| 释义 |
▪ I. hew, v.|hjuː|
Pa. tense hewed |hjuːd|; pa. pple. hewn |hjuːn|, hewed. Forms: 1 héawan, 3 hæuwen, 3–5 hewen, (5 -yn), 3–6 hewe, (6–7 heaw), 4– hew. pa. tense and pple.: see below.
[A Com. Teut. vb.; originally reduplicated. OE. héawan = OFris. hawa, howa, OS. hauuan, hauwan (MLG. houwen, howen, hoggen, MDu. hauwen, houwen, Du. houwen); OHG. houwan (MHG. houwen, Ger. hauen), ON. hǫggva (Sw. hugga, Da. hugge), Goth. *haggwan (not recorded); pa. tense, OE. héow, pl. héowon = OS. heu, pl. heuwun (MDu. hieu(w), (hau), houwen), OHG. hio, hiu, pl. hiowun, hiuwen (MHG. hiu, hie, pl. hiuwen, hiewen, Ger. hieb, -en), ON. hjó, pl. hjoggum; Pa. pple., OE. (ᵹe)héawen = OS. gihouwan (MDu. gehouwen), OHG. gihouwan (MHG. gehouwen, Ger. gehauen), ON. högg(v)inn; OTeut. type *hauw-, pa. tense hehau-, pple. hauwan-:—pre-Teut. *kou-, *kow-: cf. OSlav. kova̧, kovati, to forge, Lith. káuju (káuti) to strike, forge, kovà battle. The original reduplicated pret. appeared in OE. as héow. In ME., this fell together with the pres. stem héaw-, under the form hew. But a weak pa. tense hewede appeared in the 14th c., and by 1500 superseded the strong form. A weak pa. pple. hewed also occurs from the 14th c., but has never been so common as the strong hewen, hewn. (The weak pa. tense and pple. found in MHG., MLG., and MDu. are from the parallel weak vb. OHG. houwôn: some refer the weak tenses in Eng. to a wk. OE. *heawian.) Derivatives from the same root are hag v.1, hag n.3, n.4, hay n.1]
A. Illustration of Forms of pa. tense and pa. pple.
1. pa. tense.
(α) strong. 1–3 heow, 3 heuw, heou, heu, 3–6 hew, -e, (4 heew(e, 4–5 hewȝ, huȝ, 5 hue, heuch).
a900Judith 304 Linde heowon. c1205Lay. 7480 Hardliche heo heowen. Ibid. 9796 Heo..hardliche heuwen. c1300Havelok 2729 He grop þe swerd..And hew on hauelok, ful god won. a1330Otuel 456 Eiþer huȝ on oþer faste. 1382Wyclif 1 Sam. xi. 7 Either oxe he hewȝ into gobetis. c1400Destr. Troy 7681 [He] hue hym to dethe. c1420Anturs of Arth. xlvi, On helmis thai heuen. 1430–40Lydg. Bochas iii. viii. (1554) 80 a, They his right [hand] hugh of by y⊇ wrist. 1470–85Malory Arthur x. xxx, Thus they..hewe on helmes and hawberkes.
(β) weak. 4– hewed, (4 heud, hewid(e, 5–6 Sc. hewit, 6–8 hewd).
a1300Cursor M. 2497 (Gött.) Sua lang þai heud [Cott. heu, Trin. hew] on helm and schild. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 641 (Mätz.) Al to peces thai hewed thair sheldes. c1470Henry Wallace v. 845 He..Hewyt on hard with dyntis. 1535Coverd. Isa. xxxviii. 12 He hewed me of. 1715[see B. 4 c].
2. pa. pple.
(α) strong. 1 héawen, 3–7 hewen, (3 Orm. hæwenn, heuen, heun, 4 hewun, hewe, 6 heawen, hewin, 6–7 -yn, 7 hewghen); 7– hewn.
c1200Ormin [see B. 4 b]. a1310in Wright Lyric P. xxxix. 110 He hath hewe..a burthen of brere. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 210 Þe grayn.. of golde hewen. 1388Wyclif Gen. vi. 14 Trees hewun and planed. a1533Ld. Berners Huon xlvi. 153, I had rather be hewyn al to peaces. 1615W. Lawson Orch. & Gard. (1626) 10 This forme which I have..rough hewen. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) III. 111 An oratory hewn out of the rock. 1853[see B. 2].
(β) weak. 4– hewed, (4–5 hewyt, 5–6 Sc. -it, 6–7 hewde, 7 hued).
1340Hampole Pr. Consc. 371 Lymmes..þat er hewed fra þe body. 1382Wyclif Gen. xxii. 3 Whanne he had hewid his wode. 1563,1634[see B. 7].
