| 释义 |
Red Guard
[red a. 9 b.]
1. a. A member of an organized detachment of workers during the Russian Bolshevik revolution of 1917; also, such units collectively.
1917Times 12 Nov. 8/5 In Moscow, the ‘Red Guard’ was defeated. Ibid. 13 Dec. 8/5 The fighting at Tamarovka seems to have been between detachments of shock battalions..and local troops, with sailors, ‘Red Guards’, infantry, and armoured cars. 1943E. M. Almedingen Frossia x. 407 At the corner of Sredny a red guard picket awaited them. 1957Encycl. Brit. XIX. 710/2 Definitely expecting a crushing defeat of Trotsky's Red guards, the committee of public defense gave orders to the cadets of the military schools to arrest the military revolutionary committee. 1961Everyman's Conc. Encycl. Russia 388 Kerenskiy's Provisional Government..was overthrown..with the aid of the Red Guards. 1977N.Y. Rev. Bks. 9 June 46/3 The role of the Petrograd Red Guard in the October seizure of power has been greatly exaggerated.
b. A member of a paramilitary group of Russian soldiers and Finnish communist sympathizers who seized power in Finland in 1918; the group itself.
1922Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 74/1 Whole trainloads of revolutionary soldateska arrived from Petrograd... They entered the so-called Finnish ‘Red Guards’, and ransacked the country. The reactionaries..organized the ‘White Guards’. 1956A. G. Mazour Finland between East & West iii. 43 In this manner there came into being the so-called Red Guard.
2. A name given to (a) the armed units of village people in the Second Revolutionary Civil War in China, 1927–37, (b) a youth movement during the Cultural Revolution in the People's Republic of China, 1966–76; also, a member of one of these movements.
1966Guardian 24 Aug. 9/7 The teenage demonstrators, who are known as the ‘Red Guard’..appeared to have taken over permanently the churches serving Peking's Christians. 1966Economist 27 Aug. 813/1 The rioters were clearly identified as a new youth group of secondary school and university student activists called the Red Guard. The Red Guard made its first appearance at the monster rally on August 18th, when the students were publicly congratulated for their revolutionary zeal by Mao Tse-tung. 1967Listener 19 Jan. 80 The Red Guards damaged a number of temples and old buildings, destroyed old books. 1971T. W. Robinson Cultural Revolution in China p. vii, The Red Guard phase of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution began in the late summer of 1966. 1973M. Lindsay in Yuan-li Wu China vi. 142 Mao insisted that the Red Guards (local village militia) had an important function in harassing small enemy forces and assisting the Red Army. 1977N.Y. Rev. Bks. 12 May 22/3 To purge the party bureaucrats Mao mobilized these adolescents as Red Guards, but millions of them later had to be dispersed to the countryside. 1978China Now July/Aug. 25/1 During the Cultural Revolution in the late 1960's, the influx of Red Guards from all over the country swelled the numbers to nine million.
3. transf. Applied to various other radical groups and their members.
1966Observer 25 Sept. 1 In his winding-up speech to the Liberal Assembly..Mr Grimond yesterday hit back at the party's youthful ‘Red Guard’. 1966Time 4 Nov. 35 Japan's Red Guards are members of the Socialist opposition—aided by Communists and the Komeito (Clean Government Party). 1967Guardian 17 July 14/3 The growing anger of the Liberal Party's leadership at the outspoken criticism by the party's young ‘Red Guards’. 1968N.Y. Times 10 Feb. 2 As in all such movements there is an extremist group, called ‘Red Guards’ in Turin, that seeks to eliminate virtually all traditional authority, to elect professors and to confer marks based on the findings of student committees. 1968Listener 10 Oct. 482/2 A young Red Guard of British music recently expressed to me his concern about form in pop music. 1969Guardian 20 Nov. 3/5 West Bengal's Red Guards, as the Marxist volunteers have been nicknamed. 1970Ibid. 8 Apr. 12/3 India's most turbulent politician, Jyoti Basu, was addressing maybe 100,000 Marxists on the Maidan in Calcutta. He was surrounded by his own Red Guards; tough, supple, and enormously well-disciplined young men.
Hence Red Guardism, the Chinese Red Guard movement.
1967N.Y. Times 5 Mar. 2 By November last year Red Guardism was in full cry, and zealous youths were swarming across China..holding aloft little red books containing quotations from Mr. Mao. |