| 释义 |
▪ I. professor, n.|prəʊˈfɛsə(r)|
Also 5 -oure, 5–8 -our; 6 -er.
[a. L. professor, agent-n. f. profitērī to declare publicly, to profess.]
I.
†1. Eccl. One who has made profession; a professed member of a religious order. Obs.
c1420? Lydg. Assembly of Gods 914 Chanons, & nonnes, feythfull professoures. 1761Chron. in Ann. Reg. 172/2 In France in the year 1710, there were..612 jesuits colleges..and 24 professors houses of that society.
†2. One who proclaims or publicly declares. Obs. rare.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 7 Storie is wytnesse of tyme,..story weldeþ passyng doynges, storie putteþ forþ hire professoures [orig. suosque prærogat professores]. Dedes þat wolde be lost storie ruleþ.
3. a. One who makes open declaration of his sentiments or beliefs, or of his allegiance to some principle; one who professes (sometimes opposed, implicitly or explicitly, to one who practises).
1538Starkey England i. iv. 135 Professorys of Chrystys name and doctryne. 1554Knox (title) A Faythfull admonition..vnto the professours of Gods truthe in England. 1580Reg. Privy Council Scot. III. 277 Mantineris and professouris of papistrie. 1625Purchas Pilgrims ii. 1610 Those Turkes which are professors of Humilitie and Devotion. 1678Wanley Wond. Lit. World v. i. §98. 468/1 In the treaty of Passaw was granted Liberty of Conscience to the Professors of the Augustane Confession. 1690Locke Hum. Und. iv. xix. §17 There is no Error to be named, which has not had its Professors. 1710Addison Whig Exam. No. 5 ⁋8 If the Professors of Non-resistance and Passive Obedience would stand to their Principle. a1862Buckle Civiliz. (1869) III. v. 294 The professors of one creed would stigmatize the professors of other creeds as idolatrous.
b. spec. One who makes open profession of religion; a professing Christian. Now chiefly Sc. and U.S.[Cf.391August. Utilit. Cred. 15 Cuiuspiam religionis..professores.] 1597Beard Theatre God's Judgem. (1612) 93 Both two hauing bin professors in time past. 1634Rutherford Lett. (1671) 470 Ye know many honourable friends and worthy professors will see your Ladyship, and that the Son of God is with you. 1684Bunyan Pilgr. ii. 151 Then the Name of a Professor was odious; now specially in some parts of our Town..Religion is counted Honourable. 1714S. Sewall Letter-Bk. 17 Aug., Give warning to professors, that they beware of worldlymindedness. 1814Scott Wav. xxx, An excellent blacksmith: ‘but as he was a professor, he would drive a nail for no man on the Sabbath’. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. xvi, Not a professor, as your town folks have it; and what is worse, I'm afraid, not a practiser, either. 1894Crockett Raiders 137 He had never rebuked me as a strict professor would have done.
II.
4. a. A public teacher or instructor of the highest rank in a specific faculty or branch of learning; spec. one who holds an endowed or established ‘chair’ in a university or one of its colleges. Also frequently applied to the tutors or lecturers on the staff of theological and other professional or technical colleges, academies, and seminaries.
In the mediæval European Universities, at first simply a synonym of Magister or Doctor (degrees being originally qualifications to teach); but in this use not common as an English word. The right originally possessed by any Master or Doctor to teach publicly in the schools of his Faculty was gradually restricted to an inner circle of teachers, and the term Professor came eventually to be confined to the holders of salaried or endowed teaching offices, or to the highest class of these, such appellations as Reader, Lecturer, Instructor, being given to teachers of lower rank. In the old English Universities the ancient usage survives in the letters S.T.P. (Sacræ Theologiæ Professor) for D.D.; the modern use is largely due to the creation of five Regius or King's Professors by Henry VIII (a number in recent times increased to seven). The endowed teachers of some other subjects were at first called prælectors, but this has gradually been superseded by professor. See Rashdall Univ. Europe Mid. Ages I. 21, etc.
c1380Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 123 But men þat schulden be professoures of science of God synnen many weies aboute þis science. [1517Statutes Corpus Chr. Coll. Oxford, Quorum trium unus sit Latinae linguae seminator et plantator, qui Lector seu Professor artium humanitatis appellatur.] 1540–1Elyot Image Gov. 2 b, By his commandement, the professours of those sciences purposed openly questions. 1599Broughton's Let. vii. 21 [They] amounted him to bee the Chiefe professor in Diuinitie. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 89 Geneua..the professor in diuinity..the professor in law..the professor of philosophy..the professor in Ebrew. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. To Rdr. (1676) 9/2 Our Regius Professour of physick. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. i. §65 Dr. Richard Smith kings professour of Divinity in Oxford. a1658Cleveland Commencement iv, How bravely the Marg'ret-Professor Disputed. 1812Sir H. Davy Chem. Philos. 18 The magistrates of Basle established a professor's chair for their Countryman [Paracelsus]. 1831Sir W. Hamilton Discuss. (1853) 407 It was to the salaried graduates that the title of Professors, in academical language, was at last peculiarly attributed. a1878Sir G. G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. Pref., Only half of the following Lectures were delivered by me, as the Professor of Architecture, at the Royal Academy. 1895Rashdall Univ. Europe Mid. Ages I. 21 The three titles, Master, Doctor, Professor, were in the Middle Ages absolutely synonymous.
b. Prefixed as title to the name (sometimes abbrev. Prof: see prof), and used in addressing the person.
