| 释义 |
recruitment|rɪˈkruːtmənt|
[f. as prec. + -ment, or ad. F. recrutement (Littré).]
1. A reinforcement.
1824Blackw. Mag. XVI. 495 A recruitment to the mob that was inside broke in from the streets. 1864Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xv. vii. (1872) VI. 30 The sicknesses are ceasing; the recruitments are coming in.
2. The act or process of recruiting:
a. of a military force or a class of persons.
1843Carlyle Past & Pr. i. v, Do you expect..that your indispensable Aristocracy of Talent is to be enlisted straightway, by some sort of recruitment aforethought, out of the general population? 1862Merivale Rom. Emp. xxii. (1865) III. 44 The rapid decrease of the middle class of citizens..rendered the recruitment of the legions constantly more difficult. 1878N. Amer. Rev. CXXVI. 216 The officer in charge of the recruitment of the army. 1945in Amer. Speech (1946) XXI. 78/2 The material included with this letter describes..the availability of recruitments from this company. 1958Times 26 Mar. (Careers in Industry Suppl.) p. xxiii, One may study the recruitment literature of many employers. 1971M. E. Ray Recruitment Advertising i. 9 Recruitment advertising is but a small part of the wide and varied duties of a Personnel Officer.
b. of the body or health.
1862Macm. Mag. Apr. 518 Sleep..is necessary for the recruitment of the little weary frame. 1896J. B. Thomson Life Jos. Thompson 116 It required only a week or two..to give him perfect recruitment and re-invigoration.
c. Ecol. Increase in a natural population as progeny grow and become recruits (recruit n. 3 e); the extent of such increase.
1938Jrnl. du Conseil X. 266 A stock will be in equilibrium with fishing when..C = A + G - M where C is capture, A is recruitment, G is growth, M is natural mortality. 1938H. G. Champion in Champion & Trevor Man. Indian Silviculture i. v. 146 The extension over the regeneration area as a whole of the light conditions appearing most favourable to regeneration is..the correct first step, always bearing in mind the possibility of different requirements for recruitment, i.e. new seedlings, and establishment, i.e. the further development of seedlings already present. 1954W. E. Hiley Woodland Managem. xx. 357 A number of trees will be included, which have grown..but were omitted from the earlier enumeration because they had not then reached this size. These are called ‘recruited trees’... It has been claimed that the volume of these trees—the recruitment—should be omitted from the calculation. 1965Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. III. 357 A problem which has recently received considerable attention is the mechanism underlying recruitment of adolescent fish to the various North Sea Summer—Autumn spawning stocks. 1970S. H. Gardiner tr. Assmann's Princ. Forest Yield Study 459 The lower the threshold of measurable diameter the smaller is the amount of recruitment. 1977J. L. Harper Population Biol. of Plants v. 144 Changes in the composition of light after it has passed through a leaf canopy may be one of the critical factors hindering the recruitment of seedlings under vegetation.
d. Anat. The incorporation into a tissue or region of cells from elsewhere in the body.
1973Laboratory Investigation XXVIII. 56/1 Small bronchioles, bronchi, and tracheas showed cells distributed within all three layers which suggested recruitment by movement of cells from capillaries through the epithelium to airway lumina. 1978Nature 2 Feb. 403/1 These compartments have the property that once the boundary has formed, the cells from the neighbouring compartments can never cross it, so each develops by further subdivision but not by recruitment of cells from outside.
3. Physiol.
a. The involvement of successively more motor neurones in response to an unchanging stimulus.
1923Liddell & Sherrington in Proc. R. Soc. B. XCV. 335 The several forms assumed by the course of the ascent indicate the various time relations exhibited by the progressive involvement of additional motoneurones during the development of the reflex. That process may, for convenience of statement, be designated ‘recruitment’. 1937Best & Taylor Physiol. Basis Med. Pract. lxv. 1278 Many reflexes gradually increase to a maximum when a stimulus of unaltered intensity is merely prolonged. This is due to the activation of a progressively greater number of motoneurons. The phenomenon is called recruitment and is figuratively spoken of as ‘inertia’ by Sherrington. 1975A. Vander el al. Human Physiol. (ed. 2) viii. 210 The tension of the muscle can be controlled by the recruitment of additional motor units.
b. The phenomenon shown by an ear which, while having a relatively high threshold for the perception of quiet sounds, perceives louder sounds with undiminished intensity, i.e. increases in objective intensity of sound result in abnormally great increases in perceived loudness.
1937E. P. Fowler in Arch. Otolaryngol. XXVI. 517 When there is no recruitment of loudness in the poorer ear, i.e., no change in the differences in hearing at the thresholds required to balance the loud sounds binaurally, it means that there is an impedance (conduction) lesion in the poorer ear. 1948Proc. R. Soc. Med. XLI. 517 The deafness of the affected ear present at threshold disappears at higher intensities, and this in its simplest terms constitutes the phenomenon of Loudness Recruitment. 1960Jrnl. Speech & Hearing Res. III. 15/1 The classical technique for the direct measurement of loudness recruitment in subjects with unilateral hearing loss is performed by having the subject equate the loudness of a pure tone on one ear with the loudness of a pure tone of identical frequency on the other ear. 1971D. E. Rose Audiol. Assessment x. 332 Recruitment came to be viewed..as the distinguishing feature of an ear with a cochlear lesion. |