B. Signification.
I. intr.
1. a. To strike, or deal blows, with a cutting weapon.
In later use often an absolute or elliptical use of some of the special trans. senses.
c993Battle of Maldon 324 Swa he on ðam folce fyrmest eode, heow and hynde oð ðæt he on hilde ᵹecranc. c1205Lay. 28031 He bigon to hewene hardliche swiðe. c1300[see A. 1 α]. c1380Sir Ferumb. 3341 Ech on oþer gan to hewen. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxi. 94 Men hewez with a hacchet aboute þe fote of þe tree. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxiii. 14 Masouns, lyand vpon the land, And schip-wrichtis hewand vpone the strand. 1605Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iii. i. 313 Then with their swords about them keenly heaw. 1607Rowlands Guy, Earl Warw. 42 Guy hews upon him with his blade. 1697Dryden æneid ii. 659 He hews apace: the double bars at length Yeild to his axe. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xxxiv, The front lines, hewing at each other with their long swords. 1829Southey Sir T. More I. 285 He hewed among the Moors to the right and left.
b. fig.
c1430Lydg. Chichev. & Byc. in Dodsley O.P. XII. 334 For alweys atte the countre taile Theyr tunge clappith & doth hewe. 1710Addison Whig Exam. No. 2 ⁋9 Hacking and hewing in Satyr. a1861T. Winthrop John Brent (1883) xxviii. 298, I saw a vista in new life, hewed in and took in and took up a ‘claim’ which I have held good. 1891Harper's Mag. Aug. 451/1 How closely they hewed to the line in this respect is attested by the dying remarks of one of the men hanged.
c. Proverb.
c1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 91 Þat hewis ouer his heued, þe chip falles in his ine. 1387–8T. Usk Test. Love i. ix. (Skeat) l. 20 He that heweth to hie, with chippes he maie lese his sight. 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 67 But this prouerbe precheth to men haute or hye, Hewe not to hye, lest the chips fall in thine iye. 1597Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae 183 To late I knaw, quha hewis to hie, The spail sall fall into his eie.
II. trans.
2. To strike forcibly with a cutting tool; to cut with swinging strokes of a sharp instrument, as an axe or sword; to chop, hack, gash.
975O.E. Chron. (Parker MS.) an. 937 Ymbe Brunnan burh bord weal clufan, heowan heaþolinde hamora lafan. c993Battle of Maldon 181 Ða hine heowon hæðene scealcas. c1000ælfric On O. & N. Test. (Gr.) 18/22 Iohannes þa heow þæt hors mid þam spuran. c1205Lay. 30406 Togadere gunnen resen þeines riche..heouwen heȝe helmes, scænden þa brunies. 13..Guy Warw. (A.) 305 He wald anon mine heued of smite..Oþer hewe me wiþ swerdes kene. 1450–70Golagros & Gaw. 702 Helmys of hard steill thai hatterit and heuch. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 159 To bee hackt and hewen in the fielde with the edged weapons. 1596Spenser F.Q. vi. i. 37 They hew'd their helmes, and plates asunder brake. 1784Cowper Tirocinium 303 The bench..Though mangled, hacked, and hewed, not yet destroyed. 1853Kingsley Hypatia xiii, His casque and armour..were hewn and battered by a hundred blows.
3. To cut with blows so as to shape, smooth, trim, reduce in size, or the like; to shape with cutting blows of axe, hammer and chisel, etc. Now often with extension defining the result in shape or size. rough hew: see rough-hew v.
c900tr. Bæda's Hist. iv. xiv. [xi.] (1890) 296 Ða heowon heo þone stan, swa swyðe swa heo meahton. c1205Lay. 16969 Men þat cuðen hæuwen stane. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. clxii. (MS. Bodl.), Tables & bordes..araied and hewe and planed. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (1531) 142 The free mason setteth his prentyse first longe tyme to lerne to hewe stones. 1573–80Baret Alv. H 413 To cut out grossely: to hew rough. 1617Moryson Itin. ii. 297 His successours..should pollish the stones which he had onely rough hewed. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. i. i. §29. 36 When a rude and Unpolish'd Stone is hewen into a beautiful Statue. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. iv, If I wanted a board, I had..to cut down a tree..and hew it flat on either side with my axe. 1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 104 The breast is dressed smooth, and hewn to an exact arch of a circle. 1850Prescott Peru II. 145 The mountain was hewn into steps. 1851Illustr. Catal. Gt. Exhib. 964 On account of the great size..they had to be hewn down considerably before they could be sawed. Mod. Masons hewing stones for the building.