1706Bentley Corr. I. 231 Pray tell Professor Cotes that the book..is presented by Sir Isaac Newton. Ibid. 232 (address) To Mr. Professor Sike, at Trinity College, in Cambridge. 1726S. Sewall Letter-Bk. 3 Feb., You may..comunicate this to Mr. Professour. 1735St. Andrews University Minutes 10 June, Sederunt: The Rector, Provost Young, Principal Drew, Professor Tullideph, Masters John Craigie, Henry Ramsay [etc.]. 1787Burns Let. to Clarinda 21 Dec., If you know anything of Professor Gregory, you will neither doubt of his abilities nor his sincerity. 1790Cowper Let. to Mrs. King 5 Oct., I..do not find among them the name of Mr. Professor Martyn. 1825Minutes King's Coll. Aberdeen 3 May, Professors Paul, Tulloch, and Scott. 1858O. W. Holmes Aut. Breakf.-t. vii, Stand in the light of the window, Professor, said I.—The Professor took up the desired position.
c. Loosely applied to a professor-like person.
1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Truth Wks. (Bohn) II. 54 They hate the French, as frivolous;..they hate the Germans, as professors. 1865Maurice in Reader 8 Apr. 392/3 The sophists, whom Mr. Grote perhaps more rightly calls the professors of Greece, who might bear the name of Critics more properly than either.
d. A schoolmaster, a personal tutor; spec. a secondary school headmaster. Chiefly U.S.
1903Dialect Notes II. v. 326 Professor, a male teacher. This abuse of the word ‘professor’ seems to have grown up in the country districts recently. It is now applied indiscriminately to any schoolmaster. 1940W. Faulkner Hamlet i. iii. 65 He's going to be the new school professor next year... Or so they claim. 1972Buenos Aires Herald 4 Feb. 13/5 (Advt.), Spanish. Perfect accent, very clear pronunciation with experienced professor.
5. a. One who makes a profession of any art or science; a professional man. Also, in modern use, a ‘professional’ as opposed to an ‘amateur’ in any form of sport.
1563T. Gale Inst. Chirurg. 10 b, It woulde come to estimation, and be a worshipfull lyuynge to the professer. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 16 b, A greater shame is it for a professor of husbandry, to be vnskilful in the ground whereon his whole trade lyeth. 1581G. Pettie Guazzo's Civ. Conv. i. (1586) 41 b, This fault is peculiar to certaine schoolemaisters, and other professours of learning. 1609Holland Amm. Marcell. 327 Asbolius, a professor of wrestling. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. i. §156 The Lawyers..should more carefully have preserved their Profession and its Professours from being profaned by those Services. 1816Sussex Weekly Advertiser 22 July, Mr. Lambert, professor of Cricket, has published the whole art of playing. 1819Moore Tom Crib 13 note, Mr. Jackson..forms that useful link between the amateurs and the professors of pugilism. 1894Westm. Gaz. 3 Nov. 7/2, I think that professionalism in Rugby football in the North of England is inevitable, and that it will bring with it a rupture between the North and South is no less certain... In this case..there will be no international cups for the professors and no North v. South match. 1954F. C. Avis Boxing Ref. Dict. 87 Professor, a familiar name for a boxing coach.
b. Assumed as a grandiose title by professional teachers and exponents of various popular arts and sciences, as dancing, juggling, phrenology, etc.
1774in C. S. R. Hildeburn Century of Printing (1886) II. 182 Catalogue of New and Old Books, to be sold by Auction, by Robert Bell, Bookseller and Professor of Book-Auctioneering, on Monday, the Seventh of February, 1774. 1848W. C. Macready Diary 9 Dec. (1912) II. 415 At James's Hotel, where I dined, the landlord introduced me to Professor (!) Risley—the balancer and posture-master; of course I shook hands with him, etc.! 1864Burton Scot Abr. IV. v. 255 The word Professor—now so desecrated in its use that we are most familiar with it in connection with dancing-schools, jugglers' booths, and veterinary surgeries. 1893Daily News 22 Mar. 4/3 Professor T. B. (the World's Champion High Diver). 1896C. H. Shinn Story of Mine 56 They were never out of sight of pilgrims—Irishmen with wheelbarrows,..‘professors’ with divining rods and electric ‘silver detectors’. 1927Amer. Speech III. 27 Most of those who insist on being given the title ‘professor’ are quacks or fakers of some kind... The title ‘Professor’ is now applied more often jocularly than seriously. 1972Times 30 May 2/8 Their [sc. performing fleas] trainer, ‘Professor’ Len Tomlin, was ‘too upset’ last night to speak about the tragedy which had struck his troupe of 15 performers.
6. Comb., as professor-like adj.
1806W. Taylor in Ann. Rev. IV. 253 The letter..displays more understanding..than all the professor-like verbiage of Sir James Steuart.
Hence proˈfessordom, the domain or sphere of professors; professors collectively; proˈfessorling [see -ling 2], a petty or embryo professor.
1870Contemp. Rev. XVI. 21 Its long combat with German Professordom. 1892Cath. News 23 Jan. 3/3 The tyranny of professordom and tyranny of the state. 1903H. G. Wells in T.P.'s Weekly 13 Nov. 761/2 A provincial professorling in the very act of budding.
▪ II. professor, v.|prəʊˈfɛsə(r)|
Also with initial capital.
[f. the n.]
trans. To address (a person) as ‘professor’.
1893W. James Let. 8 July (1920) I. 345 Both you and Angell, being now colleagues and not students, had better stop Mistering or Professoring me. 1901― Let. 16 June (1920) II. 148, I professor-ed you because I had read your name printed with that title in a newspaper letter. 1908― Let. 28 July (1920) II. 308 Dear Bergson,—(can't we cease ‘Professor’-ing each other?) |