| 释义 |
grievous, a.|ˈgriːvəs|
Forms: 4–6 grevous, (4 -os, -es, 5 -ows, -ose, ? -ours, ? -est, 6 -us), 4 grefeous, 5 greivos, grewo(u)s, 6 greveous, 6–7 greevous, 7 (9 dial.) gr(i)vious, 6– grievous. Also 5 grawous, gravewis.
[a. OF. grevos, -(o)us, -eus, f. grever to grieve. With the forms grawous, gravewis, cf. OF. graveus, (rare), med.L. gravōsus, It. and Sp. gravoso.]
†1.
a. Pressing heavily upon a person (or persons), burdensome, oppressive. In later use only of public burdens or grievances. Obs.
Such collocations as grievous burden survive in occasional use, but the adj. is apprehended in sense 5.
13..Barlam & Jos. 167 Ȝif þer any þing be þat greuous is to þe, & we togedir ben, þe lyȝter it schal be. 1382Wyclif 1 Kings xii. 4 The moost greuous ȝok that he hath putte on to vs. ― Matt. xxiii. 23 Tho thingis that ben greuouser..of the lawe. 1426in Surtees Misc. (1888) 10 Þe charge is to me full hevy and grevous. 1531Tindale Exp. John (1537) 74 Hys commaundementes are not greueous. 1550Latimer Serm. at Stamford i. 90 Christ came to bring us out of..a greater burthen and a more greeuouser burthen, the burthen of sinne. 1593Bilson Govt. Christ's Ch. 322 Your discipline is farre greeuouser to the faithfull. 1611Bible 1 Kings xii. 4 Thy father made our yoke grieuous: now therefore, make thou the grieuous seruice of thy father..lighter. 1663Marvell Corr. xlii. Wks. 1872–5 II. 91 A Committee is also inspecting all illegall patents, and grievous to the subject. 1666Ibid. lii. II. 188 The committee have voted the Canary Company grievous, illegal, and a monopoly. 1765T. Hutchinson Hist. Mass. I. iii. 35 Mr. Dudley's short administration was not very grievous. [1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. vi. II. 90 The High Commission was generally regarded as the most grievous of the many grievances under which the nation laboured.]
†b. Of a task: Heavy, arduous, difficult. Obs.
1375Barbour Bruce x. 636 Fra-thine vp wes grevousar To clym vp. c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋529 And in as muche as thilke love is the moore greuous to perfourne, in so muche is the more gretter the merite. a1450Paston Lett. No. 75 I. 97 It will be right gravewis to him to heile of his hurt, he is so sore streken. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 108 It is a greuos thing to conquere them [Royaumes], yet is it a more greuours & more chargeable to kepe them wel.
†c. Of penalties, punishment, indignation: Falling heavily upon one; heavy, severe. Obs.
1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xvii. 77 So for hus glotonye and grete synne he haþ a greuous penaunce. 1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. (E.E.T.S.) 160 God ther-of toke greivos vengeaunce. 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. xviii. 92 Let this be the greuousest punishment emong you. 1564Haward Eutropius vii. 72 He woulde not lightlye punyshe anye..with anye grevouser penaltye then by banishment only. 1648Gage West Ind. iv. 12 Signifying..his own grievous indignation against me. 1659D. Pell Impr. Sea 146 War is a thing that punishes men, with the greatest, and grievousest punishments that can bee.
†d. Of persons: Causing trouble or annoyance to others; oppressive. Of an assailant: Pressing hard on. Obs.
1382Wyclif 2 Cor. xii. 14, I schal not be greuous [L. gravis] to ȝou. 1470–85Malory Arthur i. xiv, The Duke Eustace..and Kynge Claryaunce..were alweye greuous on Vlfyus. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 124/2 And as she that was besy and greuous to hym he said to her goo unto the holy man that is named Effraym. 1535Coverdale Isa. vii. 13 Is it not ynough for you, that ye be greuous vnto men, but ye must greue my God also? 1548Udall, etc. Erasm. Par. Matt. x. 62 Ye shall be grieuouse to no man with beggyng. 1586J. Hooker Girald. Irel. in Holinshed II. 8/1 To his owne people he was rough and greevous, and hatefull unto strangers. 1600Hakluyt Voy. III. 847, I do intreat you all to forgiue me in whatsoeuer I haue bin grieuous vnto you.
e. Of a complaint: Pressing heavily on the person complained of. (In later use merely intensive or associated with sense 5 or 6.)
