrup, which when well refined is a very good brewing material. 1891B'ham. Instit. Mag. Nov. 163 Glucose syrups. 1906Thresh & Porter Preservatives in Food xxxi. 396 It was proved at Quarter Sessions that glucose was composed of 40 per cent. destrose, 40 per cent. dextrine, and 20 per cent. water,..and that glucose was not injurious to health, but was used to prevent the marmalade crystallizing. 1950G. H. Rauch Jam Manuf. iii. 50 The addition of glucose gives jam a brighter appearance. 1963Triebold & Aurand Food Composition & Anal. v. 211 Some of the syrup sold as commercial glucose is colored by the addition of other syrups and materials.
3. attrib. and Comb., as glucose ferment, syrup (see 2), glucose tablet; glucose phosphate, any of the phosphoric acid esters of glucose; esp. either of two monophosphates, C6H11O5(O·PO3H2), important in carbohydrate metabolism in animals and plants: (a) glucose-6-phosphate, the compound formed by the reaction of glucose with adenosine triphosphate in the first stage in the metabolism of glucose; (b) glucose-1-phosphate, the compound formed from glucose-6-phosphate in the synthesis of polysaccharides; glucose tolerance test, a test for abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism, esp. diabetes, in which glucose is given orally after a period of fasting and the blood sugar measured at intervals afterwards, the results being depicted graphically as a glucose tolerance curve.
1885Syd. Soc. Lex., Glucose ferment, the ferment in the animal body which is instrumental in the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
1912E. F. Armstrong Simple Carbohydrates & Glucosides (ed. 2) 145 (heading) References to glucose phosphates. 1938A. L. Raymond in H. Gilman Org. Chem. II. xvii. 1479 In this manner there have been synthesized the Robison ester..as well as glucose-1-, 3-, 4-, and 5-phosphates, leaving only the 2-phosphate unknown in the glucose series. 1963J. H. Burn Drugs, Med. & Man (ed. 2) xiv. 146 One of the first steps in using glucose within the cell is its conversion into a glucose-phosphate combination. 1964A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. (ed. 3) xx. 366 In the cells of liver, intestine, and kidney only, glucose 6-phosphate may be hydrolyzed, releasing glucose to the environment. 1965Bell & Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) ii. 266 The formation of..starch in the living cell appears to begin not from α-glucose itself but from the energy-rich glucose-1-phosphate, which..is probably the actual substance produced in photosynthesis.
1959J. Braine Vodi xiii. 172 He started carrying digestive tablets and glucose tablets.
1923Arch. Internal Med. XXXI. 248 It would be interesting to hear from someone doing frequent glucose tolerance curves how low the reaction may be. Ibid. 258 Ohler has reported several cases in which glucose tolerance tests were done three times at intervals of about one year. 1966Lancet 24 Dec. 1377/2 The findings depended on..the reliability of the glucose-tolerance test in athero⁓sclerotic patients.
Hence gluˈcosic a. [-ic], of or pertaining to glucose.
1860Illustr. Lond. News 23 June 614/1 On the glucosic fermentation of cane-sugar. 1861Bentley Man. Bot. 766 A nitrogenous body playing the part of a glucosic ferment. |