4. a. To cut with an axe or the like so as to throw or bring down; to fell or cut wood either for destruction or use; to cut coal from the seam.
c1000Laws of ælfred c. 12 (Schmid) Gif mon oðres wudu bærneð oððe heaweð unaliefedne. a1310[see A. 2 α]. c1340Cursor M. 1724 (Fairf.) Now..sir noe..hew þe timbre þat sulde þerto. 1388Wyclif Josh. ix. 21 That thei hewe trees and bere watris in to the vsis of al the multitude. 1512Act 4 Hen. VIII c. 1 §4 To cutte and to hew heth in any mannes Grounde. 1611Bible 1 Kings v. 6 Command thou, that they hew me Cedar trees out of Lebanon. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xv, Even the groves of mulberry-trees had been hewn by the enemy to light fires. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 218 The liberty of the chase, of fishing, and of hewing wood. 1865Hurst Johnian vii. 418 We each took a pick and hewed a small portion [of coal]. 1893Neasham N.C. Sketches 28 Seven men hewed 86 score at 13d. per score.
b. esp. with down, to the ground, and the like. Also to hew up, to cut up by the root.
c1200Ormin 9285 Illc an treo..Shall bi þe grund beon hæwenn upp. c1290S. Eng. Leg. I. 245/160 And hewe a-doun þat treo. a1300Cursor M. 8807 Son þe tre was heun [Gött. heuen, Fairf. hewen] dun. 1413Pilgr. Sowle (Caxton 1483) iv. iii. 59 A grete tre was hewen doune for to be made a beme. 1526Tindale Luke iii. 9 Euery tree therfore which bringeth not forth good frute shalbe hewen doune and caste in to the fyre. 1584D. Powel Lloyd's Cambria 221 [He] caused the woodes to be hewen downe. 1862Stanley Jew. Ch. (1877) I. xv. 301 Like a common woodcutter, he hewed down a bough, and threw it over his shoulder.
c. To cut down or bring to the ground, etc. (a man or beast) with blows of the sword or battleaxe; to slay with cutting blows.
c1400Song Roland 274, I shall bet hys men and hew hym to ground. Ibid. 748 He hewethe doun hethyn men full many. 1640tr. Verdere's Romant of Rom. III. 214 The Gyants..cut and hewed down all before them. 1715–20Pope Iliad vi. 10 And hewd the enormous giant to the ground. 1724R. Falconer Voy. (1769) 25 You must..hew them [wild Hogs] down with your Cutlasses. 1847Mrs. A. Kerr Hist. Servia 176 The defenders fled into the streets, where they were hewn down by the swords of their enemies.
5. To sever (a part from the whole) by a cutting blow; now with away, off, out, from, or similar extension.
c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 8 Sume heowun þæra treowa boᵹas and strewodun on þone weᵹ. c1320Seuyn Sag. (W.) 592 The gardiner..Hew awai the bough. 1340[see A. 2 β]. a1400–50Alexander 3433 Þan bad he bernes þaim to bynd..& hewe of þaire hedis. c1489Caxton Blanchardyn xliii. 165 He smote & hewe bothe legges & armes from the bodyes. 1589Warner Alb. Eng. v. xxvii. (1612) 137 Many Spurres hewen off the heeles. 1615Crooke Body of Man 410 Hewen out of the deepe quarries. 1849Freeman Archit. i. i. v. 91 The fragment of rock left when the rest is hewn away. 1855Kingsley Heroes, Theseus ii. 226 The man who..hews off their hands and feet.
fig.c1440York Myst. xxx. 209 Þis harlott þat has hewed owre hartis fro oure brestis. 1526Tindale Rom. xi. 22 Els thou shalt be hewen of.
6. a. To divide with cutting blows; to chop into pieces. Obs. exc. as in b.
1382Wyclif Job xl. 25 Frendis shul hewen [Vulg. concident; 1388 kerue] hym, marchaundis shul deuyden hym? 1390Gower Conf. II. 263 She..hew the flesshe, as doth a coke. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 6 Pyke owt þe bonys, an þan hewe it, an grynd it smal in a morter. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 160 a/2 They hewe the cordes of the shyppe and anone the shyppe began to breke by the force of the see.
b. esp. with asunder, in or to pieces, small, or other extension, expressing the resulting state.