1553Eden Treat. Newe Ind. (Arb.) 36 Mouinge greuous complayntes agaynst them before the King of Spaine. 1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, ii. iv. 487 The complaints I heare of thee, are grieuous. a1715Burnet Own Time (1724) I. 370 They raised a grievous outcry for the want of a National Synod to regulate our worship and government. 1871Morley Carlyle (1878) 175 There is the same grievous complaint against the time and its men and its spirit.
2. a. Of things, events, accidents, etc.: Bringing serious trouble or discomfort; having injurious effects; † causing hurt or pain. (Now only with mixture of sense 5—‘grievous to think of’—qualifying intensively a n. denoting something painful or injurious.)
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 1565 And þa, þat with swylk gyses God greves, Sall fall in many grevos myscheves. c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. pr. iv. 8 (Camb. MS.) By-twixen wikked folkes and me han ben greuos descordes. 1535Coverdale Heb. xii. 11 No maner chatisynge for the present tyme semeth to be ioyous, but greuous [also 1611 and 1881]. 1549Cheke Hurt Sedit. (1641) 43 Can we not look for a grievouser and perillouser danger then the plague is? 1604T. Wright Passions v. iv. 253 The greater perill, or grievouser evill incurred by the gift, encrease the goodnesse and valuation of the gift. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 3 We see daily many grievous Fractures healed without it [the Trapan]. 1751Jortin Serm. (1771) I. iii. 43 We are there told that grievous inconveniences would follow such rigorous methods. 1864D. G. Mitchell Sev. Stor. 281 Emile was laboring under a grievous delusion. 1870Bryant Iliad I. i. 22 Wide-ruling Agamemnon may perceive How grievous was his folly.
†b. Hurtful or injurious to something. Obs.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vi. v. (1495) 193 Chyldren desire thynges that is to theym contrary and greuous. c1400Lanfranc's Cirurg. 123 For colde ys most greuest to bonys & to pannycles þat beþ woundyde.
†c. Offensive to the senses; having a bad taste, smell, etc. Obs.
1578Lyte Dodoens i. xxx. 43 It is also of a very grievous savour. 1752J. Louthian Form of Process App. 277 The Sheriff is required to visit and inspect such Room, and to disallow or prohibit the Use of the same, in case it shall appear to be grievous or unhealthy.
†d. loosely. Excessively great or strong. Obs.
1632Lithgow Trav. iv. 153 And the forequarters and head they throw into a grievous fire. Ibid. v. 193 A great Torrent..that maketh a greivous noyse night and day.
3. a. Of a disease, wound, or pain: Causing great suffering or danger; acute, severe. Now rare.
c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 100/5 On Dame Eutice cam a siknesse: swiþe greuous and long. Four ȝer he hadde gret pine. 1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 2910 And þat syght es a payn ful grevous; For þe devels er swa foul and ydous. c1380Sir Ferumb. 499 He hadde a greuous wounde. 1471Ripley Comp. Alch. vi. xv. in Ashm. (1652) 164 Wyth grevose throwys. c1485Digby Myst. (1882) iii. 293 Thes grawous peynes make me ner mad! 1552Bk. Com. Prayer, Prayer Plague, Thys plague and greuouse sickenesse. 1667Milton P.L. x. 501 A world who would not purchase with a bruise, Or much more grievous pain? 1683Salmon Doron Med. i. 2984 The Leprosy is a more grievious Disease. 1865R. W. Dale Jew. Temp. v. (1877) 58 The sufferings of Christ were grievous. 1879J. M. Duncan Lect. Dis. Women xxxiii. (1889) 273 The disease..is not considered grievous enough to secure a bed in the hospital.
b. grievous bodily harm, a legal term denoting a serious injury (see quot. 1959). Also transf.
