| 释义 |
▪ I. grinding, vbl. n.|ˈgraɪndɪŋ|
[f. grind v.1 + -ing1.]
1. The action of grind v.1, in various senses.
1340Ayenb. 265 Þer is wop and grindinge of teþ. c1440Promp. Parv. 212/2 Gryndynge of a mylle, molatura, multura. c1487Acc. Prioress of Pray in Monast. Angl. (1821) III. 360 Item paid for helvyng of an ax and gryndyng of knyfe iijd. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. i. i. 15 Hee that will haue a Cake out of the Wheate, must needes tarry the grinding. 1758J. S. Le Dran's Observ. Surg. (1771) 78 A Grinding of the Teeth..attended each Dressing. 1815Keble Let. Coleridge in Memoir (1869) iv. 63 Perhaps when Tom leaves Oxford..we may contrive some gainful grinding [i.e. tutorial] scheme between us. 1860O. W. Holmes Prof. Breakf.-t. viii. (Paterson) 163 The..grinding of the..gravel changes to a..rumble. 1883Stevenson Treas. Isl. v. xxii, A certain tossing of foliage and grinding of boughs.
2. attrib. and Comb.
a. ‘Adapted for, or connected with, grinding’; in names of apparatus, machinery, etc. used in various trades, as grinding-bed, grinding-bench, grinding-block, grinding-clamp, grinding-lathe, grinding-machine, grinding-mill, grinding-pan, grinding-slab, grinding-slip, grinding-vat, etc.; also grinding-operation, grinding-room, grinding-season.
b. ‘Suitable for being ground’, as grinding-barley, etc.
c. Special comb., as † grinding-barrow, a knife-grinder's barrow; † grinding-house, a mill (tr. L. pistrinum); grinding-money, an allowance paid in certain trades to cover the time spent in sharpening tools; † grinding-organ, a barrel-organ; grinding-wheel, (a) a wheel adapted for grinding or polishing; (b) a building fitted up with water or steam power for grinding cutlery or tools.
1881Daily News 23 Aug. 3/6 *Grinding barley was..dearer by 1s. per quarter.
1780Johnson in Boswell (1847) 661/2 He would bring home a *grinding barrow, which you see in every street in London.
1853O. Byrne Artisan's Handbk. 118 The machinery for driving the beam is fixed in a frame about six feet square and eighteen inches high, placed between the two *grinding-benches.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Grinding-clamp.
1598Bernard Terence in Engl. 226 The fellow is worthie to be put into the *grinding-house.
1796Morse Amer. Geog. I. 541 Two boring and *grinding-mills for gun-barrels.
1892Labour Commission Gloss., s.v. Money, *Grinding-money, the money paid in the barge-building industry for the time allowed for sharpening tools on leaving a job.
1846R. Liston Pract. Surg. xii. (ed. 4) 496 [Lithotomy] was done, as he said, with less pain than that attendant upon any of the *grinding operations.
1801Mrs. Croffts Salvador I. 91 He added also a French horn, a clarionet, a *grinding organ, all which he kept continually playing.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 332 Large *grinding-pan, with capacity of eight tons of tailings daily.
1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 130 We follow our guide to the *grinding-room, where this roughness is ground off.
1856Olmsted Slave States 668 During the last *grinding-season nearly every man, woman, and child on his plantation, including his overseer and himself, were at work fully eighteen hours a day.
1890W. J. Gordon Foundry 131 Two long rows of *grinding-slabs.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Grinding-slip, a thin slab of oil-stone or hone to reach edges of tools which cannot be conveniently applied to the usual stone.
1791W. Jessop Rep. Thames & Isis 21 An old arch way next adjoining to the *Grinding Wheel. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 381 Grinding wheels or grinding mills are divided into a number of separate rooms.
▪ II. ˈgrinding, ppl. a.
[f. grind v.1 + -ing2.]
1. That grinds. grinding tooth = grinder 1.
a1000Laws æthelbert c. 11 (Schmid) Ȝif man wið cyninges mæᵹden-man ᵹeliᵹeð, 1 scillinga ᵹebete. Ȝif hio grindende þeowa sio, xxv scillinga ᵹebete. 1653R. Sanders Physiogn. 226 To have the arms and grinding teeth ready and fit to do some action. a1718Rowe (J.), Shrinking sinews start, And smeary foam works o'er my grinding jaws. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 143 The surface of the under grinding mill-stone. 1869J. E. Gray Guide to Brit. Mus. 2 Flying Foxes have blunt grinding teeth. 1878L. P. Meredith Teeth 76 The tooth-brush should be applied..from side to side on the grinding surfaces.
fig.1884Athenæum 16 Aug. 207/3 A yearly examination, frequently of a mechanical and grinding character.
b. Of sounds: Similar to that made by grinding; grating, strident.
1794–1804T. Bewick Brit. Birds I. 139 This bird..is best known by the lengthened, grinding, sibilous noise, which it makes. 1853Kane Grinnell Exp. xlii. (1856) 386 You become conscious of a sharp, humming, grinding murmur.
2. Burdensome, crushing, exacting, oppressive. † Of a person: Extortionate.
1599Marston Sco. Villanie ii. vii 203 He that doth snort in fat-fed luxury, And gapes for some grinding Monopoly. 1649Milton Eikon. v. 44 They undid nothing in the State but irregular and grinding Courts. a1703Burkitt On N.T., Matt. ix. 9 Matthew, a grinding publican, is the man. 1818Shelley Rev. Islam v. xxxii, The stress of grinding toil. 1844Ld. Brougham Brit. Const. xvii. (1862) 280 A heavy excise or a grinding income-tax. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 267 The clergy were accused of..acts of grinding oppression.
3. Of pain, etc.: Excruciating, racking, wearing.
Also, in Midwifery, the distinctive epithet of the pains in the first stage of labour.
1581J. Flavel Meth. Grace ix. 189 Are we glad when the grinding pains of the stone..are over? 1693Dryden Ovid's Met. ix. Iphis & Ianthe 52 Now grinding pains proceed to bearing throes. 1831R. W. Evans Rectory Valehead v. (ed. 2) 79 Thou shalt with grinding wounds be gor'd. 1851Ramsbotham Obstetric Med. (ed. 3) 101 So long as the ‘grinding pains’ continue there is no chance of a speedy release. 1869Trollope He Knew xlv. (1878) 247 The grinding suspicion that he was to be kept in the dark.
Hence ˈgrindingly adv., in a grinding manner.
1828Southey in Q. Rev. XXXVIII. 543 No other peasantry..is..so grievously and grindingly oppressed by the land-holders. 1889A. T. Pask Eyes Thames 97 The poor Thames has been hardly served indeed in these grindingly practical times. |