13..Coer de L. 1305 The Duke Renaud was hewe smale Al to pesys. 1382Wyclif 1 Sam. xv. 33 Samuel hewide hym into gobbetis before the Lord. c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxxiv. 153 Þe prestez..hewez þe body all in smale pecez. c1400Melayne 1332, I sall, by myghtfull god,..Hewe thi bakke in twoo. c1470Henry Wallace iii. 391 Harnes and hedis he hew in sonderys fast. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 339 They cut of his armes and legges, and then hewed his body all to peeces. 1611Bible 1 Sam. xi. 7 He tooke a yoke of oxen and hewed them in pieces. a1661Fuller Worthies, Essex (1840) I. 528 Thomas Barret..was from thense hayled forth, and lamentably hewyn a-pieces. 1773–83Hoole Orl. Fur. xv. (R.), Him in a hundred parts Astolpho hews. 1841James Brigand iv, They think that we are hewed into mince-meat.
7. To make, form, or produce by hewing (with obj. expressing the product).
to hew one's way, to make a way for oneself by hewing down obstacles. to hew out, to excavate a hollow passage, etc. by hewing.
a1100Gerefa in Anglia IX. 262 Winᵹeard settan, dician, deorheᵹe heawan. a1300Cursor M. 6643 (Cott.) ‘Heu þe suilk tables’, he said ‘Als i þe forwit had puruaid’. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvii. 244 Ac hew fyre at a flynte. 1382Wyclif Isa. xxii. 16 Thou heewe out to thee heer a sepulchre. 1481Caxton Reynard (Arb.) 11 Theron was hewen in grete letters in this wyse [etc.]. 1563Homilies ii. Agst. Per. Idol. iii. (1640) 46 Carved, graven, hewde or otherwise formed. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 25 Their Canoes or Boats are hued out of one tree. 1697Dryden æneid ix. 433 While I..hew a passage through the sleeping foe. 1705Addison Italy Wks. 1811 II. 179 A long valley that seems hewn out on purpose to give its waters a passage. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xi. 78, I hewed sixty steps upon this slope. 1871L. Stephen Playgr. Eur. xiii. (1894) 328 The ingenious natives have hewed a tunnel into the ice.
fig.1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. i. Ep. Ded., This Platonical Academie and schoole of moral philosophy..hewen out of the choicest timber of all countries. 1648Eikon Bas. xiii. (1687) 674 Nor is it so proper to hew out religious Reformations by the Sword. 1822R. G. Wallace 15 Yrs. India 78 He determined to hew a way for himself to distinction through the ranks.
†8. Of a horse or man: To strike (one foot against the other): cf. cut v. 27. Obs. or dial.
1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 319 When a horse trots so narrow that he hews one leg upon another. 1617Markham Caval. iii. 74 You may make him ouerreach, or hew one foote ouer another. 1639T. de Grey Compl. Horsem. 177 By hewing one legge against the other. 1828Craven Dial., Hew, to knock one ancle against another.
Hence hewed ppl. a., cut or hacked; hewn or dressed, as stone; also (U.S.) hewed-log in attrib. use; hewing ppl. a., that hews.
1551Bible 1 Kings vi. 36 (R.) Wyth thre rowes of hewed stone. c1570Turberv. To Rayling Route Sycoph. (R.), To yeelde his hewed head to bloes. 1576–1600Edwardes Paradise Dainty Devices in Brit. Bibl. (1812) III. 19 Hewing axe y⊇ oke doth waste. 1632Sherwood, Hewed or hewen, haché. 1793in L. Collins Hist. Sk. Kentucky (1847) 517 Every purchaser or purchasers of lotts..shall build thereon a hued log house, with a brick or stone chimney. 1805D. McClure Diary (1899) 14 There was a small church made of hewed logs. 1843Amer. Pioneer II. 148 Two small hewed-log houses had been erected, and several cabins. 1849President's Mess. Congress ii. 1089 One hewed-log dwelling,..comfortably furnished cost $351. 1883E. Eggleston Hoosier School-boy xvi. 106 There's the old hewed-log house..where we used to live.
▪ II. † hew, n. Obs.
[f. hew v.]
An act of hewing; a swinging stroke with an axe or other sharp-edged instrument; hacking, slaughter; a cut or gash produced by hewing.
1596Spenser F.Q. vi. viii. 49 Of whom he makes such hauocke and such hew, That swarmes of damned soules to hell he sends. 1599A. M. tr. Gabelhouer's Bk. Physicke Contents, All manner of woundes..ether through hewes or thrustes, throughe shottes, or falles. 1618J. Taylor (Water P.) Merry-Wherry-Ferry Voy. Wks. (1872) 32 And if that King did strike so many blows, As hacks and hews upon one pillar shows.
▪ III. hew
obs. form of ewe, hue, yew.
c1475Pict. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 758 Hec verbica, a hew..Hec erna, a hewlambe. |