1861Act 24 & 25 Vict. c. 100 §20 Whosoever shall unlawfully and maliciously wound or inflict any grievous bodily Harm upon any other Person, either with or without any Weapon or Instrument, shall be guilty of a Misdemeanour. 1958[see G.B.H., G III. f]. 1959Jowitt Dict. Eng. Law I. 258/2 Bodily harm, any injury which is merely technical or trivial, as distinguished from the more serious injury termed ‘actual bodily harm’, or the still more serious injury termed ‘grievous bodily harm’. 1968Listener 11 July 62/2 The spectator whose heart lifts at the sight of Clark Graebner committing grievous bodily harm on a tennis ball is a fortunate man indeed.
4. Of a fault, crime, sin, etc.: Involving a grave degree of guilt, deserving heavy penalties. In later use chiefly with stronger sense: Atrocious, flagrant, heinous. Now only arch.
a1300Cursor M. 26451 A sin of vnkindnes..þat als greues es [Fairf. þat iiij sa mikil greuouse is] Als all his oþer sinnes ware. c1380Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. II. 240 Of al synnes þat now ben þis is moost perelouse and grevous. 1395Remonstr. agst. Rom. Corrupt. (1851) 14 Auarice and symonie ben greuosere synnis in him thanne is bodili fornicacioun. 1508Fisher 7 Penit. Ps. xxxviii. Wks. (1876) 57 Have we not commytted many more greuouser offences than these be? 1583Stubbes Anat. Abus. ii. (1882) 41 We see greeuous crimes, and flagicious facts..daily committed. 1601[see grievously 1 b]. a1656Hales Gold. Rem. (1688) 96 Those are the more heavier and grievouser sins of our Lives. 1683Col. Rec. Pennsylv. I. 87 A Heynous and Grevious Crime. 1860Sala Lady Chesterf. Pref. 4 This little book.. has from first to last one grievous artistic fault.
5. Causing mental pain or distress. Now with narrowed sense: Exciting grief or intense sorrow.
1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 4140 At tyme of midniȝt of þe niȝt, him mette a greuous cas. Him þoȝte he sey a grislich bere [etc.]. c1400Mandeville (1839) xxxix. 314, I..was assoyled of alle that lay in my Conscience, of many a dyverse grevous poynt. 1535Coverdale 2 Esdr. v. 21 After seuen dayes it happened, that y⊇ thoughtes of my hert were very greuous vnto me agayne. 1547–8Ordre of Commvnion (1548) B j b, The remembraunce of them is greuous vnto vs. 1594Shakes. Rich. III, i. i. 141 That Newes is bad indeed..'Tis very greeuous to be thought vpon. 1692Pepys Let. 9 Jan., Diary (1879) VI. 172, I would have come at you the other night at St. Martin's on that grievous occasion, but could not. 1712Steele Spect. No. 472 ⁋8 The Pleasures and Advantages of Sight being so great, the Loss must be very grievous. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxx, It was so very grievous to her to think that [etc.]. 1833H. Martineau Brooke Farm vii. 87 It was grievous to see in a short time how poorly they lived.
6. Full of grief; very sad or sorrowful. rare.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. pr. i. 3 (Camb. MS.) And she, byholdynge my cheere, þat was..heuy and greuos of wepynge, compley[n]de..þat I shal seyen the perturbacyon of my thowht. 1590Marlowe 2nd Pt. Tamburl. iii. i. The heir of mighty Bajazeth..Revives the spirits of all true Turkish hearts, In grievous memory of his father's shame. 1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 36 And when he sees you come with a knife..to kill him, he vapours out the grievousest sighs, that ever you heard any creature make. 1828Hawthorne Fanshawe ix. (1879) 144 Women..wearing a deep grievous expression of countenance. 1893Daily News 9 Jan. 5/6 All the while the grievous mother stands by..and varies the dreary tale of pecuniary difficulty by telling [etc.].
7. quasi-adv.
1596Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, iv. i. 17 He cannot come, my Lord He is greeuous sick.
Hence ˈgrievoushead [-head] = grievousness.
13..Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. x. 47 Meur wiþ-outen greuoushed And Murie wiþ-outen wyldehed. 1496Dives & Paup. (W. de W.) vi. xxiii. 271/2 Only god knoweth the greuoushede of dedely synne. |